Tunguska - an overhead explosion: a new paper by Russian scientists

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I stumbled upon the following paper that was posted in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society on 4th of February.

Russian scientists postulate that there are no traces of the explosion on the ground, because it was an overhead explosion - a shockwave.

They don't mention it being a comet fragment, and they claim that the body didn't fully disintegrate, but since it was (according to them) "passing-by", part of it managed to return to the near-solar orbit. But they do take into account the bright light phenomena and dust in the upper levels of the atmosphere.

Anyways, here's the quote of the article about it. It also has some diagrams and explanations, unless someone can get an access to the full version of the paper.

For decades experts have been baffled by the shattering detonation which wiped out more than 80 million trees over a remote area of the then tsarist empire.

Explanations have focused on a meteor exploding in the atmosphere, a meteorite striking the surface, or a comet composed mainly of ice, yet apart from the wholesale destruction at ground level in an unpopulated area, there is only minuscule evidence of a space object.

In a major new contribution to the scientific debate, Dr. Sergei Karpov, leading researcher at Kirensky Physics Institute in Krasnoyarsk and his peers, argue ‘that the Tunguska event was caused by an iron asteroid body, which passed through the Earth’s atmosphere and continued to the near-solar orbit’.

It was 100 to 200 metres (328 to 656 feet) in diameter.

The study by the Russian academics published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society postulates that the destruction on the ground was ‘the result of a passing space body and its shock wave, rather than a direct impact’.

The meteor passed over 3,000 kilometres (1,865 miles) of the planet's surface at the lowest altitude of 10 to 15 kilometres (6.2 to 9.3 miles), they believe.

It travelled at a phenomenal 20 kilometres per second speed (12.4 miles per second) before exiting into the outer space shredding about half of its over 3 million tonnes weight on the way.

Calculations showed that the shock wave could be created by a rapid increase of the space body's evaporation as it was approaching the Earth's surface - for a 200-metre (656-feet) meteor that would have been 500,000 tonnes per second.

High-temperature plasma could create effects typical for explosion such as a shock wave.

An issue that has puzzled researchers is the cause of fires in the epicentre.

The new study showed that it could be caused by the high-intensity light of the space body's head as it reached over 10,000 degrees Celsius at its lowest altitude in the Earth's atmosphere.

Calculations showed that the meteor flew over the epicentre for about one second - heating the forest to the extent it lit up.


Scientists used modelling to check their theory and to study how space bodies 'behave' when entering the atmosphere.

'At present, there are over 100 hypotheses about the nature of the Tunguska phenomenon', says Sergei Karpov. 'They include the fall of a small asteroid measuring several dozen metres consisting of typical asteroid materials, either metal or stone, as well as ice.'

However, the researchers argue that the Tunguska space body 'could hardly consist of ice, since the length of the trajectory of such a body in the atmosphere before the complete loss of its mass would be less than the length of its trajectory estimated on the basis of observational data'.

Dr Karpov stated: ’We calculated trajectory characteristics of space from 50 to 200 metres in diameter, and our modelling shows that it could not consist of rock or ice because, on the contrast with iron, such bodies fall apart quick because of colossal aerodynamic pressure in the atmosphere.’

If the Tunguska space object consisted of iron, it could explain why there are no iron droplets at the epicentre: they simply couldn't reach the planet's surface because of the speed of the space body in the atmosphere and its surface temperature exceeding 'several thousands of degrees Celsius.

'This version is supported by the fact that there are no remnants of this body and craters on the surface of the Earth.’

The Event caused shockwaves as far away as Britain and dust from the explosion lit up the night sky in its wake in Europe and even America.

Soviet expeditions to the remote site near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River highlighted a lack of debris or craters on the surface.


Italian scientist Luca Gasperini, from the University of Bologna, claimed shaped Lake Cheko five miles from the epicentre, has filled the crater but his research is strongly disputed by Russian academics.

Dr Karpov said the new theory ‘can explain optical effects associated with a strong dustiness of high layers of the atmosphere over Europe, which caused a bright glow of the night sky’.

The Tunguska Event led to a host of theories on the cause apart from a meteorite, from a massive volcanic eruption, to comet mainly composed of ice not solid space rock, and more.

Local Evanki people believed it was a visitation by an angry god called Ogdy.

