I've been reading quite a few posts on the forum here where people are experiencing all kinds of things that could quite simply be Serotonin Deficiency. I did a search and realized that we don't have a real thread on this topic even though we are taking 5-htp here at HQ and are regularly recommending it to others.
Ya'll need to read the list of symptoms, extrapolate, think, research, and do a little experimentation. If your anxiety, sleeplessness, food/drug cravings, depression, hopelessness, and so on, don't respond to taking 5-htp, then obviously, you need to do more research and consult a doctor. But there is sure a whole heap of misery out there being caused by stress induced serotonin deficiency!
READ all of the following so you understand the basics including the warnings!!!
So, without further ado, compiled from several sources on the net:
There is now a reasonable acceptance of the fact that the type of food that we eat can affect our emotional wellness. Out of the three neurotransmitters that are involved in promoting positive mood, serotonin is the one that is greatly affected by the food we eat. A steady serotonin level means that we remain in a positive mood while its deficiency may result in negative moods like:
* Anxiety or excessive worry
* Panic, fear and phobias
* Pessimism
* A tense state of mind accompanied by irritation and impatience
* Obsession
* Suicidal tendency
* Repetitive thoughts
* Low self esteem
* Emotional behaviors like anger and aggression
* Insomnia or light sleep
* Craving for sugar
* Post menstrual syndrome
* Chronic pain
* Abhorrence of dark weather
Low serotonin levels may be caused due to genetic variations in alleles or due to acquired reasons. Two examples of genetic variations are worth mention here. Infants that are born with abnormal structure of serotonergic neurons are more vulnerable to SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) and serial killers are known to have constant low levels of serotonin.
Diet plays a crucial role in maintaining serotonin levels and a diet rich in serotonergic foods like walnuts, mushrooms, fruits and vegetables helps keep the requisite levels in place. Chicken and turkey are rich in Vitamin B6, which plays a vital role in the production of serotonin. However, there are other factors that may cause serotonin deficiency in the body. Among other, acquired reasons include the following:
* Stress
* Over exposure to plastics and chemicals
* Lack of exposure to sunlight
* Deficiency of serotonin precursors like tryptophan
* Niacin deficiency as well as deficiency of other vitamins, minerals, and calcium
* Insulin resistance
* Progesterone deficiency
* Dimished flow of blood to the brain
* Excessive use of antidepressants
Serotonin stored in platelets also behaves as a vasoconstrictor and prevents bleeding to aid in the healing process. Overdoses of serotonin can lead to pulmonary hypertension due to constriction of the pulmonary vessels. Serotonin may by itself cause the development of excess fibrous connective tissue in the heart when eaten in large quantities in diet.
A condition called serotonin syndrome is caused by extremely high levels of the neurotransmitter. It is practically not possible to reach an overdose through a single antidepressant but a combination of drugs like SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) and MAOI (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors) can result in an overdose.
Serotonin levels can be brought to the desired levels by synthesized serotonin derived from its precursor, the amino acid tryptophan. But it is always better if medication can be avoided. Although the effect of diet on emotion is short lived, steady serotonin levels can be maintained by effective management of diet by regular consumption of foods containing serotonin.
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Serotonin is a hormone that is also called hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), it is located in the pineal gland, blood platelets, the digestive tract and the brain.
Serotonin acts as a chemical messenger that transmits nerve signals between nerve cells and causes blood vessels to narrow.
When there are changes in the serotonin levels in the brain it can alter mood and other aspects of your life. When you are experiencing low levels of serotonin, there are many symptoms that you could be having. Below are the symptoms:
* Anxiety
* Fatigue
* Depression
* Pre-menstrual syndrome
* Problems in thinking, concentrating and decision making
* Low self esteem
* Needless feelings of unworthiness and guilt
* Loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities
* Sleep and appetite disturbances
* Chronic depressive disorder
* Obsessive compulsive disorder
* Bulimia
* Alcoholism
* Violent temper and poor impulse control
* Panic /agoraphobia syndrome
Until recently the only way to bring serotonin levels into normal range was to use medication like Prozac, Zoloft, and other drugs known as SSRI's (Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors).
There is now scientific evidence that nutritional approaches may work just as well or better then medication.
*****************************
Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter in the regulation of mood, sleep cycles and so much more. Deficiencies in this essential brain chemical can be caused by a wide range of factors including not getting enough sleep, high levels of stress, low exposure to sunlight, unbalanced diets, prescription medications including pain medication as well as excessive consumption of caffeine and alcohol and the use of recreational drugs.
Serotonin deficiency is difficult to diagnose though often relatively easy to treat. There are many symptoms that may indicate a serotonin deficiency, all of which are common to some degree in most humans but the combination and severity of symptoms can help medical experts diagnose and treat the deficiency. Here are some of the most easily recognized symptoms; sometimes they can be treated with small lifestyle changes, sometimes a supplement or prescription medication may be required.
Anxiety - This can be anything from mild panic to extreme impairment and distress in a high-stress situation. Many times mild forms of anxiety can be dealt with through coping skills or lifestyle changes, but the more severe forms may require medical attention.
Fatigue - If you catch yourself being tired all the time regardless of the amount of sleep you get, consider caffeine a major food group and habitually experience mental fogginess, there may be something other than just being too tired.
Depression - Let’s face it, everyone has times when they’re just down and melancholy, it’s part of life; however, if you have “the blues” consistently for extended periods of time you may be experiencing a depressed mood that may require additional intervention.
Impaired cognitive function - Can’t remember where you put the car keys and have to think hard about simple math? Cognitive function is directly impacted by serotonin levels and a severe deficiency may result in mental fogginess, minor memory loss and slowed problem-solving abilities.
