Hi,
And at first, I would like to say I did not know exactly where post this one: Religions? History? So I am sorry if this thread is not in the good subject.
I was looking for something "unusual" (for me) on the Web and by going on my Facebook page I saw a link to this subject "The sources of the Napoleonic Code and the Civil Code" (in French): http://leprocesverbal.com/mag/les-sources-du-code-napoleon-et-du-code-civil/) and I was totally amazed because I ever had eared of something like this.
It is about the Napoleonic French Civil Code, followed by the French Civil Code which "would be" or "is" strongly inspired by the Sharia (the Book).
Reading this, my first thought was: "Hum... It would make sense with the Egyptian campaign of Napoleon..." I do not know why I told myself these specific words, but by surprising my curiosity, I decided to make some searches.
Names quoted in this little article found on the Web, are as following:
- Octave PESLE (in his book "Judicature", ed. 1942, p. 5: Le Code Napoleon et la Chariah (The Napoleon's French Code and the Sharia) who writes several books in French but I do not know if they is a translation in English.
A list of them can be found here: http://pkukmweb.ukm.my/~library/islawp.htm. I found this text about Octave Pesles (in French): http://www.abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Articles/Docs/articles_malekites.pdf.
- Napoleon's French Civil Code seems to be strongly inspired by the Sharia according to Christian Cherfils - Who is Christian Cherfils? I made some researchs about this man and we have 9,850 results on Google. He was an hislamophile (I'm not sure about translation here). He looks be known for this book: "Bonaparte et L'Islam : d'après les documents Francais et Arabes" (Bonaparte and the Islam: from French and Arabic files) (1914).
I found this little information about his book:
"Published on the eve of the 1st world war, this book reveals an essential aspect of the personality of Napoleon Bonaparte. The membership of this last one in the Islam is a historic fact brought back reported by the press of time. Here is the at once spiritual progress and the politics of its fate through underestimated documents." (Source in French: http://www.tilsafe.com/libfr/038-LIA-FP-ALC/Bonaparte+et+l%E2%80%99islam.html)
And this one:
"Which chronicles Napoleon Bonaparte's conversion to Islam in 1798, leading to the Code Napoleon, the French civil law adaptation of Islamic law"
(Source in English: http://www.islamicparty.com/textonly/textdavid.htm)
Pursuing my researches, I found this:
Napoleon Bonaparte
Quoted in Christian Cherfils, ‘Bonaparte et Islam,’ Pedone Ed., Paris, France, 1914, pp. 105, 125.
- Original References: “Correspondance de Napoléon Ier Tome V pièce n° 4287 du 17/07/1799...”
“Moses has revealed the existence of God to his nation. Jesus Christ to the Roman world, Muhammad to the old continent...”
“Arabia was idolatrous when, six centuries after Jesus, Muhammad introduced the worship of the God of Abraham, of Ishmael, of Moses, and Jesus. The Ariyans and some other sects had disturbed the tranquility of the east by agitating the question of the nature of the Father, the son, and the Holy Ghost. Muhammad declared that there was none but one God who had no father, no son and that the trinity imported the idea of idolatry...”
“I hope the time is not far off when I shall be able to unite all the wise and educated men of all the countries and establish a uniform regime based on the principles of Quran which alone are true and which alone can lead men to happiness.” (Source in English: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/576/)
And here,
NAPOLEON & ISLAM - FROM FRENCH & ARAB DOCUMENTS - IT'S ENGLISH TRANSLATION by David Pidcock
prepared a new English Foreword for the original by Christian Cherfils, first published in 1914 and Arranged for it's translation and publication in 1999.