'There was a bang in the sky and a mighty crash. The crash was followed by a noise like stones falling from the sky, or of guns firing. The earth trembled,' said a native Siberian some 60 km from the epicentre.

'I became so hot I couldn't bear it, as if my shirt was on fire, said another account from the past.


The scientists involved in study are: Daniil E. Khrennikov,1 Andrei K. Titov,2 Alexander E. Ershov,1,3 Vladimir I. Pariev4‹ and Sergei V. Karpov 1,5,6

1. Siberian Federal University, Svobodny Av. 79/10, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia

2. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institusky Per. 9, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia

3. Institute of Computational Modeling SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50/44, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia

4. P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Leninsky Prosp. 53, Moscow 119991, Russia

5. L. V. Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50/38, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia 6Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Av. 31, Krasnoyarsk 660014, Russia
 
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Wow so if I understood it correctly, they're saying that whatever struck Tunguska sort of bounced off the planet?
Yes. I have the paper but haven't gone through the details. The siberian times article above does a very good job summarizing the main points.
From this plot (same as in the paper btw):
st6.jpg

it's more like the object going through the atmosphere and exiting after depositing a part of its mass and energy.
 
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I do remember that the Tunguska event was questioned in the Ra sessions. I don't remember it being directly questioned in the C's sessions though.


17.3 Questioner: In meditation a few nights ago I had the impression of a question about a crater in Russia. I believe it was in Tunguska. Can you tell me what caused the crater?


Ra: I am Ra. The destruction of a fission reactor caused this crater.


17.4 Questioner: Whose reactor?


Ra: I am Ra. This was what you may call a “drone” sent by Confederation which malfunctioned. It was moved to an area where its destruction would not cause infringement upon the will of mind/body/spirit complexes. It was then detonated.


17.5 Questioner: What was its purpose in coming here?


Ra: It was a drone designed to listen to the various signals of your peoples. You were, at that time, beginning work in a more technical sphere. We were interested in determining the extent and the rapidity of your advances. This drone was powered by a simple fission motor or engine as you would call it. It was not that type which you now know, but was very small. However, it has the same destructive effect upon third-density molecular structures. Thus as it malfunctioned we felt it was best to pick a place for its destruction rather than attempt to retrieve it, for the possibility/probability modes of this maneuver looked very, very minute.


17.6 Questioner: Was its danger both blast and radiation?


Ra: I am Ra. There is very little radiation, as you know of it, in this particular type of device. There is radiation which is localized, but the localization is such that it does not drift with the winds as does the emission of your somewhat primitive weapons.


17.7 Questioner: I believe that a[n] analysis of the trees in that area has shown a low radiation level. Is this the reason for such a low radiation level in the trees?


Ra: I am Ra. This is correct. The amount of radiation is very localized. However, the energy which is released is powerful enough to cause difficulties.
 
Saw this on Reddit today. Sorry for the bad quality screenshot, it ain't mine. The story is interesting, and seems to be coherent to the Ra explanation.

Here's the plain text. Typed out by a Redditor
Some people think that UFOs have appeared in the earth's atmosphere only during the past two decades. This is not the case. The UFO phenomenon has been observed throughout the history of mankind. There are medieval and ancient reports strikingly similar to ours. Among the earlier UFO reports, as an example, may be the well-documented observations of ta "large saucer" in 1882(62?) and a "procession of bolides (exploding meteors)" in 1913. These reports still await investigation.
The most remarkable "UFO phenomenon" is the famous "Tungusky meteorite." In recent years Soviet scientists have established that the Tungusky explosion had every parameter of an atmospheric nuclear blast.* The USSR Academy of Sciences Reports* (Volume 172, (?). 4 and 5. 1967) include studies by Alexei Leletev which attempts to prove the Tungusky body could not be a meteorite or a comet. In the summer of 1967 the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna published a study by Vladimir Kekhedov, who concludes that the Tungusky blast left considerable residual radioactivity.
Finally, as recently as 1966, after analyzing the sum total observation on the Tungusky body's flight, this writer showed that before the blast the Tungusky body described in the atmosphere a tremendous arc of about 375 miles in extent (in as much), that is, carried out by maneuver. All these new results warrant the conclusion that the Tungusky body sees to have been an artificial flying craft from another planet [REDACTED] Should this be finally confirmed by investigations now in progress, the significant of the Tungusky diameter would be inestimable. But this, incidentally, will pose new problems, If we are indeed being studied by creatures form other planets, what is their purpose? Why are they as studiously avoiding any direct contact? Is the unsociability the result of so high a level of development that they study us from the :height: just as we look upon and study ants? Or is there still the possibly of common understanding are born in the same Universe and obey the same laws of nature? The study of UFOs may lead to quite different conclusions and present mankind with quite different problems. The important thing is for us to discard any preconceived notions about UFOs and to organize in a global scale a calm, (?)-free, and strictly scientific study of this strange phenomenon. The subject and ales of the investigation are so serious that they justify any efforts. It goes without sating that international cooperation is vital. [REDACTED]
 