Low self-esteem - Habitually feeling disgusted by yourself or feeling worthless are not normal things. At times, everyone is bound to believe negative things about themselves. If this severely low self-esteem keeps up for weeks or months, other issues may be the cause.
Loss of pleasure - A marked loss of interest in hobbies previously enjoyed or a sudden lack of even a sense of satisfaction at a job well done are also symptoms of a serotonin deficiency. When the noted lack of pleasure gotten out of activities becomes nearly non-existent, it may be something beyond mere boredom.
Insomnia - Though everyone has the occasional difficulties sleeping at night due to stress or anxiety, insomnia or hyposomnia can be seriously detrimental to health if you’re repeatedly not able to sleep until very late hours and only manage to get a few hours of sleep each night or have sleep that is consistently interrupted by waking and being unable to go back to sleep quickly. On the same token hypersomnia, or too much sleep, may also be a symptom of serotonin deficiency.
Poor impulse control - This may often manifest itself in obsessive-compulsive behaviors, manic spending or in addictions such as drugs or alcohol. Many severe addictions are caused or exacerbated by low levels of serotonin.
Serotonin levels fluctuate fairly easily and deficiencies may cause severe problems in your everyday life. As with any treatments, be sure to consult a physician before attempting to treat these symptoms with supplements or medication.
*****************************************
Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter that affects a person’s mood, ability to sleep, energy level and so much more. Like most other biological components, a proper balance must be struck between serotonin and other chemicals and nutrients in the brain for optimum function. Unfortunately, there are many factors that can affect serotonin levels; lower levels can cause depression, fatigue, insomnia and a number of other problems. Some of the primary factors in lower serotonin levels can be avoided or, failing that, supplements can be taken to encourage serotonin levels.
Stress is one of the biggest factors determining the amount of serotonin in the brain. Lack of sleep, inadequate exercise, anxiety and a hectic schedule are all factors that can greatly contribute to stress and severely lower the levels of serotonin, resulting in feelings of fatigue, down moods that can turn into depression, insomnia, loss of appetite and many other related issues. No matter how hectic your day gets, it’s always important to take a little bit of time to de-stress -- simply taking a break with a good book, some meditation or relaxing music may help reduce the risk of significantly lowered serotonin levels.
Sunlight plays an important role in serotonin synthesis and regulation. When the body is deprived of sunlight due to extended hours indoors or other factors a drop in serotonin levels can result. This problem is most common in the winter months when decreased hours of sunlight and colder temperatures often keep people indoors for extended periods of time and at higher intensity can become Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). Finding ways to increase your exposure to sunlight or, in areas of extreme winter weather, even daylight simulation light bulbs may help you retain your overall feeling of well-being.
Drugs and medications should be taken with caution and under the guidance of a physician at all times, but especially if you have had any issues with depressive disorders. Diet pills, pain pills, narcotics and recreational drugs can all seriously affect serotonin levels and may induce severe depressive episodes. If you already have difficulty sleeping, depression, fatigue or other symptoms linked to neurotransmitter deficiencies be sure to let your doctor know and ask specifically if prescribed or over-the-counter medications may cause problems.
In addition to all these factors, the aging process in itself can cause lower serotonin levels; as your body ages it may have more difficulty synthesizing neurotransmitters necessary for daily function including serotonin. To some degree, this age-related drop in neurotransmitters can be checked by supplements or prescription medications as well as careful attention to your daily habits.
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Neurotransmitters are the chemicals within the brain that transmit impulses related to emotion and thought to the brain; should an imbalance in neurotransmitters occur there can be all manner of symptoms including depression, headache and fatigue. Many different factors affect the level of these crucial chemicals in your brain and one thing these various factors may be effecting is the level of 5-HTP and other such chemicals that are required for neurotransmitter synthesis.
Depression and other issues related to the levels of neurotransmitters are becoming increasingly common as average stress levels rise and a sedentary, indoor life trumps all other lifestyles throughout many of the industrialized countries. As a result, in the last ten years there has been a focused effort in research and treatment for these disorders. Amongst the myriad treatments now available on the market, the supplement 5-HTP has shown promise in treating some types of depression as it is a key chemical for the creation of serotonin.
Taken in supplement form, 5-HTP helps boost the rate of serotonin synthesis in the brain; this is often preferred to prescription drugs because of the lower risk of side effects with 5-HTP supplementation, though it isn’t without risks. Probably one of the most dangerous side effects of 5-HTP is the risk of serotonin overdose if the medication is taken improperly, a potentially fatal condition that can appear as confusion, restlessness, hallucinations, fever, nausea and on up to coma and death. Overdose is a very serious situation that can escalate quickly and reach its final stages within 24 hours of symptoms first appearing. Luckily, taken as directed there is a low risk of such dire side effects.
Because 5-HTP targets serotonin levels, it should never be taken with other serotonin-targeting chemicals such as tryptophan, St. John’s wort or SAM-e. Supplements of 5-HTP should never be taken along with prescription medications for anxiety or depression unless it is specifically approved by a physician as these all increase the risk of having too much serotonin in the system.
Higher blood pressure and a faster heart rate often result from taking 5-HTP supplements, so anyone who already has high blood pressure should discuss the dangers with a physician. Because of this side effect, 5-HTP should be avoided by anyone who is pregnant, nursing or has any cardiovascular diseases or risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition, anyone with carcinoid tumors should also avoid 5-HTP as the increased blood pressure may increase tumor growth rate.
There is some risk for minor side effects as well such as headache, dizziness and mild nausea. While all of these are potential issues with 5-HTP, all are fairly rare with the most common side effects occurring in only about 3% of people who take 5-HTP supplements. As with any supplement, a physician should always be consulted before you begin taking 5-HTP to ensure that you are not at risk for these side effects and to ensure there are no adverse interactions with any medications you may already be taking.
