Quite often on our sites and on this Forum we are using the term "Truth". But while using it - do we fully understand each other? Are we having in mind the same thing? This forum has a certain history and was created with some idea in mind. One of the functions of this forum is to enable an intelligent and noise free discussion for those who are colinear. But colinear with what precisely? The following attempt to define the Truth, one of the most important concepts and one of the most important factors that the moderators of this forum have in mind, may well serve as compass against which "colinearity" can be measured and non-colineariry discerned.
This being said:
What is truth??
*** Introduction. ***
"What is truth?" is a question that has been asked for millennia. As we ordinarily use it, the adjective "true" means "an assertion that corresponds to the facts". More precisely, the word "true" denotes the validity of an intended (or expected) correspondence between a representation and what it represents. There are many interesting essays that deal with this question on the internet. In this one, an example is given of a map being "true to geography" because "the lines of the plan exhibit approximately the same two-dimensional shape as streets". A painting is said to be "true to life" if it accurately shows to any viewer how something really looks when you see it with your eyes. This essay also suggests that "truth involves two 'systems', purportedly linked by a 'mapping'."
But here, I want to describe how I understand this concept when I am using it. What is an "objective truth", that is a more difficult question. But I will also say a few words about that.. It is quite possible that the reader, while reading what follows, will have an impression that, once in a while, I am contradicting myself, but I am taking such a danger into account, and I am trying to take measures against such misunderstandings.
When I write "how I understand this concept", it does not mean that it is only about me. It would be better to write: "how *we* understand this concept. The point is that the discussion enters the domain of philosophy and therefore goes beyond my professional competence. Therefore I took precautions, and I discussed it and came to an agreement with Laura. So, what I am writing concerns both of us, not only me. But I am taking a full personal responsibility for what I am writing. Therefore I wrote "how I understand this concept."
********
We are operating with a finite set of concepts, therefore in our "definitions" it is difficult to avoid "defining by what is being defined". This is not always a disaster. We know from the mathematical "set theory" that, sometimes, self-referencing leads to paradoxes (A barber that shaves all those who do not shave themselves. Does this barber shave himself or not. If he shaves himself, then it is not true that he shaves only those who do not shave themselves. If he does not shaves himself, then it is also not true that he shaves ALL that do not shave themselves.) Recursive algorithms, that is algorithms with a function that calls itself work pretty well (though they are slow), but they do not always terminate. If our universe is not finite, then recursion, even one that does not terminate, can still "better and better" approximate the "solution". Here is another trap. I wrote "better and better" in quotation marks, because what is better and what is not depends on our choice of the distance estimating function. This function can change from step to step, and when things are getting complicated we arrive at the "Halt Problem." (Halt = Stop)
http://computing-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Halt+problem
"The problem is determining in advance whether a particular program or algorithm will terminate or run forever. The halting problem is the canonical example of a provably unsolvable problem. Obviously any attempt to answer the question by actually executing the algorithm or simulating each step of its execution will only give an answer if the algorithm under consideration does terminate, otherwise the algorithm attempting to answer the question will itself run forever."
We will have a similar situation with my definition of the truth. It may be so that we do not know in advance (and there is no algorithm that would allow us to know in advance) whether our "algorithm" of getting to the truth will ever find its end or not. The only thing we can do is let it run it, wait and see.
(What I wrote above will be easier to understand for those who have some experience with programming. The terms "self-referencing" and "recursion" will then "tune" to the right frequency, and may ameliorate possible objections.)
*** Definition ***
First a short definition: Truth is Objectivity.
Now let me develop this definition and make it more precise.
Assume that there is such a thing as "the Universe'. If you reject this assumption, then all that I am going to write below is useless. I am considering such a possibility, I am taking it into account. Now, "We" are part of this Universe, but only a small part. Our perception of the world, our concepts, our vocabulary, our programming, both inborn and genetically conditioned, but also that which is modified or built from scratch by our interactions with what we call the "external world", all of them carry the stamp of this "smallness" of us vis a vis the greatness of the Universe. They are stamped with the marks of chaos and uncertainty, of randomness, of the whole history of development of life and of civilization. Not always are we objective. Sometimes we are objective when we judge others, but we cease to be objective when it comes to judging ourselves. In Matthew we find this:
MATTHEW 7:1-5 [...] "And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye? Or how wilt thou say to thy brother, Let me pull out the mote out of thine eye; and, behold, a beam is in thine own eye? Thou hypocrite, first cast out the beam out of thine own eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother's eye."'