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Update by John Tonry with the collaboration of Myriam Telus, Jay Tate, (of Space Guard UK), Willie Koorts of South Africa, and NASA.

It's not a matter of 'if' it's a matter of 'when' a large asteroid hits earth. NASA is funding the hunt for all the large near-earth asteroids but there are still an unknown number left to find, plus hundreds of sub 1km asteroids. Amazingly there are no funded asteroid surveys in Britain. One man has started his own Astrid hunt and might just have an 'edge' on the NASA-funded programs. Jay Tate of Space Guard in rural Powys is searching for asteroids others might miss. This film tells the story of why NASA funded the Atlas project and how it works. Also, the story of UK o Space Guard run by Jay Tate. Thanks for watching. Please like, share, and leave a comment. If you can support Jay Tate with help or funding get in touch. Simon Holland - Science Filmmaker. Stay tuned for more interesting films.

 

Thanks. So, indeed, the number of Asteroids in our solar system might be at least 10 more:

 
Regarding Glenn's post above about Tunguska-

The magnetic pole variance was greatest about 1850 (roughly 23 degrees from the geographic pole?) and this is when the industrial revolution was getting on. Scientific discoveries aplenty were made between 1850 and 1900. After the wandering movement prior, in 1904 the mag pole took off in a straight and accelerating line depicted below. Einstein published his theory of relativity I believe in 1905.

17.5 Questioner: What was its purpose in coming here?


Ra: It was a drone designed to listen to the various signals of your peoples. You were, at that time, beginning work in a more technical sphere. We were interested in determining the extent and the rapidity of your advances

Here is a plot of the movement of the north magnetic pole

1661514909461.png
 
There is this breaking news from Russian scientists. They promise more data after they return home form the expedition.

Quote from this article (translated from Russian):

Scientists at Minin University have discovered proof for the existence of the Tunguska meteorite crater...

"On August 30, the main stage of the Minin University expedition to the site of the Tunguska meteorite fall has ended. After 10 days of autonomous travel, I managed to get in touch from the village of Vanarava. Everyone is alive and well. It was not without difficulties, but all the goals of the expedition have been reached! Moreover, facts confirming the existence of the Tunguska meteorite crater were discovered!" said Alexey Kiselev, a teacher at Minin University, as soon as he managed to catch the cell phone signal.

Details of the expedition will be published after the participants return to Nizhny Novgorod.
 
I found this interesting explanation of what happened in Tunguska. The writer is apparently an ET living inside a human conduit, called "ST in BG" in the forum. Basically, an asteroid was going to hit earth and cause a life extinction event. The ETs in scout ships planted explosives on the asteroid but one of the scout ships was caught in the blast. The scout ship would have hit human settlements and killed many, were it not for a ET pilot that maneuvered the scout ship above the forest at Tunguska. The ET pilot sacrificed its life to save people.

I don't know how true this is but an interesting explanation for sure.


Re: Multiple asteroids on collision course with planet Earth
Greetings: TSPNS: User ID: 2154157

06/30/2019 06:57 PM

[...]

**Here Is What REALLY HAPPENED !! (No, This Didn't Have Anything To Do With "Nikola Tesla's Experiments !!)

**There Was A Very Large Asteroid On Collision Course With Terra/Earth ... Of This It Would Have Caused A "Life Extinction Event" !!

**Of This Knowledge/Knowing, Extraterrestrial Beings, Specialists In Dealing With Dangerous Spacial Phenomena Were Brought In To Deal With The Situation !!