NEW FOREWORD - 1999
As the prevailing accounts of history were authored by the victors of past disputes, it is often difficult, in some cases impossible, to discover where those conflicts (together with the ones of today), found their origins. Prompting Napoleon’s remarks that: “History is constructed from lies which are no longer contested “ and that “the police invent more than they discover…”
The perennial strife in Northern Ireland and Palestine serve to illustrate the folly of trying to impose peace settlements without first establishing justice – by placing blame where it truly belongs. This difficulty also extends to locating, let alone obtaining, impartial accounts of Napoleon and the Napoleonic wars providing further evidence that they too have been doctored to suit the official line accommodating to the beneficiaries of the conflict - who were not the common folk of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, but, rather, those who financed Wellington and the negative programme of black propaganda which succeeded in preventing a clear picture of Napoleon’s beneficial reforms reaching the poor, down-trodden masses, in the United Kingdom. Masses, who, following Wellingon's victory at Waterloo, and his subsequent appointment as Prime Minister, fared even worse than before. The bad harvests of 1829, the hardship among the weavers of Northern England, together with the overall national suffering were referred to in the King’s speech as being:”…beyond the reach of legislative control or remedy”, were clearly laid at Wellington’s door. As Prime Minister, he had to bear the brunt of popular outrage and like Napoleon before him became the butt of fickle political cartoonists like William Heath who, in 1830, depicted him with eyes closed: ‘Playing Blind Mans Buff - With The Poor.’ The caption at the bottom of the picture reads: “There is none so blind as Him who will not see.” The important lesson to draw from this situation is the fact that the usurers in the City of London, such as Baring and Rothschild, together with the entire Court of the Bank Of England, had successfully used Wellington, Nelson and British troops to prevent Napoleon’s policies taking effect. I believe it was Lord Acton, a little later on in the 19th century, who endorsed Napoleon's view - together with those of David Ricardo and Abraham Lincoln, that the world would not be free-of-war until the tables of the money changers were overturned once and for all. Unfortunately, as the history of war clearly demonstrates, his call went unheeded, as time and again they succeeded to getting nation to fight against nation rather than to fight against them and their pernicious monetary policies. Leaving us to ponder the fact that: “The issue which has swept down the centuries and must be fought sooner or later is the people versus the banks.”
Many of the myths created by Britain’s black propaganda agency were comprehensively demolished in a feature by Jess McAJee, in the April 1996 edition of ‘Focus’ The Magazine of Discovery. Myth number one being that Napoleon was a foul despot who cared nothing for his people: “It is tempting to conclude” he says, “that seeing as Boney spent millions on the war effort, he did little for ordinary Frenchmen. The truth is that his legal and constitutional reforms were a century ahead of their time. One of the acts of his rule was to draw up a revolutionary constitution: three elected assemblies to vote in new laws, an independent court of appeal, and three consuls to be elected every three years. The constitution was even put to a national referendum - and approved by an astonishing majority of 3,011,007 votes to 1,562. Another lasting Napoleonic legacy is the Code Civil - also known as the Code Napoleon - still predominantly the law of France, Belgium and Luxembourg. The fundamentals it grants are equality under the law, the ending of feudal rights, the inviolability of property, the freedom of conscience, and the right to divorce. Napoleon inserted a clause obliging parents to feed children if required - even when they were adult. He was only just dissuaded from giving grandparents the right to protect grand children from parental abuse”. For Muslims this will come as no surprise when they realise that 96% of the Code-Civil i.e. The Code Napoleon is drawn entirely from Islamic jurisprudence based on the Fiqh or rulings of Imam Malik...McAree goes on to successfully counter a number of other myths. For example the myth that Napoleon was a cheat and a liar and could not be trusted: “The standard view has Boney as the ultimate aggressor who broke all treaties and refused to make peace. But in reality the real cheats were Britain and her allies. Far from refusing peace, Napoleon repeatedly sought it - but was rebuffed by Europe’s crowned heads. They gave him an untrustworthy reputation because they despised him and feared that France’s revolutionary republicanism might be contagious. As the Whig statesman Edmund Burke wrote to foreign minister William Grenville: “It is not the enmity but the friendship of France that is truly terrible. Her intercourse, her example, the spread of her doctrines are the most terrible of her arms.” Another major myth is that his reforms achieved nothing: “Wrong again: most of them still work well to this day. Napoleon opened primary schools and founded the modern lyc’ee system. He also created new universities, a dozen schools of law and teacher training colleges. More money was spent on education in Napoleon’s empire than on anything else - and this at a time of almost perpetual war. Surprising for a “Jacobin terrorist”, he even encouraged private schools, which eventually outnumbered their state counterparts. Today the French education system is streets ahead of our own - all thanks to Boney, the thinking man”