******************************
If you’ve ever researched the causes of depression or received treatment for anxiety-related or depressive conditions you’ve no doubt heard about serotonin, a key neurotransmitter responsible for conveying impulses to the brain to produce emotional reactions. Serotonin levels fluctuate according to various habits and lifestyle factors such as stress levels, diet and exposure to sunlight. Many manifestations of depression and related disorders can be treated by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain. Sometimes, all that is needed to achieve normal serotonin levels is a change in habits -- eating a more balanced diet, getting plenty of exercise and establishing a healthy sleep cycle -- but in other cases, due to the nature of the disorder or lifestyle constraints, the best options are either natural supplementation or prescription medications.
There are several categories that prescription antidepressants are generally lumped into, namely tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This last is the most popular for many depression sufferers because they work similar to tricyclic antidepressants but with fewer side effects and tend to be very effective in non-bipolar depression. For bipolar disorder or similar issues SSRIs are generally not recommended because of the chance of having too much serotonin circulating at a time and causing a manic episode.
One of the more popular SSRIs is the prescription drug Zoloft. This antidepressant is approved by the FDA for long-term use for anxiety disorders, depression, post traumatic stress disorder and even obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, though the side effects are mild for this kind of drug they can still be quite uncomfortable and in rare cases can cause major difficulties in day-to-day life. These side effects include insomnia, loss of libido, nausea and fatigue amongst others. Luckily, the drug is non-habit forming and unlike many antidepressants is not linked to weight gain.
Though Zoloft has a positive side effect profile in comparison to other prescription medications, it does still have a pretty high rate of side effect occurrence, sometimes severe enough that patients prefer to go untreated rather than deal with those side effects. Additionally, Zoloft can be fairly expensive if someone is uninsured or their insurance does not cover the medication. These two factors -- cost and side effects -- have encouraged many to look for over-the-counter supplements that are generally much cheaper and, for many, just as effective as the more expensive prescription medication without as many side effects.
Of all the serotonin supplements on the market, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is beginning to stand out for its effectiveness and very low occurrence of side effects. 5-HTP is a chemical naturally produced in the body for the synthesis of serotonin, so additional supplementation can be quite effective in raising serotonin levels. Compared to the cost of prescription medications, 5-HTP supplements such as Seronex cost less than $30 per month.
_http://www.webmd.com/depression/recognizing-depression-symptoms/serotonin
Serotonin: 9 Questions and Answers
By Colette Bouchez
WebMD Feature
Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD
1. What is serotonin?
Serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter, a type of chemical that helps relay signals from one area of the brain to another. Although serotonin is manufactured in the brain, where it performs its primary functions, some 90% of our serotonin supply is found in the digestive tract and in blood platelets.
2. How is serotonin made?
Serotonin is made via a unique biochemical conversion process. It begins with tryptophan, a building block to proteins. Cells that make serotonin use tryptophan hydroxylase, a chemical reactor which, when combined with tryptophan, forms 5-hydoxytryptamine, otherwise known as serotonin.
3. What role does serotonin play in our health?
As a neurotransmitter, serotonin helps to relay messages from one area of the brain to another. Because of the widespread distribution of its cells, it is believed to influence a variety of psychological and other body functions. Of the approximately 40 million brain cells, most are influenced either directly or indirectly by serotonin. This includes brain cells related to mood, sexual desire and function, appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, and some social behavior.
In terms of our body function, serotonin can also affect the functioning of our cardiovascular system, muscles, and various elements in the endocrine system. Researchers have also found evidence that serotonin may play a role in regulating milk production in the breast, and that a defect within the serotonin network may be one underlying cause of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).
4. What is the link between serotonin and depression?
There are many researchers who believe that an imbalance in serotonin levels may influence mood in a way that leads to depression. Possible problems include low brain cell production of serotonin, a lack of receptor sites able to receive the serotonin that is made, inability of serotonin to reach the receptor sites, or a shortage in tryptophan, the chemical from which serotonin is made. If any of these biochemical glitches occur, researchers believe it can lead to depression, as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, panic, and even excess anger.
One theory about how depression develops centers on the regeneration of brain cells -- a process that some believe is mediated by serotonin, and ongoing throughout our lives. According to Princeton neuroscientist Barry Jacobs, PhD, depression may occur when there is a suppression of new brain cells and that stress is the most important precipitator of depression. He believes that common antidepressant medications, such as Celexa, Lexapro, Prozac, and Paxil -- designed to boost serotonin levels -- help kick off the production of new brain cells, which in turn allows the depression to lift.
Although it is widely believed that a serotonin deficiency plays a role in depression, there is no way to measure its levels in the living brain. Therefore, there have not been any studies proving that brain levels of this or any neurotransmitter are in short supply when depression or any mental illness develops. And while blood levels of serotonin are measurable -- and have been shown to be lower in people who suffer from depression -- what doctors still don't know for certain is whether or not the dip in serotonin causes the depression, or the depression causes serotonin levels to drop.
Antidepressant medications that work on serotonin levels -- medications known as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and SNRIs (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) are believed to reduce symptoms of depression, but exactly how they work is not yet fully understood.
5. Can diet influence our supply of serotonin?
It can, but in a roundabout way. Unlike calcium-rich foods, which can directly increase your blood levels of this mineral, there are no foods that can directly increase your body's supply of serotonin. That said, there are foods and some nutrients that can increase levels of tryptophan, the amino acid from which serotonin is made.