**They Arrived In Their Vessels, & Planted Explosive Charges On The Surface Of The Asteroid !!

**One Such Vessel, A One ET Being Scout Ship Was Monitoring The Operation, & Was Caught In The Explosion ... The Pressure/Energy Wave, When The Detonation Occurred !!

**Automatic Control Was Lost On The Scout Craft/Ship ... It Was Pulled In Toward Terra/Earth ... & Came Through The Atmosphere Over Tunguska, Siberia !!

**The Scout Craft Was Discovered By The Pilot, Of Having The "Magnetic Containment Bottle" Of The Anti-Matter-Matter Reactor, That This Was Cracked ... & It Was Only The Temporary "Emergency Protective Field", That Was Keeping The Craft/Ship From Blowing Up !!

**The Ship Was Out Of Control, & Headed Toward A Populated Village !!

**The Pilot Knew Of The Size/Extent Of The Containment Field Failing ... & Of An Anti-Matter - Matter Explosion Of This Size, It Would Cause Not Only Life In That Area To Be Extinguished/Vaporized ... But Of The Energies Released, A Physical Pole Shift Of The Planet !!

**There Was No Other Choice, In Order To Save This Village, These People, & All Life On The World, He Needed To Engage "Manual Control" & "Manually Direct/Control" The Scout Vessel !!

**He Did So, Altering It's Trajectory/Course, Taking The Ship High Up Into The Air, In Which From That Higher Vantage Point, He Looked For A Place, A Location/Area, In Which Would Contain/Buffer The Blast/Explosion, That Was Forthcoming !!

**From High In The Air, He Spotted A Forest, & Manually Set/Altered Course For This Location !!

**"Time" Was Running Out !!!! ... He Estimated Perhaps A Couple Of Minutes Before The Anti-Matter Leaks Out & Combines With Matter, In Which The Explosion Would Occur !!

**He Made It To The Forest, Lowered Down The Ship, Over & On Top, To Hopefully Direct The Explosion & Force Wave Downward, In Which It Was Hoped That The Forest Below Of Dense Trees, Would Buffer/Disperse The Energies, In Such A Way, As To Contain The Blast/Shock Wave Locally, Rather Then Having These Energies Travel Throughout The Planet !!

**Seconds To Go Now ... Waiting Of That Which Will Occur !!

**There Was A Bright Flash Of Light ... Not Unlike A Nuclear Blast .... The Pilot Was Instantly Vaporized !! ... Then Came The Shock Wave/Blast ... Which Was Directed Downward, Spreading Out, & Pushing Over Great Amounts Of Living Trees In This Forest !!

**The Tunguska, Siberia Village Was Saved, The Planet Itself Was Saved, & Spared The Destruction & Elimination, The Death Of All Life There !!

**Of The Pilot, He Gave His Life To Save Life ... Not Knowing Who These Being Were ... Not Having Been To The Living Planet Terra/Earth Previously !! ... He Only Knew That His Life Was A Small Price To Pay, For The Continuation Of Life There !!

**The Living Forest, It Too Of It's Members/People ... Were Willing To Sacrifice Themselves, To Save Other Life/Life Forms & The Living Planet Terra/Earth !!

**Of "Terrestrial Scientific Puzzlement" Regarding The Tunguska, Siberia Explosion ....

1. There Was No Crater/Hole Made By The "Believed" Asteroid Impact !! ... Yet There Was/Is Confirmed "Asteroid Debris" !!

**The Reason For This Is ... That The Explosion Was "Above The Trees", Not Directly Into The Ground/Surface ... The Energies Went Downward, Then Dispersed Outward, So The "Physical Blast" Did Not "Dig/Blast" A Hold/Crater Out !!

**As To The The "Asteroid Debris" Over The "Impact Site/Area" ... This Was Of What Remained Of The Asteroid That Was Blown Up In Space, Whose Debris Small & Harmless Was "Drawn Into" The Atmosphere Of Terra/Earth Over Tunguska, Siberia, As Was The One Being Scout Craft !!

**The Debris "Rained Down", Over The Area, Settling Down Over The Anti-Matter-Matter Scout Craft Explosion Site, Of Not Just One, But At Least One Other Forest Being Blown Down, Leading To Many "Theories & Speculations" (Other Then The Correct Answer !!) As To What Happened There !!