On the subject of Nelson and Wellington McAree states. “Nelson may have died a hero’s death at Trafalgar in 1805. But his victory set back European freedom a century… Although brilliant commanders, both were on the wrong side. By beating Napoleon on land and sea, they denied the world the prosperity and political freedom it could have enjoyed under his rule”. From a Judeo-Christian perspective the antipathy towards Napoleon is perhaps more understandable - particularly in the light of his 'official' conversion to Islam at the end of the 18th century. Following which, the caricaturist, James Gillray, depicts him wearing a turban with the caption reading: “Democratic Religion - Napoleon turning Turk.” This may well have been in response to the official headlines in the Gazzette National ou Le Moniteur Universel which announced Napoleon’s conversion to Islam on the 6th of the 12th 1798, and his adoption of the name Ali Boneaparte. Which brings us to a significant bone of contention regarding the contents of this book. It is clear, from reading the original Preface by Sherif Abd el-Hakim, that he must have been commenting on selected extracts unaware of the entire contents of the book for he speaks uncritically of Napoleon's "love" for Islam and his "blissful sojourn" amongst the Muslims. On the other hand we have the attitude of, allegedly, “well informed Muslims” who have tried to dismiss, out of hand, his conversion as a purely cosmetic exercise: “The pragmatic gamble of an astute, cynical operator who, when it suited him, professed whatever creed was necessary to achieve his political objectives.” ISBN 967-61-0898-7 (Source: http://independent.academia.edu/DavidPidcock/Books/259908/NAPOLEON_and_ISLAM_-_FROM_FRENCH_and_ARAB_DOCUMENTS_-_ITS_ENGLISH_TRANSLATION)
Looking for about Napoleonic Code on Wikipedia, I found this:
The Napoleonic Code — or Code Napoléon (originally, the Code civil des français) — is the French civil code, established under Napoléon I in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs go to the most qualified. It was drafted rapidly by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on March 21, 1804. The Napoleonic Code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a civil legal system — it was preceded by the Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis (Bavaria, 1756), the Allgemeines Landrecht (Prussia, 1794) and the West Galician Code (Galicia, then part of Austria, 1797). It was, however, the first modern legal code to be adopted with a pan-European scope and it strongly influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the Napoleonic Wars. The Code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws. Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code)
And more:
Codes in other countries
Even though the Napoleonic Code was not the first civil code and did not represent the whole of his empire, it was one of the most influential. It was adopted in many countries occupied by the French during the Napoleonic Wars and thus formed the basis of the private law systems also of Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal (and their former colonies), as well as Poland (1808–1946). In the German regions on the left bank of the Rhine (Rhenish Palatinate and Prussian Rhine Province), the former Duchy of Berg and the Grand Duchy of Baden, the Napoleonic code was in use until the introduction of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch in 1900 as the first common civil code for the entire German Empire. A number of factors have been shown by Arvind and Stirton to have had a determinative role in the decision by the German states to receive the Code, including: territorial concerns, Napoleonic control and influence, the strength of central state institutions, a feudal economy and society, rule by liberal (enlightened despotic) rulers, nativism (local patriotism) among the governing elites and popular anti-French sentiment.[9]
The Napoleonic Code was also adopted in 1864 in Romania (with some modifications), which is still in force as of 2011 (articles 461 to 1914). The Code was also adopted in Egypt as part of the system of mixed courts introduced in Egypt after the fall of Khedive Ismail. The Code was translated into Arabic from the French by Youssef Wahba Pasha between 1881-1883. Other codes with some influence in their own right were the Swiss, German, and Austrian ones, but even there some influence of the French code can be felt, as the Napoleonic Code is considered the first successful codification. Thus, the civil law systems of the countries of modern continental Europe, with the exception of Russia and the Scandinavian countries have, to different degrees, been influenced by the Napoleonic Code. The legal systems of the United Kingdom other than Scotland, as well as Ireland and the Commonwealth, are derived from the English common law rather than from Roman roots. Scots law, though also a civil law system, is uncodified; it was strongly influenced by Romano-Dutch legal thought, and — after the Act of Union 1707 — by English law. In the Gulf nations of the Middle East, the influence of the Napoleonic code mixed with hints of Islamic law is clear, even in Saudi Arabia (which abides more towards Islamic law). In Kuwait for example, property rights, women's rights, and the education system can be seen as Islamic reenactments of the French civil code. Some of these aspects can be seen in other Gulf states, although less pronounced than in Kuwait, this primarily being due to the democratic nature of Kuwait, rather than the absolutist nature of many other Gulf nations.
