obyvatel
The Living Force
I would like to share some information and thoughts regarding the topic of anger and indirect forms of expressing anger. While reading "In Sheep's Clothing" by George Simon, I was struck by the description of the passive aggressive personality type which was clearly differentiated from the covert aggressive type. It seems to me that in a general sense, while the covert aggressive type are the manipulators and would come close to fit the broad psychopathic profile, passive aggressives could be the victims of such manipulators and/or narcissistic wounding in childhood. I found Martin Kantor's "Passive Aggression" as a useful source on this topic and have used material from this book in subsequent sections.
Passive Anger/Aggression
Passive aggressive traits lead to an indirect and circuitous way of expressing anger. Simon (quoting Millon) describes the passive aggressive (PA) as a primarily "negativistic" and ambivalent" person who is a chronic procrastinator and unable to decide firmly on a primarily "dependent or independent style of coping". This could be a non-pathological self-defense mechanism arising in the face of hostile authority (eg narcissistic family) to begin with but can become pathological in later life.
Behavioral Traits
Procrastination, chronic lateness, chronic forgetfulness, nagging, teasing, sarcasm, insincere apologies (accompanied with "All I said was ......" or "I only meant ....") are some behavioral traits. Passive anger can lead a person to seek advice and guidance and then to reject sensible suggestions experiencing a secret pleasure from that rejection. They are extremely frustrating people to live with who constantly annoy and provoke people around them thus experiencing the anger they cannot express themselves through projection.
Psychosomatic Effects of Passive Anger
Psychosomatic disorders have also been reported as a means of indirectly expressing hostility. Interestingly, these disorders may affect the PA or the "victim" of the PA or both. In the case where the PA characteristics is a response to a psychopathic dynamic, the "victim" may develop the problems - osit. The examples below are taken from Kantor and Louise Hay or both.
- Asthma: Louise Hay describes "being stifled" as one of the probable causes for asthma. Psychologists have reported (Kantor quoting Berne and Taubman) that asthma can be used for expressing aggression.
- Jaw problems can be caused from grinding one's teeth in anger.
- Skin problems like rashes, eczema, boils, pimples etc can either be caused or perpetuated by suppressed anger.
- Ulcers, obesity, alcoholism, anorectal bleeding, bad breath,bursitis, carpal tunnel, ear-aches, kidney stones, thyroid problems, sexual problems, liver problems, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic fatigue, chronic sore throats, urinary infections - can all have links to unexpressed anger.
Anger Styles
Kantor describes 6 types of anger styles
1) Paranoid : This style is employed by hypersensitive people who closely scrutinize other's actions and motives for hidden antagonisms. They often feel that they are being attacked or criticized or thwarted by others. They also "actively discover others' flaws not only with great regularity and relish but also with fresh impact each time". Typical outward expression of their anger is in the form of blame and complaints.
2) Narcissistic: This style comes from a supremely egocentric perspective. Kantor describes them as " spoiled individuals who make excessive demands on others, expect to get everything they want and quietly rage when they feel others do not give it to them". This style has been described elsewhere in this forum under the characteristics of NPD. In this context, the narcissistic style of anger finds expression through provoking others by making impossible demands.
3) Affective/Depressive : This type is triggered by a feeling of of being criticized, devalued and rejected. Typically of low self-esteem, their anger is expressed through criticizing others as well as through sulking and in general terms, provoking discomfort in others.
4) Obsessive-compulsive: This type is over-reactive and may be triggered by small things. Requests may be interpreted as demands and cooperating may be akin to yielding - thus losing control. So the anger expression style is through foot-dragging, withholding and stubbornness.
5) Histrionic: This type is triggered by a competitive attitude. Typical expression is through teasing, envying and invalidating .
6) Sadomasochistic : This type is characterized by a sense of perverse enjoyment at the suffering of the self and others. Anger is often expressed by "cutting off their own noses to spite others' faces".