**There Have Been "Substantiating Evidences" Found, Briefly Stated, Yet Then Covered Up, As It Points To A Completely Different & "No This Couldn't Happen/Wild Happening" ... Which Many "Terrestrial "Experts" Would Have To Explain, To A Public Wanting Answers !!

1. One's Of That Region, Of Tunguska, Siberia Of That Village Were Noted Of Having "Symptoms" Relating To "Radiation Exposure/Sickness" !!

2. The "Light In The Sky" (Scout Craft)
Was Witnessed In Having Changed/Altered Course !! ... No Termed "Natural Phenomena" Is Known To Do This (Which Includes Asteroids, Meteors, Ect. !!) ... Therefore It Was "Under Control", & Made A Course Correction/Adjustment !!

3. Joseph Stalin, The Leader Of The Soviet Union, Mounted An Expedition To Tunguska, Siberia ... In Search Of The Remains Of What They Believed Was An "Extraterrestrial Event" ... A "Downed Spacecraft" !! .... There Was Information That Was "Leaked Out", That Certain Remains Were Found, & Taken Away To Be Studied !!

4. Another Russian Individual, In "Times" More Recent, Led An Expedition To This "Explosion Site" In Tunguska, Siberia, And Of The Moments Spent There ... Discovered The "Deer Box" ... Which Is Another Name/Identification For What May Be Called In Terrestrial Airplanes ... "The Black Box", That Records All Flight Data !! ... In This Case It Was Part Of The Control Systems/Control Panel ... This Was/Is Operated By "Another Way/Method" ... Which Would Not Be Recognized Or Understood, By "Terrestrial Experts"

**It Is Very Sad, & WE (ETs) Would Also Go So Far As To Say Downgrading If Not Demeaning, In Not Showing Honorance & Recognition For What This Individual Did, In Saving The Living Planet & All Life Residing There !! .... It Should Also Be Of Same Recognition, Of The Living Trees & Other Living Things That Gave Their Physical Lifeforms, To Ensure That All Others Living There Would Survive !!

**While WE (ETs) Know, What Happened, What Occurred, Of The Being, The Pilot Of The Scout Craft Being ... One Of The People/One People (See "Handle" Imagery)... It Is Doubtful That The Full Truth/Facts, Of What Really Went On Then, Will Ever Be Given, The Being & The Living Trees & Other Living Things Honored & Recognized For Their Great Sacrifices !!

**In Closing, It Is To Note, That Of The Conduit, Of His Energies, He Was/Is ... That Pilot ... Which Saved Terra/Earth Of That Incident/Event ... & Preserved Life On That Living World !

Farewell For Now !!

ST In BG
 
There is this breaking news from Russian scientists. They promise more data after they return home form the expedition.

There is an update regarding potential Tunguska crater. No hard data or pictures yet. The samples of the soil were sent to the labratory.

Here's first source in Russian and translated to English.

Scientists were able to find a mixed thickness of peat and loam with buried in it catastrophic trees and signs of melting of matter.

- Our scientific team examined the object discovered on the images from space - a swamp with a circular structure (it is located east of the famous Suslovsky crater, which was originally mistaken for a crater from the Tunguska meteorite). In the bottom sediments of the swamp, and we found what could be evidence of the fall of a meteorite in 1908 - said Alexei. - We investigated many circular structures filled with water. Then by eliminating all the thermokarst lakes we identified the most unusual formation - a circular swamp with a diameter of 250 meters. What suggests the meteoritic origin of the reservoir is an island in its center, from where we took samples with balls of molten rock.

Second, University source in Russian and translated to English.

According to the participants, this expedition was one of the most difficult journeys in their lives:

"First of all, months of preparation and approvals. Many thanks to the university, which not only provided material assistance, but also helped to negotiate with the Tunguska Nature Reserve, since its territory is closed to visitors. The expedition to the place of the Tunguska meteorite fall was not only a very important event, but also very dangerous, because the taiga is unpredictable. We overcame more than 70 kilometers on foot, in bad weather, through swamps and rivers, walking among a fallen forest," shared a teacher of Minin University.

WhatsApp_Image_2022-10-10_at_10.05.44_2.jpeg
 
And there are more news about Tunguska meteorite from the Russian scientists.