The term "Napoleonic code" is also used to refer to legal codes of other jurisdictions that are influenced by the French Code Napoléon, especially the civil code of Quebec, which was derived from the Coutume de Paris, which the British continued to use in Canada following the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Most of the laws in Latin American countries are also heavily based in the Napoleonic Code, such as the Chilean Civil Code and the Puerto Rican Civil Code. Despite being surrounded by Anglo-Saxon Common Law territories, Louisiana's civil code has kept its Roman roots and some of its aspects feature influences by the Napoleonic Code, but is based more on Roman and Spanish civil traditions. As a result, the bar exam and legal standards of practice in Louisiana are significantly different from other states, and reciprocity for lawyers from other states is not available. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code)
What to think about this information? Has anyone made searchs about this subject? What do you think of it? What does it mean in the global Truth researchs?
And at first, I would like to say I did not know exactly where post this one: Religions? History? So I am sorry if this thread is not in the good subject.
I was looking for something "unusual" (for me) on the Web and by going on my Facebook page I saw a link to this subject "The sources of the Napoleonic Code and the Civil Code" (in French): http://leprocesverbal.com/mag/les-sources-du-code-napoleon-et-du-code-civil/) and I was totally amazed because I ever had eared of something like this.
It is about the Napoleonic French Civil Code, followed by the French Civil Code which "would be" or "is" strongly inspired by the Sharia (the Book).
Reading this, my first thought was: "Hum... It would make sense with the Egyptian campaign of Napoleon..." I do not know why I told myself these specific words, but by surprising my curiosity, I decided to make some searches.
Names quoted in this little article found on the Web, are as following:
- Octave PESLE (in his book "Judicature", ed. 1942, p. 5: Le Code Napoleon et la Chariah (The Napoleon's French Code and the Sharia) who writes several books in French but I do not know if they is a translation in English.
A list of them can be found here: http://pkukmweb.ukm.my/~library/islawp.htm. I found this text about Octave Pesles (in French): http://www.abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Articles/Docs/articles_malekites.pdf.
- Napoleon's French Civil Code seems to be strongly inspired by the Sharia according to Christian Cherfils - Who is Christian Cherfils? I made some researchs about this man and we have 9,850 results on Google. He was an hislamophile (I'm not sure about translation here). He looks be known for this book: "Bonaparte et L'Islam : d'après les documents Francais et Arabes" (Bonaparte and the Islam: from French and Arabic files) (1914).
I found this little information about his book:
"Published on the eve of the 1st world war, this book reveals an essential aspect of the personality of Napoleon Bonaparte. The membership of this last one in the Islam is a historic fact brought back reported by the press of time. Here is the at once spiritual progress and the politics of its fate through underestimated documents." (Source in French: http://www.tilsafe.com/libfr/038-LIA-FP-ALC/Bonaparte+et+l%E2%80%99islam.html)
And this one:
"Which chronicles Napoleon Bonaparte's conversion to Islam in 1798, leading to the Code Napoleon, the French civil law adaptation of Islamic law"
(Source in English: http://www.islamicparty.com/textonly/textdavid.htm)
Pursuing my researches, I found this:
Napoleon Bonaparte
Quoted in Christian Cherfils, ‘Bonaparte et Islam,’ Pedone Ed., Paris, France, 1914, pp. 105, 125.