Protein-rich foods, such as meat or chicken, contain high levels of tryptophans. Tryptophan appears in dairy foods, nuts, and fowl. Ironically, however, levels of both tryptophan and serotonin drop after eating a meal packed with protein. Why? According to nutritionist Elizabeth Somer, when you eat a high-protein meal, you "flood the blood with both tryptophan and its competing amino acids," all fighting for entry into the brain. That means only a small amount of tryptophan gets through -- and serotonin levels don't rise.
But eat a carbohydrate-rich meal, and your body triggers a release of insulin. This, Somer says, causes any amino acids in the blood to be absorbed into the body -- but not the brain. Except for, you guessed it -- tryptophan! It remains in the bloodstream at high levels following a carbohydrate meal, which means it can freely enter the brain and cause serotonin levels to rise, she says.
What can also help: Getting an adequate supply of vitamin B-6, which can influence the rate at which tryptophan is converted to serotonin.
6. Can exercise boost serotonin levels?
Exercise can do a lot to improve your mood -- and across the board, studies have shown that regular exercise can be as effective a treatment for depression as antidepressant medication or psychotherapy. In the past, it was believed that several weeks of working out was necessary to see the effects on depression, but new research conducted at the University of Texas at Austin found that just 40 minutes of regular exercise can have an immediate effect on mood.
That said, it remains unclear of the exact mechanism by which exercise accomplishes this. While some believe it affects serotonin levels, to date there are no definitive studies showing that this is the case.
7. Do men and women have the same amount of serotonin -- and does it act the same way in their brain and body?
Studies show that men do have slightly more serotonin than women, but the difference is thought to be negligible. Interestingly, however, a study published in September 2007 in the journal Biological Psychiatry showed there might be a huge difference in how men and women react to a reduction in serotonin -- and that may be one reason why women suffer from depression far more than men.
Using a technique called "tryptophan depletion," which reduces serotonin levels in the brain, researchers found that men became impulsive but not necessarily depressed. Women, on the other hand, experienced a marked drop in mood and became more cautious, an emotional response commonly associated with depression. While the serotonin processing system seems the same in both sexes, researchers now believe men and women may use serotonin differently.
Although studies are still in their infancy, researchers say defining these differences may be the beginning of learning why more women than men experience anxiety and mood disorders, while more men experience alcoholism, ADHD, and impulse control disorders.
There is also some evidence that female hormones may also interact with serotonin to cause some symptoms to occur or worsen during the premenstrual time, during the postpartum period, or around the time of menopause. Not coincidentally, these are all periods when sex hormones are in flux. Men, on the other hand, generally experience a steady level of sex hormones until middle age, when the decline is gradual.
8. Since both dementia and Alzheimer's disease are brain-related conditions, does serotonin play a role in either problem?
In much the same way that we lose bone mass as we age, some researchers believe that the activity of neurotransmitters also slows down as part of the aging process. In one international study published in 2006, doctors from several research centers around the world noted a serotonin deficiency in brains of deceased Alzheimer's patients. They hypothesized that the deficiency was because of a reduction in receptor sites -- cells capable of receiving transmissions of serotonin -- and that this in turn may be responsible for at least some of the memory-related symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. There is no evidence to show that increasing levels of serotonin will prevent Alzheimer's disease or delay the onset or progression of dementia. However, as research into this area continues, this could also change.
9. What is serotonin syndrome -- and is it common or dangerous?
SSRI antidepressants are generally considered safe; however, a rare side effect of SSRIs is serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is a condition that occurs when levels of this neurochemical in the brain rise too high. It happens most often when two or more drugs that affect serotonin levels are used simultaneously. For example, if you are taking a category of migraine medicines called triptans, at the same time you are taking an SSRI drug for depression, the end result can be a serotonin overload. The same can occur when you take SSRI supplements, such as St. John's wort.
Problems are most likely to occur when you first start a medication or increase the dosage. Problems can also occur if you combine the older depression medications (known as MAOIs) with SSRIs.
Finally, recreational drugs such as ecstasy or LSD have also been linked to serotonin syndrome.
Symptoms can occur within minutes to hours and generally include restlessness, hallucinations, rapid heartbeat, increased body temperature and sweating, loss of coordination, muscle spasms, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and rapid changes in blood pressure .
Although not a common occurrence, it can be dangerous and is considered a medical emergency. Treatment consists of drug withdrawal, IV fluids, muscle relaxers, and drugs to block serotonin production.
Serotonin deficiency disease occurs when serotonin levels in the body fall to an unhealthy level. Serotonin works to regulate appetite, mood, sleep, and cognitive function. In most cases, simple lifestyle changes can reverse serotonin deficiency.
The Role of Tryptophan
1. The amino acid tryptophan converts to serotonin and becomes the brain's crucial source for the neurotransmitter. Insufficient amounts of this amino acid can lead to anxiety, depression and other symptoms of serotonin deficiency.
Causes of Serotonin Deficiency
2. Insulin resistance, stress, lifestyle, and excessive use of antidepressants can contribute to a drop in serotonin levels. Exposure to pesticides, PCBs (polychlorinated biphenols) and some plastics can also advance serotonin and tryptophan depletion.
Symptoms of Deficiency
3. Serotonin deficiency manifests in a number of ways including fatigue, impaired cognitive function, panic attacks, compulsive behavior and anxiety. Depression is most common and can exhibit as mild to severe and vary in duration.
The Role of a Healthy Diet
4. Found in dairy products, fish, poultry, nuts, and grains, tryptophan plays a pivotal role in the prevention of serotonin deficiency. Caffeine and alcohol intake should be limited; both deplete tryptophan and serotonin in the body. Diets low in protein contribute to the depletion of essential amino acids such as tryptophan.
Additional Ways to Increase Serotonin Levels
5. Increasing exposure to natural sunlight, supplements, meditation, and positive thinking can aid with increasing and maintaining healthy serotonin levels.