Sometimes it is the converse. We see well our own problems and faults, but we shut our eyes to the lies around us; we have problems with believing that people, sometimes very close to us, are able to lie deliberately. This is the way adults sometimes see their children or their spouses. There is no objectivity in such a perception.
Both cases happen. This concerns not only the relations with our fellow men, with society, but also our perception and our grasp of the material world, of the world of concepts, of the world of "knowledge".
Therefore approaching the truth involves the discovery of any mechanism that negatively affects our objectivity, involves analysis of these mechanism, and searching for methods of their neutralization or elimination (the elimination is not always possible, but in such cases neutralization may help).
While progressing on this path of eliminating the mechanisms that are distorting our objectivity, we are also able to define, better and better, the very notion of objectivity (here again we have an example of a recurrence).
We are also burdened with the problem of anthropomorphism which may distort our perception of the world. It is necessary to analyze this problem as well. To see "objectively" is to see the Universe the same way the Universe is seeing itself; that is to see on a scale that goes beyond our genetically determined interests, our experiences, our small size in space and time, and in the space of "knowledge".
Does this process have an end? Is it convergent?
My working hypothesis, as of today, is as follows: this is a question of the same type as the question of the Halt of the Turing machine. We can't answer this question except by letting the process "proceed".
Someone may rightly ask: how can we subjectively decide what is objective and what not? Don't we have a paradox here?
Indeed, we do have a paradox. But a paradoxical paradox. Equally well one can ask: how can a machine that is heavier than the air fly? Evidently, it is not possible. Yet, as we know, when there is a will, there is a way. Machines heavier than air can fly, and we, while being always, by necessity, somewhat subjective, can work on removing as much of this subjectivity as possible and approach objectivity. It's like the famous Urobouros - the dragon swallowing its tail; an apparent paradox. But, at the same time, as it seems, this is the only method that works - within and without.
So that is my (our) understanding of the "truth". If there are questions - I will try to address them. But this short essay would not be complete if I did not make a comment on the "meaning of life." Here I will use another analogy from the world of computer programming. By the way, it seems to me that the development of computer programming, the science of algorithms, our experience with programmable calculating machines, coding theory - all of them have opened to us new cognitive perspectives. Today we are able to operate with new, and, as I tend to believe, important cognitive categories. We can see the world more objectively than we did before because we have these new cognitive models to "map" our thinking.
Therefore: *the meaning of life*
My hypothesis here is more risky, it is just a working hypothesis.
Our Universe is a complex system. The degree of its complexity is rather high. In this complex system, in some yet to be understood way, "programs" are operating. There is no reason for assuming that these programs are free of bugs. Thus it is not excluded that the Universe has also "debugging mechanisms". Consciousness, intelligence, life itself, may also have - among others - such functions. Therefore the role of intelligence may be this: to discover these bugs in the programs that run in the Universe, and to debug the Universe.
Therefore I am going beyond the pure "self-replication" as the meaning of life (as in Dawkins "Selfish Gene"). Self-replication may be a tool, but not the goal. The goal may be different: to debug the Universe. The time needed for that may be quite long. Moreover, the positive outcome may be not guaranteed. It may well be like with the Halt Problem: there is no way to predict the outcome, what remains is to let the debugging programs run, to allow for its self-modifications.
If we admit this hypothesis, then the question about the role of the intelligence and the meaning of life takes on new colors.
One may ask: but what can we - such "small" creatures - accomplish in the grand scale of the Universe?
An interesting question. Yet we know that in complex systems small changes can lead to unexpected global "phase transitions". We can't exclude that something like this can happen. We can't exclude that admitting such a hypothesis can change completely our perspective on the problem of responsibility of the human kind - this would be just a logical conclusion from our premises
As I wrote above, this is just my working hypothesis, a hypothesis that I am using on a daily basis. It seems to me interesting, it fits all the knowledge that I have (physics, mathematics, philosophy, genetics, biology, psychology). But if I discover new data, then I will re-think my hypothesis again. After all, in order to debug the Universe, we first need to debug ourselves. And here we are coming back, again, to the question of the "truth" and "objectivity".