- Original References: “Correspondance de Napoléon Ier Tome V pièce n° 4287 du 17/07/1799...”
“Moses has revealed the existence of God to his nation. Jesus Christ to the Roman world, Muhammad to the old continent...”
“Arabia was idolatrous when, six centuries after Jesus, Muhammad introduced the worship of the God of Abraham, of Ishmael, of Moses, and Jesus. The Ariyans and some other sects had disturbed the tranquility of the east by agitating the question of the nature of the Father, the son, and the Holy Ghost. Muhammad declared that there was none but one God who had no father, no son and that the trinity imported the idea of idolatry...”
“I hope the time is not far off when I shall be able to unite all the wise and educated men of all the countries and establish a uniform regime based on the principles of Quran which alone are true and which alone can lead men to happiness.” (Source in English: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/576/)
And here,
NAPOLEON & ISLAM - FROM FRENCH & ARAB DOCUMENTS - IT'S ENGLISH TRANSLATION by David Pidcock
prepared a new English Foreword for the original by Christian Cherfils, first published in 1914 and Arranged for it's translation and publication in 1999.
NEW FOREWORD - 1999
As the prevailing accounts of history were authored by the victors of past disputes, it is often difficult, in some cases impossible, to discover where those conflicts (together with the ones of today), found their origins. Prompting Napoleon’s remarks that: “History is constructed from lies which are no longer contested “ and that “the police invent more than they discover…”
The perennial strife in Northern Ireland and Palestine serve to illustrate the folly of trying to impose peace settlements without first establishing justice – by placing blame where it truly belongs. This difficulty also extends to locating, let alone obtaining, impartial accounts of Napoleon and the Napoleonic wars providing further evidence that they too have been doctored to suit the official line accommodating to the beneficiaries of the conflict - who were not the common folk of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, but, rather, those who financed Wellington and the negative programme of black propaganda which succeeded in preventing a clear picture of Napoleon’s beneficial reforms reaching the poor, down-trodden masses, in the United Kingdom. Masses, who, following Wellingon's victory at Waterloo, and his subsequent appointment as Prime Minister, fared even worse than before. The bad harvests of 1829, the hardship among the weavers of Northern England, together with the overall national suffering were referred to in the King’s speech as being:”…beyond the reach of legislative control or remedy”, were clearly laid at Wellington’s door. As Prime Minister, he had to bear the brunt of popular outrage and like Napoleon before him became the butt of fickle political cartoonists like William Heath who, in 1830, depicted him with eyes closed: ‘Playing Blind Mans Buff - With The Poor.’ The caption at the bottom of the picture reads: “There is none so blind as Him who will not see.” The important lesson to draw from this situation is the fact that the usurers in the City of London, such as Baring and Rothschild, together with the entire Court of the Bank Of England, had successfully used Wellington, Nelson and British troops to prevent Napoleon’s policies taking effect. I believe it was Lord Acton, a little later on in the 19th century, who endorsed Napoleon's view - together with those of David Ricardo and Abraham Lincoln, that the world would not be free-of-war until the tables of the money changers were overturned once and for all. Unfortunately, as the history of war clearly demonstrates, his call went unheeded, as time and again they succeeded to getting nation to fight against nation rather than to fight against them and their pernicious monetary policies. Leaving us to ponder the fact that: “The issue which has swept down the centuries and must be fought sooner or later is the people versus the banks.”