Ya'll need to read the list of symptoms, extrapolate, think, research, and do a little experimentation. If your anxiety, sleeplessness, food/drug cravings, depression, hopelessness, and so on, don't respond to taking 5-htp, then obviously, you need to do more research and consult a doctor. But there is sure a whole heap of misery out there being caused by stress induced serotonin deficiency!
READ all of the following so you understand the basics including the warnings!!!
So, without further ado, compiled from several sources on the net:
There is now a reasonable acceptance of the fact that the type of food that we eat can affect our emotional wellness. Out of the three neurotransmitters that are involved in promoting positive mood, serotonin is the one that is greatly affected by the food we eat. A steady serotonin level means that we remain in a positive mood while its deficiency may result in negative moods like:
* Anxiety or excessive worry
* Panic, fear and phobias
* Pessimism
* A tense state of mind accompanied by irritation and impatience
* Obsession
* Suicidal tendency
* Repetitive thoughts
* Low self esteem
* Emotional behaviors like anger and aggression
* Insomnia or light sleep
* Craving for sugar
* Post menstrual syndrome
* Chronic pain
* Abhorrence of dark weather
Low serotonin levels may be caused due to genetic variations in alleles or due to acquired reasons. Two examples of genetic variations are worth mention here. Infants that are born with abnormal structure of serotonergic neurons are more vulnerable to SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) and serial killers are known to have constant low levels of serotonin.
Diet plays a crucial role in maintaining serotonin levels and a diet rich in serotonergic foods like walnuts, mushrooms, fruits and vegetables helps keep the requisite levels in place. Chicken and turkey are rich in Vitamin B6, which plays a vital role in the production of serotonin. However, there are other factors that may cause serotonin deficiency in the body. Among other, acquired reasons include the following:
* Stress
* Over exposure to plastics and chemicals
* Lack of exposure to sunlight
* Deficiency of serotonin precursors like tryptophan
* Niacin deficiency as well as deficiency of other vitamins, minerals, and calcium
* Insulin resistance
* Progesterone deficiency
* Dimished flow of blood to the brain
* Excessive use of antidepressants
Serotonin stored in platelets also behaves as a vasoconstrictor and prevents bleeding to aid in the healing process. Overdoses of serotonin can lead to pulmonary hypertension due to constriction of the pulmonary vessels. Serotonin may by itself cause the development of excess fibrous connective tissue in the heart when eaten in large quantities in diet.
A condition called serotonin syndrome is caused by extremely high levels of the neurotransmitter. It is practically not possible to reach an overdose through a single antidepressant but a combination of drugs like SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) and MAOI (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors) can result in an overdose.
Serotonin levels can be brought to the desired levels by synthesized serotonin derived from its precursor, the amino acid tryptophan. But it is always better if medication can be avoided. Although the effect of diet on emotion is short lived, steady serotonin levels can be maintained by effective management of diet by regular consumption of foods containing serotonin.
*******************************************
Serotonin is a hormone that is also called hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), it is located in the pineal gland, blood platelets, the digestive tract and the brain.
Serotonin acts as a chemical messenger that transmits nerve signals between nerve cells and causes blood vessels to narrow.
When there are changes in the serotonin levels in the brain it can alter mood and other aspects of your life. When you are experiencing low levels of serotonin, there are many symptoms that you could be having. Below are the symptoms:
* Anxiety
* Fatigue
* Depression
* Pre-menstrual syndrome
* Problems in thinking, concentrating and decision making
* Low self esteem
* Needless feelings of unworthiness and guilt
* Loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities
* Sleep and appetite disturbances
* Chronic depressive disorder
* Obsessive compulsive disorder
* Bulimia
* Alcoholism
* Violent temper and poor impulse control
* Panic /agoraphobia syndrome
Until recently the only way to bring serotonin levels into normal range was to use medication like Prozac, Zoloft, and other drugs known as SSRI's (Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors).
There is now scientific evidence that nutritional approaches may work just as well or better then medication.
*****************************
Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter in the regulation of mood, sleep cycles and so much more. Deficiencies in this essential brain chemical can be caused by a wide range of factors including not getting enough sleep, high levels of stress, low exposure to sunlight, unbalanced diets, prescription medications including pain medication as well as excessive consumption of caffeine and alcohol and the use of recreational drugs.
Serotonin deficiency is difficult to diagnose though often relatively easy to treat. There are many symptoms that may indicate a serotonin deficiency, all of which are common to some degree in most humans but the combination and severity of symptoms can help medical experts diagnose and treat the deficiency. Here are some of the most easily recognized symptoms; sometimes they can be treated with small lifestyle changes, sometimes a supplement or prescription medication may be required.
Anxiety - This can be anything from mild panic to extreme impairment and distress in a high-stress situation. Many times mild forms of anxiety can be dealt with through coping skills or lifestyle changes, but the more severe forms may require medical attention.
Fatigue - If you catch yourself being tired all the time regardless of the amount of sleep you get, consider caffeine a major food group and habitually experience mental fogginess, there may be something other than just being too tired.
Depression - Let’s face it, everyone has times when they’re just down and melancholy, it’s part of life; however, if you have “the blues” consistently for extended periods of time you may be experiencing a depressed mood that may require additional intervention.
Impaired cognitive function - Can’t remember where you put the car keys and have to think hard about simple math? Cognitive function is directly impacted by serotonin levels and a severe deficiency may result in mental fogginess, minor memory loss and slowed problem-solving abilities.
Low self-esteem - Habitually feeling disgusted by yourself or feeling worthless are not normal things. At times, everyone is bound to believe negative things about themselves. If this severely low self-esteem keeps up for weeks or months, other issues may be the cause.
