"The concept 'conscience' has nothing in common with the concept 'morality.'
"Conscience is a general and a permanent phenomenon. Conscience is the same
for all men and conscience is possible only in the absence of 'buffers.'
"From the point of view of understanding the different categories of man we
may say that there exists the conscience of a man in whom there are no
contradictions. This conscience is not suffering; on the contrary it is joy
of a totally new character which we are unable to understand.
"But even a momentary awakening of conscience in a man who has thousands of
different I's is bound to involve suffering. And if these moments of
conscience become longer and if a man does not fear them but on the contrary
cooperates with them and tries to keep and prolong them, an element of very
subtle joy, a foretaste of the future 'clear consciousness' will gradually
enter into these moments.
"There is nothing general in the concept of 'morality.' Morality consists of
buffers. There is no general morality. What is moral in China is immoral in
Europe and what is moral in Europe is immoral in China. What is moral in
Petersburg is immoral in the Caucasus. And what is moral in the Caucasus is
immoral in Petersburg. What is moral in one class of society is immoral in
another and vice versa. Morality is always and everywhere an artificial
phenomenon. It consists of various 'taboos,' that is, restrictions, and
various demands, sometimes sensible in their basis and sometimes having lost
all meaning or never even having had any meaning, and having been created on
a false basis, on a soil of superstition and false fears.
"Morality consists of 'buffers.' And since 'buffers' are of various kinds,
and as the conditions of life in different countries and in different ages
or among different classes of society vary considerably, so the morality
created by them is also very dissimilar and contradictory.
"A morality common to all does not exist. It is even impossible to say that
there exists any general idea of morality, for instance, in Europe. It is
said sometimes that the general morality for Europe is 'Christian morality.'
But first of all the idea of 'Christian morality' itself admits of very many
different interpretations and many different crimes have been justified by
'Christian morality.' And in the second place modern Europe has very little
in common with 'Christian morality,' no matter how we understand this
morality.
"In any case, if 'Christian morality' brought Europe to the war which is now
going on, then it would be as well to be as far as possible from such
morality,"
"Many people say that they do not understand the moral side of your
teaching," said one of us. "And others say that your teaching has no
morality at all."
"Of course not," said G. "People are very fond of talking about morality.
But morality is merely self-suggestion. What is necessary is conscience.
"We do not teach morality. We teach how to find conscience.
"People are not pleased when we say this. They say that we have no love.
Simply because we do not encourage weakness and hypocrisy but, on the
contrary, take off all masks.
"He who desires the truth will not speak of love or of Christianity because
he knows how far he is from these. Christian teaching is for Christians. And
Christians are those who live, that is, who do everything, according to
Christ's precepts. Can they who talk of love and morality live according to
Christ's precepts? Of course they cannot; but there will always be talk of
this kind, there will always be people to whom words are more precious than
anything else.
"But this is a true sign! He who speaks like this is an empty man; it is not
worth while wasting time on him.
"Morality and conscience are quite different things. One conscience can
never contradict another conscience. One morality can always very easily
contradict and completely deny another.
"A man with 'buffers' may be very moral. And 'buffers' can be very
different, that is, two very moral men may consider each other very immoral.
As a rule it is almost inevitably so. The more 'moral' a man is, the more
'immoral' does he think other moral people.
"The idea of morality is connected with the idea of good and evil conduct.
But the idea of good and evil is always different for different people,
always subjective in man number one, number two, and number three, and is
connected only with a given moment or a given situation. A subjective man
can have no general concept of good and evil.
"For a subjective man evil is everything that is opposed to his desires or
interests or to his conception of good.
"One may say that evil does not exist for subjective man at all, that there
exist only different conceptions of good. Nobody ever does anything
deliberately in the interests of evil, for the sake of evil. Everybody acts
in the interests of good, as he understands it. But everybody understands it
in a different way.
"Consequently men drown, slay, and kill one another in the interests of
good. The reason is again just the same, men's ignorance and the deep sleep
in which they live.
"This is so obvious that it even seems strange that people have never
thought of it before. However, the fact remains that they fail to understand
this and everyone considers his good as the only good and all the rest as
evil. It is naive and useless to hope that men will ever understand this and
that they will evolve a general and identical idea of good."
"But do not good and evil exist in themselves apart from man?" asked someone
present.
"They do," said G., "only this is very far away from us and it is not worth
your while even to try to understand this at present. Simply remember one
thing. The only possible permanent idea of good and evil for man is
connected with the idea of evolution; not with mechanical evolution, of
course, but with the idea of man's development through conscious efforts,
the change of his being, the creation of unity in him, and the formation of
a permanent I.
"A permanent idea of good and evil can be formed in man only in connection
with a permanent aim and a permanent understanding.
"If a man understands that he is asleep and if he wishes to awake, then
everything that helps him to awake will be good and everything that hinders
him, everything that prolongs his sleep, will be evil.
"Exactly in the same way will he understand what is good and evil for other
people. What helps them to awake is good, what hinders them is evil.
"But this is so only for those who want to awake, that is, for those who
understand that they are asleep. Those who do not understand that they are
asleep and those who can have no wish to awake, cannot have understanding of
good and evil. And as the overwhelming majority of people do not realize and
will never realize that they are asleep, neither good nor evil can actually
exist for them.
"This contradicts generally accepted ideas. People are accustomed to think
that good and evil must be the same for everyone, and above all that good
and evil exist for everyone. In reality, however, good and evil exist only
for a few, for those who have an aim and who pursue that aim. Then what
hinders the pursuit of that aim is evil and what helps is good.