Many of the myths created by Britain’s black propaganda agency were comprehensively demolished in a feature by Jess McAJee, in the April 1996 edition of ‘Focus’ The Magazine of Discovery. Myth number one being that Napoleon was a foul despot who cared nothing for his people: “It is tempting to conclude” he says, “that seeing as Boney spent millions on the war effort, he did little for ordinary Frenchmen. The truth is that his legal and constitutional reforms were a century ahead of their time. One of the acts of his rule was to draw up a revolutionary constitution: three elected assemblies to vote in new laws, an independent court of appeal, and three consuls to be elected every three years. The constitution was even put to a national referendum - and approved by an astonishing majority of 3,011,007 votes to 1,562. Another lasting Napoleonic legacy is the Code Civil - also known as the Code Napoleon - still predominantly the law of France, Belgium and Luxembourg. The fundamentals it grants are equality under the law, the ending of feudal rights, the inviolability of property, the freedom of conscience, and the right to divorce. Napoleon inserted a clause obliging parents to feed children if required - even when they were adult. He was only just dissuaded from giving grandparents the right to protect grand children from parental abuse”. For Muslims this will come as no surprise when they realise that 96% of the Code-Civil i.e. The Code Napoleon is drawn entirely from Islamic jurisprudence based on the Fiqh or rulings of Imam Malik...McAree goes on to successfully counter a number of other myths. For example the myth that Napoleon was a cheat and a liar and could not be trusted: “The standard view has Boney as the ultimate aggressor who broke all treaties and refused to make peace. But in reality the real cheats were Britain and her allies. Far from refusing peace, Napoleon repeatedly sought it - but was rebuffed by Europe’s crowned heads. They gave him an untrustworthy reputation because they despised him and feared that France’s revolutionary republicanism might be contagious. As the Whig statesman Edmund Burke wrote to foreign minister William Grenville: “It is not the enmity but the friendship of France that is truly terrible. Her intercourse, her example, the spread of her doctrines are the most terrible of her arms.” Another major myth is that his reforms achieved nothing: “Wrong again: most of them still work well to this day. Napoleon opened primary schools and founded the modern lyc’ee system. He also created new universities, a dozen schools of law and teacher training colleges. More money was spent on education in Napoleon’s empire than on anything else - and this at a time of almost perpetual war. Surprising for a “Jacobin terrorist”, he even encouraged private schools, which eventually outnumbered their state counterparts. Today the French education system is streets ahead of our own - all thanks to Boney, the thinking man”
On the subject of Nelson and Wellington McAree states. “Nelson may have died a hero’s death at Trafalgar in 1805. But his victory set back European freedom a century… Although brilliant commanders, both were on the wrong side. By beating Napoleon on land and sea, they denied the world the prosperity and political freedom it could have enjoyed under his rule”. From a Judeo-Christian perspective the antipathy towards Napoleon is perhaps more understandable - particularly in the light of his 'official' conversion to Islam at the end of the 18th century. Following which, the caricaturist, James Gillray, depicts him wearing a turban with the caption reading: “Democratic Religion - Napoleon turning Turk.” This may well have been in response to the official headlines in the Gazzette National ou Le Moniteur Universel which announced Napoleon’s conversion to Islam on the 6th of the 12th 1798, and his adoption of the name Ali Boneaparte. Which brings us to a significant bone of contention regarding the contents of this book. It is clear, from reading the original Preface by Sherif Abd el-Hakim, that he must have been commenting on selected extracts unaware of the entire contents of the book for he speaks uncritically of Napoleon's "love" for Islam and his "blissful sojourn" amongst the Muslims. On the other hand we have the attitude of, allegedly, “well informed Muslims” who have tried to dismiss, out of hand, his conversion as a purely cosmetic exercise: “The pragmatic gamble of an astute, cynical operator who, when it suited him, professed whatever creed was necessary to achieve his political objectives.” ISBN 967-61-0898-7 (Source: http://independent.academia.edu/DavidPidcock/Books/259908/NAPOLEON_and_ISLAM_-_FROM_FRENCH_and_ARAB_DOCUMENTS_-_ITS_ENGLISH_TRANSLATION)
Looking for about Napoleonic Code on Wikipedia, I found this:
The Napoleonic Code — or Code Napoléon (originally, the Code civil des français) — is the French civil code, established under Napoléon I in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs go to the most qualified. It was drafted rapidly by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on March 21, 1804. The Napoleonic Code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a civil legal system — it was preceded by the Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis (Bavaria, 1756), the Allgemeines Landrecht (Prussia, 1794) and the West Galician Code (Galicia, then part of Austria, 1797). It was, however, the first modern legal code to be adopted with a pan-European scope and it strongly influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the Napoleonic Wars. The Code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws. Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code)
And more:
Codes in other countries
Even though the Napoleonic Code was not the first civil code and did not represent the whole of his empire, it was one of the most influential. It was adopted in many countries occupied by the French during the Napoleonic Wars and thus formed the basis of the private law systems also of Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal (and their former colonies), as well as Poland (1808–1946). In the German regions on the left bank of the Rhine (Rhenish Palatinate and Prussian Rhine Province), the former Duchy of Berg and the Grand Duchy of Baden, the Napoleonic code was in use until the introduction of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch in 1900 as the first common civil code for the entire German Empire. A number of factors have been shown by Arvind and Stirton to have had a determinative role in the decision by the German states to receive the Code, including: territorial concerns, Napoleonic control and influence, the strength of central state institutions, a feudal economy and society, rule by liberal (enlightened despotic) rulers, nativism (local patriotism) among the governing elites and popular anti-French sentiment.[9]
The Napoleonic Code was also adopted in 1864 in Romania (with some modifications), which is still in force as of 2011 (articles 461 to 1914). The Code was also adopted in Egypt as part of the system of mixed courts introduced in Egypt after the fall of Khedive Ismail. The Code was translated into Arabic from the French by Youssef Wahba Pasha between 1881-1883. Other codes with some influence in their own right were the Swiss, German, and Austrian ones, but even there some influence of the French code can be felt, as the Napoleonic Code is considered the first successful codification. Thus, the civil law systems of the countries of modern continental Europe, with the exception of Russia and the Scandinavian countries have, to different degrees, been influenced by the Napoleonic Code. The legal systems of the United Kingdom other than Scotland, as well as Ireland and the Commonwealth, are derived from the English common law rather than from Roman roots. Scots law, though also a civil law system, is uncodified; it was strongly influenced by Romano-Dutch legal thought, and — after the Act of Union 1707 — by English law. In the Gulf nations of the Middle East, the influence of the Napoleonic code mixed with hints of Islamic law is clear, even in Saudi Arabia (which abides more towards Islamic law). In Kuwait for example, property rights, women's rights, and the education system can be seen as Islamic reenactments of the French civil code. Some of these aspects can be seen in other Gulf states, although less pronounced than in Kuwait, this primarily being due to the democratic nature of Kuwait, rather than the absolutist nature of many other Gulf nations.
The term "Napoleonic code" is also used to refer to legal codes of other jurisdictions that are influenced by the French Code Napoléon, especially the civil code of Quebec, which was derived from the Coutume de Paris, which the British continued to use in Canada following the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Most of the laws in Latin American countries are also heavily based in the Napoleonic Code, such as the Chilean Civil Code and the Puerto Rican Civil Code. Despite being surrounded by Anglo-Saxon Common Law territories, Louisiana's civil code has kept its Roman roots and some of its aspects feature influences by the Napoleonic Code, but is based more on Roman and Spanish civil traditions. As a result, the bar exam and legal standards of practice in Louisiana are significantly different from other states, and reciprocity for lawyers from other states is not available. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code)
What to think about this information? Has anyone made searchs about this subject? What do you think of it? What does it mean in the global Truth researchs?
;)
... Au contraire I admire French for challenging and competitive ways (for example pro Palestinian voting at UNESCO conference which made MR Obama just a little bit more wrinkled and Izraelis more eye-balled - OH yeah) Diplomatically speakin' I find it, at least, soooo charming