Loss of pleasure - A marked loss of interest in hobbies previously enjoyed or a sudden lack of even a sense of satisfaction at a job well done are also symptoms of a serotonin deficiency. When the noted lack of pleasure gotten out of activities becomes nearly non-existent, it may be something beyond mere boredom.
Insomnia - Though everyone has the occasional difficulties sleeping at night due to stress or anxiety, insomnia or hyposomnia can be seriously detrimental to health if you’re repeatedly not able to sleep until very late hours and only manage to get a few hours of sleep each night or have sleep that is consistently interrupted by waking and being unable to go back to sleep quickly. On the same token hypersomnia, or too much sleep, may also be a symptom of serotonin deficiency.
Poor impulse control - This may often manifest itself in obsessive-compulsive behaviors, manic spending or in addictions such as drugs or alcohol. Many severe addictions are caused or exacerbated by low levels of serotonin.
Serotonin levels fluctuate fairly easily and deficiencies may cause severe problems in your everyday life. As with any treatments, be sure to consult a physician before attempting to treat these symptoms with supplements or medication.
*****************************************
Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter that affects a person’s mood, ability to sleep, energy level and so much more. Like most other biological components, a proper balance must be struck between serotonin and other chemicals and nutrients in the brain for optimum function. Unfortunately, there are many factors that can affect serotonin levels; lower levels can cause depression, fatigue, insomnia and a number of other problems. Some of the primary factors in lower serotonin levels can be avoided or, failing that, supplements can be taken to encourage serotonin levels.
Stress is one of the biggest factors determining the amount of serotonin in the brain. Lack of sleep, inadequate exercise, anxiety and a hectic schedule are all factors that can greatly contribute to stress and severely lower the levels of serotonin, resulting in feelings of fatigue, down moods that can turn into depression, insomnia, loss of appetite and many other related issues. No matter how hectic your day gets, it’s always important to take a little bit of time to de-stress -- simply taking a break with a good book, some meditation or relaxing music may help reduce the risk of significantly lowered serotonin levels.
Sunlight plays an important role in serotonin synthesis and regulation. When the body is deprived of sunlight due to extended hours indoors or other factors a drop in serotonin levels can result. This problem is most common in the winter months when decreased hours of sunlight and colder temperatures often keep people indoors for extended periods of time and at higher intensity can become Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). Finding ways to increase your exposure to sunlight or, in areas of extreme winter weather, even daylight simulation light bulbs may help you retain your overall feeling of well-being.
Drugs and medications should be taken with caution and under the guidance of a physician at all times, but especially if you have had any issues with depressive disorders. Diet pills, pain pills, narcotics and recreational drugs can all seriously affect serotonin levels and may induce severe depressive episodes. If you already have difficulty sleeping, depression, fatigue or other symptoms linked to neurotransmitter deficiencies be sure to let your doctor know and ask specifically if prescribed or over-the-counter medications may cause problems.
In addition to all these factors, the aging process in itself can cause lower serotonin levels; as your body ages it may have more difficulty synthesizing neurotransmitters necessary for daily function including serotonin. To some degree, this age-related drop in neurotransmitters can be checked by supplements or prescription medications as well as careful attention to your daily habits.
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Neurotransmitters are the chemicals within the brain that transmit impulses related to emotion and thought to the brain; should an imbalance in neurotransmitters occur there can be all manner of symptoms including depression, headache and fatigue. Many different factors affect the level of these crucial chemicals in your brain and one thing these various factors may be effecting is the level of 5-HTP and other such chemicals that are required for neurotransmitter synthesis.
Depression and other issues related to the levels of neurotransmitters are becoming increasingly common as average stress levels rise and a sedentary, indoor life trumps all other lifestyles throughout many of the industrialized countries. As a result, in the last ten years there has been a focused effort in research and treatment for these disorders. Amongst the myriad treatments now available on the market, the supplement 5-HTP has shown promise in treating some types of depression as it is a key chemical for the creation of serotonin.
Taken in supplement form, 5-HTP helps boost the rate of serotonin synthesis in the brain; this is often preferred to prescription drugs because of the lower risk of side effects with 5-HTP supplementation, though it isn’t without risks. Probably one of the most dangerous side effects of 5-HTP is the risk of serotonin overdose if the medication is taken improperly, a potentially fatal condition that can appear as confusion, restlessness, hallucinations, fever, nausea and on up to coma and death. Overdose is a very serious situation that can escalate quickly and reach its final stages within 24 hours of symptoms first appearing. Luckily, taken as directed there is a low risk of such dire side effects.
Because 5-HTP targets serotonin levels, it should never be taken with other serotonin-targeting chemicals such as tryptophan, St. John’s wort or SAM-e. Supplements of 5-HTP should never be taken along with prescription medications for anxiety or depression unless it is specifically approved by a physician as these all increase the risk of having too much serotonin in the system.
Higher blood pressure and a faster heart rate often result from taking 5-HTP supplements, so anyone who already has high blood pressure should discuss the dangers with a physician. Because of this side effect, 5-HTP should be avoided by anyone who is pregnant, nursing or has any cardiovascular diseases or risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition, anyone with carcinoid tumors should also avoid 5-HTP as the increased blood pressure may increase tumor growth rate.
There is some risk for minor side effects as well such as headache, dizziness and mild nausea. While all of these are potential issues with 5-HTP, all are fairly rare with the most common side effects occurring in only about 3% of people who take 5-HTP supplements. As with any supplement, a physician should always be consulted before you begin taking 5-HTP to ensure that you are not at risk for these side effects and to ensure there are no adverse interactions with any medications you may already be taking.