Why anger cannot be expressed directly
Narcissistic wounding at the developmental phase of a child seems to be an important reason. This may lead to
a) Fear of consequence of expressing anger
b) Feeling of guilt at being angry
Indirect anger expression "removes" the feeling of guilt as well as the fear of "dire consequences".
Dynamics of the relationship with a PA
Kantor describes the following phases of the response of victims to the PA. This is perhaps quite similar to the response to a covert aggressive/psychopathic type in a general sense
Phase 1- Denial: Victim trivializes the issue and expects to be able to handle it
Phase 2 - Getting emotionally ill : Victim develops mental problems like depression/paranoia or psychosomatic problems
Phase 3 - Mounting Anger : Recognition of the discomfort being caused by the PA
Phase 4 - Overt Anger : May or may not happen in all cases. The victim of the PA may react in a PA way as well. Overt anger expressed may lead to a descending spiral further aggravating the PA
Phase 5 - Forgiving and Accommodating : Decision to make up and continue the relationship. This would often essentially close the loop and get back to Phase 1.
Dealing with passive anger in oneself or a PA person
- Identifying and highlighting the PA behavior should be a good starting point
- Distinguishing between appropriate and inappropriate anger
- In cases where the anger originates to a large extent from "misidentifying a present person or situation from a past experience" , the anger can be regarded as more "transferential" than "provoked" and thus inappropriate. In general, examples of inappropriate anger could be a a result of faulty thinking or cognitive errors like thinking in strictly black or white terms leading to exaggerated reactions.
- For "appropriate anger" which is a valid response to a provocation, some choices are
a) Talking things out with the person concerned and then setting appropriate limits. This would be in line with the respectful adult communication (RAC) techniques mentioned in the "Narcissistic Family".
b) Forbearance through insight into the other person's conditions and/or for the sake of maintaining the relationship
c) Flight or removal of the self from the anger-inducing person or situation
As Castaneda's Don Juan suggested, for those aspiring to be "warriors", the provocations could be treated like a petty tyrant and used as a tool for working on self-importance. The general techniques described elsewhere in this forum to deal with negative emotions should also be directly applicable in this context.
What was surprising to me is the sheer number of physical problems which are reported to have links to passive or unexpressed anger. Employing indirect styles of anger also seems like a common occurrence to me based on my personal experience. Anger in its passive form seems like a big program needing a lot of Work.
FWIW
Passive Anger/Aggression
Passive aggressive traits lead to an indirect and circuitous way of expressing anger. Simon (quoting Millon) describes the passive aggressive (PA) as a primarily "negativistic" and ambivalent" person who is a chronic procrastinator and unable to decide firmly on a primarily "dependent or independent style of coping". This could be a non-pathological self-defense mechanism arising in the face of hostile authority (eg narcissistic family) to begin with but can become pathological in later life.
Behavioral Traits
Procrastination, chronic lateness, chronic forgetfulness, nagging, teasing, sarcasm, insincere apologies (accompanied with "All I said was ......" or "I only meant ....") are some behavioral traits. Passive anger can lead a person to seek advice and guidance and then to reject sensible suggestions experiencing a secret pleasure from that rejection. They are extremely frustrating people to live with who constantly annoy and provoke people around them thus experiencing the anger they cannot express themselves through projection.
Psychosomatic Effects of Passive Anger
Psychosomatic disorders have also been reported as a means of indirectly expressing hostility. Interestingly, these disorders may affect the PA or the "victim" of the PA or both. In the case where the PA characteristics is a response to a psychopathic dynamic, the "victim" may develop the problems - osit. The examples below are taken from Kantor and Louise Hay or both.
- Asthma: Louise Hay describes "being stifled" as one of the probable causes for asthma. Psychologists have reported (Kantor quoting Berne and Taubman) that asthma can be used for expressing aggression.
- Jaw problems can be caused from grinding one's teeth in anger.
- Skin problems like rashes, eczema, boils, pimples etc can either be caused or perpetuated by suppressed anger.