A (colinear :) ) discussion is welcomed.
This being said:
What is truth??
*** Introduction. ***
"What is truth?" is a question that has been asked for millennia. As we ordinarily use it, the adjective "true" means "an assertion that corresponds to the facts". More precisely, the word "true" denotes the validity of an intended (or expected) correspondence between a representation and what it represents. There are many interesting essays that deal with this question on the internet. In this one, an example is given of a map being "true to geography" because "the lines of the plan exhibit approximately the same two-dimensional shape as streets". A painting is said to be "true to life" if it accurately shows to any viewer how something really looks when you see it with your eyes. This essay also suggests that "truth involves two 'systems', purportedly linked by a 'mapping'."
But here, I want to describe how I understand this concept when I am using it. What is an "objective truth", that is a more difficult question. But I will also say a few words about that.. It is quite possible that the reader, while reading what follows, will have an impression that, once in a while, I am contradicting myself, but I am taking such a danger into account, and I am trying to take measures against such misunderstandings.
When I write "how I understand this concept", it does not mean that it is only about me. It would be better to write: "how *we* understand this concept. The point is that the discussion enters the domain of philosophy and therefore goes beyond my professional competence. Therefore I took precautions, and I discussed it and came to an agreement with Laura. So, what I am writing concerns both of us, not only me. But I am taking a full personal responsibility for what I am writing. Therefore I wrote "how I understand this concept."
********
We are operating with a finite set of concepts, therefore in our "definitions" it is difficult to avoid "defining by what is being defined". This is not always a disaster. We know from the mathematical "set theory" that, sometimes, self-referencing leads to paradoxes (A barber that shaves all those who do not shave themselves. Does this barber shave himself or not. If he shaves himself, then it is not true that he shaves only those who do not shave themselves. If he does not shaves himself, then it is also not true that he shaves ALL that do not shave themselves.) Recursive algorithms, that is algorithms with a function that calls itself work pretty well (though they are slow), but they do not always terminate. If our universe is not finite, then recursion, even one that does not terminate, can still "better and better" approximate the "solution". Here is another trap. I wrote "better and better" in quotation marks, because what is better and what is not depends on our choice of the distance estimating function. This function can change from step to step, and when things are getting complicated we arrive at the "Halt Problem." (Halt = Stop)
http://computing-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Halt+problem
"The problem is determining in advance whether a particular program or algorithm will terminate or run forever. The halting problem is the canonical example of a provably unsolvable problem. Obviously any attempt to answer the question by actually executing the algorithm or simulating each step of its execution will only give an answer if the algorithm under consideration does terminate, otherwise the algorithm attempting to answer the question will itself run forever."
We will have a similar situation with my definition of the truth. It may be so that we do not know in advance (and there is no algorithm that would allow us to know in advance) whether our "algorithm" of getting to the truth will ever find its end or not. The only thing we can do is let it run it, wait and see.
(What I wrote above will be easier to understand for those who have some experience with programming. The terms "self-referencing" and "recursion" will then "tune" to the right frequency, and may ameliorate possible objections.)
*** Definition ***
First a short definition: Truth is Objectivity.
Now let me develop this definition and make it more precise.
Assume that there is such a thing as "the Universe'. If you reject this assumption, then all that I am going to write below is useless. I am considering such a possibility, I am taking it into account. Now, "We" are part of this Universe, but only a small part. Our perception of the world, our concepts, our vocabulary, our programming, both inborn and genetically conditioned, but also that which is modified or built from scratch by our interactions with what we call the "external world", all of them carry the stamp of this "smallness" of us vis a vis the greatness of the Universe. They are stamped with the marks of chaos and uncertainty, of randomness, of the whole history of development of life and of civilization. Not always are we objective. Sometimes we are objective when we judge others, but we cease to be objective when it comes to judging ourselves. In Matthew we find this:
MATTHEW 7:1-5 [...] "And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye? Or how wilt thou say to thy brother, Let me pull out the mote out of thine eye; and, behold, a beam is in thine own eye? Thou hypocrite, first cast out the beam out of thine own eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother's eye."'