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If you’ve ever researched the causes of depression or received treatment for anxiety-related or depressive conditions you’ve no doubt heard about serotonin, a key neurotransmitter responsible for conveying impulses to the brain to produce emotional reactions. Serotonin levels fluctuate according to various habits and lifestyle factors such as stress levels, diet and exposure to sunlight. Many manifestations of depression and related disorders can be treated by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain. Sometimes, all that is needed to achieve normal serotonin levels is a change in habits -- eating a more balanced diet, getting plenty of exercise and establishing a healthy sleep cycle -- but in other cases, due to the nature of the disorder or lifestyle constraints, the best options are either natural supplementation or prescription medications.
There are several categories that prescription antidepressants are generally lumped into, namely tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This last is the most popular for many depression sufferers because they work similar to tricyclic antidepressants but with fewer side effects and tend to be very effective in non-bipolar depression. For bipolar disorder or similar issues SSRIs are generally not recommended because of the chance of having too much serotonin circulating at a time and causing a manic episode.
One of the more popular SSRIs is the prescription drug Zoloft. This antidepressant is approved by the FDA for long-term use for anxiety disorders, depression, post traumatic stress disorder and even obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, though the side effects are mild for this kind of drug they can still be quite uncomfortable and in rare cases can cause major difficulties in day-to-day life. These side effects include insomnia, loss of libido, nausea and fatigue amongst others. Luckily, the drug is non-habit forming and unlike many antidepressants is not linked to weight gain.
Though Zoloft has a positive side effect profile in comparison to other prescription medications, it does still have a pretty high rate of side effect occurrence, sometimes severe enough that patients prefer to go untreated rather than deal with those side effects. Additionally, Zoloft can be fairly expensive if someone is uninsured or their insurance does not cover the medication. These two factors -- cost and side effects -- have encouraged many to look for over-the-counter supplements that are generally much cheaper and, for many, just as effective as the more expensive prescription medication without as many side effects.
Of all the serotonin supplements on the market, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is beginning to stand out for its effectiveness and very low occurrence of side effects. 5-HTP is a chemical naturally produced in the body for the synthesis of serotonin, so additional supplementation can be quite effective in raising serotonin levels. Compared to the cost of prescription medications, 5-HTP supplements such as Seronex cost less than $30 per month.
_http://www.webmd.com/depression/recognizing-depression-symptoms/serotonin
Serotonin: 9 Questions and Answers
By Colette Bouchez
WebMD Feature
Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD
1. What is serotonin?
Serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter, a type of chemical that helps relay signals from one area of the brain to another. Although serotonin is manufactured in the brain, where it performs its primary functions, some 90% of our serotonin supply is found in the digestive tract and in blood platelets.
2. How is serotonin made?
Serotonin is made via a unique biochemical conversion process. It begins with tryptophan, a building block to proteins. Cells that make serotonin use tryptophan hydroxylase, a chemical reactor which, when combined with tryptophan, forms 5-hydoxytryptamine, otherwise known as serotonin.
3. What role does serotonin play in our health?
As a neurotransmitter, serotonin helps to relay messages from one area of the brain to another. Because of the widespread distribution of its cells, it is believed to influence a variety of psychological and other body functions. Of the approximately 40 million brain cells, most are influenced either directly or indirectly by serotonin. This includes brain cells related to mood, sexual desire and function, appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, and some social behavior.
In terms of our body function, serotonin can also affect the functioning of our cardiovascular system, muscles, and various elements in the endocrine system. Researchers have also found evidence that serotonin may play a role in regulating milk production in the breast, and that a defect within the serotonin network may be one underlying cause of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).
4. What is the link between serotonin and depression?
There are many researchers who believe that an imbalance in serotonin levels may influence mood in a way that leads to depression. Possible problems include low brain cell production of serotonin, a lack of receptor sites able to receive the serotonin that is made, inability of serotonin to reach the receptor sites, or a shortage in tryptophan, the chemical from which serotonin is made. If any of these biochemical glitches occur, researchers believe it can lead to depression, as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, panic, and even excess anger.
One theory about how depression develops centers on the regeneration of brain cells -- a process that some believe is mediated by serotonin, and ongoing throughout our lives. According to Princeton neuroscientist Barry Jacobs, PhD, depression may occur when there is a suppression of new brain cells and that stress is the most important precipitator of depression. He believes that common antidepressant medications, such as Celexa, Lexapro, Prozac, and Paxil -- designed to boost serotonin levels -- help kick off the production of new brain cells, which in turn allows the depression to lift.
Although it is widely believed that a serotonin deficiency plays a role in depression, there is no way to measure its levels in the living brain. Therefore, there have not been any studies proving that brain levels of this or any neurotransmitter are in short supply when depression or any mental illness develops. And while blood levels of serotonin are measurable -- and have been shown to be lower in people who suffer from depression -- what doctors still don't know for certain is whether or not the dip in serotonin causes the depression, or the depression causes serotonin levels to drop.
Antidepressant medications that work on serotonin levels -- medications known as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and SNRIs (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) are believed to reduce symptoms of depression, but exactly how they work is not yet fully understood.
5. Can diet influence our supply of serotonin?
It can, but in a roundabout way. Unlike calcium-rich foods, which can directly increase your blood levels of this mineral, there are no foods that can directly increase your body's supply of serotonin. That said, there are foods and some nutrients that can increase levels of tryptophan, the amino acid from which serotonin is made.
Protein-rich foods, such as meat or chicken, contain high levels of tryptophans. Tryptophan appears in dairy foods, nuts, and fowl. Ironically, however, levels of both tryptophan and serotonin drop after eating a meal packed with protein. Why? According to nutritionist Elizabeth Somer, when you eat a high-protein meal, you "flood the blood with both tryptophan and its competing amino acids," all fighting for entry into the brain. That means only a small amount of tryptophan gets through -- and serotonin levels don't rise.