- Ulcers, obesity, alcoholism, anorectal bleeding, bad breath,bursitis, carpal tunnel, ear-aches, kidney stones, thyroid problems, sexual problems, liver problems, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic fatigue, chronic sore throats, urinary infections - can all have links to unexpressed anger.
Anger Styles
Kantor describes 6 types of anger styles
1) Paranoid : This style is employed by hypersensitive people who closely scrutinize other's actions and motives for hidden antagonisms. They often feel that they are being attacked or criticized or thwarted by others. They also "actively discover others' flaws not only with great regularity and relish but also with fresh impact each time". Typical outward expression of their anger is in the form of blame and complaints.
2) Narcissistic: This style comes from a supremely egocentric perspective. Kantor describes them as " spoiled individuals who make excessive demands on others, expect to get everything they want and quietly rage when they feel others do not give it to them". This style has been described elsewhere in this forum under the characteristics of NPD. In this context, the narcissistic style of anger finds expression through provoking others by making impossible demands.
3) Affective/Depressive : This type is triggered by a feeling of of being criticized, devalued and rejected. Typically of low self-esteem, their anger is expressed through criticizing others as well as through sulking and in general terms, provoking discomfort in others.
4) Obsessive-compulsive: This type is over-reactive and may be triggered by small things. Requests may be interpreted as demands and cooperating may be akin to yielding - thus losing control. So the anger expression style is through foot-dragging, withholding and stubbornness.
5) Histrionic: This type is triggered by a competitive attitude. Typical expression is through teasing, envying and invalidating .
6) Sadomasochistic : This type is characterized by a sense of perverse enjoyment at the suffering of the self and others. Anger is often expressed by "cutting off their own noses to spite others' faces".
Why anger cannot be expressed directly
Narcissistic wounding at the developmental phase of a child seems to be an important reason. This may lead to
a) Fear of consequence of expressing anger
b) Feeling of guilt at being angry
Indirect anger expression "removes" the feeling of guilt as well as the fear of "dire consequences".
Dynamics of the relationship with a PA
Kantor describes the following phases of the response of victims to the PA. This is perhaps quite similar to the response to a covert aggressive/psychopathic type in a general sense
Phase 1- Denial: Victim trivializes the issue and expects to be able to handle it
Phase 2 - Getting emotionally ill : Victim develops mental problems like depression/paranoia or psychosomatic problems
Phase 3 - Mounting Anger : Recognition of the discomfort being caused by the PA
Phase 4 - Overt Anger : May or may not happen in all cases. The victim of the PA may react in a PA way as well. Overt anger expressed may lead to a descending spiral further aggravating the PA
Phase 5 - Forgiving and Accommodating : Decision to make up and continue the relationship. This would often essentially close the loop and get back to Phase 1.
Dealing with passive anger in oneself or a PA person
- Identifying and highlighting the PA behavior should be a good starting point
- Distinguishing between appropriate and inappropriate anger
- In cases where the anger originates to a large extent from "misidentifying a present person or situation from a past experience" , the anger can be regarded as more "transferential" than "provoked" and thus inappropriate. In general, examples of inappropriate anger could be a a result of faulty thinking or cognitive errors like thinking in strictly black or white terms leading to exaggerated reactions.
- For "appropriate anger" which is a valid response to a provocation, some choices are
a) Talking things out with the person concerned and then setting appropriate limits. This would be in line with the respectful adult communication (RAC) techniques mentioned in the "Narcissistic Family".
b) Forbearance through insight into the other person's conditions and/or for the sake of maintaining the relationship
c) Flight or removal of the self from the anger-inducing person or situation
As Castaneda's Don Juan suggested, for those aspiring to be "warriors", the provocations could be treated like a petty tyrant and used as a tool for working on self-importance. The general techniques described elsewhere in this forum to deal with negative emotions should also be directly applicable in this context.
What was surprising to me is the sheer number of physical problems which are reported to have links to passive or unexpressed anger. Employing indirect styles of anger also seems like a common occurrence to me based on my personal experience. Anger in its passive form seems like a big program needing a lot of Work.
FWIW