Sometimes it is the converse. We see well our own problems and faults, but we shut our eyes to the lies around us; we have problems with believing that people, sometimes very close to us, are able to lie deliberately. This is the way adults sometimes see their children or their spouses. There is no objectivity in such a perception.
Both cases happen. This concerns not only the relations with our fellow men, with society, but also our perception and our grasp of the material world, of the world of concepts, of the world of "knowledge".
Therefore approaching the truth involves the discovery of any mechanism that negatively affects our objectivity, involves analysis of these mechanism, and searching for methods of their neutralization or elimination (the elimination is not always possible, but in such cases neutralization may help).
While progressing on this path of eliminating the mechanisms that are distorting our objectivity, we are also able to define, better and better, the very notion of objectivity (here again we have an example of a recurrence).
We are also burdened with the problem of anthropomorphism which may distort our perception of the world. It is necessary to analyze this problem as well. To see "objectively" is to see the Universe the same way the Universe is seeing itself; that is to see on a scale that goes beyond our genetically determined interests, our experiences, our small size in space and time, and in the space of "knowledge".
Does this process have an end? Is it convergent?
My working hypothesis, as of today, is as follows: this is a question of the same type as the question of the Halt of the Turing machine. We can't answer this question except by letting the process "proceed".
Someone may rightly ask: how can we subjectively decide what is objective and what not? Don't we have a paradox here?
Indeed, we do have a paradox. But a paradoxical paradox. Equally well one can ask: how can a machine that is heavier than the air fly? Evidently, it is not possible. Yet, as we know, when there is a will, there is a way. Machines heavier than air can fly, and we, while being always, by necessity, somewhat subjective, can work on removing as much of this subjectivity as possible and approach objectivity. It's like the famous Urobouros - the dragon swallowing its tail; an apparent paradox. But, at the same time, as it seems, this is the only method that works - within and without.
So that is my (our) understanding of the "truth". If there are questions - I will try to address them. But this short essay would not be complete if I did not make a comment on the "meaning of life." Here I will use another analogy from the world of computer programming. By the way, it seems to me that the development of computer programming, the science of algorithms, our experience with programmable calculating machines, coding theory - all of them have opened to us new cognitive perspectives. Today we are able to operate with new, and, as I tend to believe, important cognitive categories. We can see the world more objectively than we did before because we have these new cognitive models to "map" our thinking.
Therefore: *the meaning of life*
My hypothesis here is more risky, it is just a working hypothesis.
Our Universe is a complex system. The degree of its complexity is rather high. In this complex system, in some yet to be understood way, "programs" are operating. There is no reason for assuming that these programs are free of bugs. Thus it is not excluded that the Universe has also "debugging mechanisms". Consciousness, intelligence, life itself, may also have - among others - such functions. Therefore the role of intelligence may be this: to discover these bugs in the programs that run in the Universe, and to debug the Universe.
Therefore I am going beyond the pure "self-replication" as the meaning of life (as in Dawkins "Selfish Gene"). Self-replication may be a tool, but not the goal. The goal may be different: to debug the Universe. The time needed for that may be quite long. Moreover, the positive outcome may be not guaranteed. It may well be like with the Halt Problem: there is no way to predict the outcome, what remains is to let the debugging programs run, to allow for its self-modifications.
If we admit this hypothesis, then the question about the role of the intelligence and the meaning of life takes on new colors.
One may ask: but what can we - such "small" creatures - accomplish in the grand scale of the Universe?
An interesting question. Yet we know that in complex systems small changes can lead to unexpected global "phase transitions". We can't exclude that something like this can happen. We can't exclude that admitting such a hypothesis can change completely our perspective on the problem of responsibility of the human kind - this would be just a logical conclusion from our premises
As I wrote above, this is just my working hypothesis, a hypothesis that I am using on a daily basis. It seems to me interesting, it fits all the knowledge that I have (physics, mathematics, philosophy, genetics, biology, psychology). But if I discover new data, then I will re-think my hypothesis again. After all, in order to debug the Universe, we first need to debug ourselves. And here we are coming back, again, to the question of the "truth" and "objectivity".
A (colinear :) ) discussion is welcomed.