But eat a carbohydrate-rich meal, and your body triggers a release of insulin. This, Somer says, causes any amino acids in the blood to be absorbed into the body -- but not the brain. Except for, you guessed it -- tryptophan! It remains in the bloodstream at high levels following a carbohydrate meal, which means it can freely enter the brain and cause serotonin levels to rise, she says.
What can also help: Getting an adequate supply of vitamin B-6, which can influence the rate at which tryptophan is converted to serotonin.
6. Can exercise boost serotonin levels?
Exercise can do a lot to improve your mood -- and across the board, studies have shown that regular exercise can be as effective a treatment for depression as antidepressant medication or psychotherapy. In the past, it was believed that several weeks of working out was necessary to see the effects on depression, but new research conducted at the University of Texas at Austin found that just 40 minutes of regular exercise can have an immediate effect on mood.
That said, it remains unclear of the exact mechanism by which exercise accomplishes this. While some believe it affects serotonin levels, to date there are no definitive studies showing that this is the case.
7. Do men and women have the same amount of serotonin -- and does it act the same way in their brain and body?
Studies show that men do have slightly more serotonin than women, but the difference is thought to be negligible. Interestingly, however, a study published in September 2007 in the journal Biological Psychiatry showed there might be a huge difference in how men and women react to a reduction in serotonin -- and that may be one reason why women suffer from depression far more than men.
Using a technique called "tryptophan depletion," which reduces serotonin levels in the brain, researchers found that men became impulsive but not necessarily depressed. Women, on the other hand, experienced a marked drop in mood and became more cautious, an emotional response commonly associated with depression. While the serotonin processing system seems the same in both sexes, researchers now believe men and women may use serotonin differently.
Although studies are still in their infancy, researchers say defining these differences may be the beginning of learning why more women than men experience anxiety and mood disorders, while more men experience alcoholism, ADHD, and impulse control disorders.
There is also some evidence that female hormones may also interact with serotonin to cause some symptoms to occur or worsen during the premenstrual time, during the postpartum period, or around the time of menopause. Not coincidentally, these are all periods when sex hormones are in flux. Men, on the other hand, generally experience a steady level of sex hormones until middle age, when the decline is gradual.
8. Since both dementia and Alzheimer's disease are brain-related conditions, does serotonin play a role in either problem?
In much the same way that we lose bone mass as we age, some researchers believe that the activity of neurotransmitters also slows down as part of the aging process. In one international study published in 2006, doctors from several research centers around the world noted a serotonin deficiency in brains of deceased Alzheimer's patients. They hypothesized that the deficiency was because of a reduction in receptor sites -- cells capable of receiving transmissions of serotonin -- and that this in turn may be responsible for at least some of the memory-related symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. There is no evidence to show that increasing levels of serotonin will prevent Alzheimer's disease or delay the onset or progression of dementia. However, as research into this area continues, this could also change.
9. What is serotonin syndrome -- and is it common or dangerous?
SSRI antidepressants are generally considered safe; however, a rare side effect of SSRIs is serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is a condition that occurs when levels of this neurochemical in the brain rise too high. It happens most often when two or more drugs that affect serotonin levels are used simultaneously. For example, if you are taking a category of migraine medicines called triptans, at the same time you are taking an SSRI drug for depression, the end result can be a serotonin overload. The same can occur when you take SSRI supplements, such as St. John's wort.
Problems are most likely to occur when you first start a medication or increase the dosage. Problems can also occur if you combine the older depression medications (known as MAOIs) with SSRIs.
Finally, recreational drugs such as ecstasy or LSD have also been linked to serotonin syndrome.
Symptoms can occur within minutes to hours and generally include restlessness, hallucinations, rapid heartbeat, increased body temperature and sweating, loss of coordination, muscle spasms, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and rapid changes in blood pressure .
Although not a common occurrence, it can be dangerous and is considered a medical emergency. Treatment consists of drug withdrawal, IV fluids, muscle relaxers, and drugs to block serotonin production.
Serotonin deficiency disease occurs when serotonin levels in the body fall to an unhealthy level. Serotonin works to regulate appetite, mood, sleep, and cognitive function. In most cases, simple lifestyle changes can reverse serotonin deficiency.
The Role of Tryptophan
1. The amino acid tryptophan converts to serotonin and becomes the brain's crucial source for the neurotransmitter. Insufficient amounts of this amino acid can lead to anxiety, depression and other symptoms of serotonin deficiency.
Causes of Serotonin Deficiency
2. Insulin resistance, stress, lifestyle, and excessive use of antidepressants can contribute to a drop in serotonin levels. Exposure to pesticides, PCBs (polychlorinated biphenols) and some plastics can also advance serotonin and tryptophan depletion.
Symptoms of Deficiency
3. Serotonin deficiency manifests in a number of ways including fatigue, impaired cognitive function, panic attacks, compulsive behavior and anxiety. Depression is most common and can exhibit as mild to severe and vary in duration.
The Role of a Healthy Diet
4. Found in dairy products, fish, poultry, nuts, and grains, tryptophan plays a pivotal role in the prevention of serotonin deficiency. Caffeine and alcohol intake should be limited; both deplete tryptophan and serotonin in the body. Diets low in protein contribute to the depletion of essential amino acids such as tryptophan.
Additional Ways to Increase Serotonin Levels
5. Increasing exposure to natural sunlight, supplements, meditation, and positive thinking can aid with increasing and maintaining healthy serotonin levels.
I have finally got into gear and have started going through the UltraMind Solution Quizzes.
D'oh!