During the study of bottom sediments of lakes of the Tunguska Plateau Krasnoyarsk scientists found an increased number of particles of charcoal in a layer correlated with the beginning of the twentieth century. Researchers believe that the particles found may be a trace of a massive fire caused by the fall of the Tunguska meteorite.

Specialists studied bottom sediments in lakes Cheko and Zapovednoe, located near the epicenter of the Tunguska phenomenon, to estimate the intensity of fires in the past and compare it with modern ones. As a result of the analysis, the researchers determined that in bottom sediments about 1,500 years old and in modern sediments, the background content of coal particles is about the same. This means that there is no dramatic increase in the intensity of wildfires in the area.

However, in both lakes at a depth of about 50 centimeters, scientists found increased amounts of particles of charcoal and weathering elements of terrestrial rocks: titanium, rubidium, yttrium, zirconium, potassium, niobium. Perhaps this is a trace of a strong fire and mass tree fallout that took place in this area in the early twentieth century.

Researchers have connected it with the phenomenon of the so-called "Tunguska meteorite", because it was here in 1908 that the Tunguska disaster occurred - a strong explosion of unknown nature, which caused extensive tree fall and forest fire on an area of about 700 square kilometers.

Here's the paper:

 
Opinion

During the Tunguska event, over 8 million trees covering an area of 830 square miles were flattened when an asteroid entered Earth's atmosphere.
On June 30, 1908, an asteroid flattened an estimated 80 million trees in Siberia over 830 square miles (2,150 square kilometers). Dubbed the Tunguska event, it is considered the biggest asteroid impact in recorded history. Yet no one has ever found the asteroid fragments or an impact site.

The asteroid lit up the skies in a remote, sparsely inhabited region near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River. It unleashed a 10 to 15 megaton explosion — similar in size to the 1954 Castle Bravo nuclear bomb test, the fifth-largest nuclear detonation in history. "The sky was split in two, and high above the forest the whole northern part of the sky appeared covered with fire," an eyewitness reported.

One popular theory is that the asteroid formed Lake Cheko, a freshwater lake about 5 miles (8 kilometers) from the explosion epicenter. The lake is about 1,640 feet (500 meters) wide and 177 feet (54 m) deep. Luca Gasperini, research director at the National Research Council of Italy, and colleagues said the lake's cone-like shape and depth resembled an impact crater. In a study published 2012 in the journal Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, they estimated that the sediments at the bottom of the lake had been building for 100 years, while evidence of trees at the bottom of the lake indicate the waterhole covers an old forest.


Screenshot 2023-05-31 at 10-44-47 The Tunguska event was the biggest asteroid impact in record...png

But some experts were not convinced. In 2017, researchers led by Denis Rogozin, from the Institute of Biophysics at the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, carried out their own analysis and concluded that lake sediments were at least 280 to 390 years old, "significantly older than the 1908 Tunguska Event."

And in a new study published May 2 in the journal Doklady Earth Sciences, Rogozin and colleagues presented more evidence to refute the idea Lake Cheko is the Tunguska asteroid’s impact site.

Related: Extinction-level asteroid impacts could be far more common than we thought, controversial study suggests

Previously, many researchers believed Lake Cheko’s unusual cone shape was unique in the region, giving weight to the idea that an asteroid formed it. But Rogozin and colleagues analyzed two nearby lakes — Zapovednoye and Peyungda — that sit 31 miles (50 km) and 37 miles (60 km) from the suspected impact site. Both are also cone shaped, they found.

"The difference in the age of the lake sediments puts into question the impact origin of these lakes — this would require the arrival of three almost identical space bodies at different times, which is highly improbable given that the lakes are located in almost the same place on Earth," the researchers wrote.

Daniel Vondrák, who studies lake ecosystems at Charles University in Prague, told Live Science in an email that he is convinced by Rogozin's evidence.

However, the conical shape of the lakes isn't the only evidence that Cheko was formed by the Tunguska event, Gasperini said.

In a paper posted to the preprint server arxiv in 2018 (which still has not been peer reviewed), Gasperini and his team hypothesized that Tunguska was caused by a "rubble-pile" asteroid — a structurally weak mashup of fragments from a monolithic asteroid.. As a result, the asteroid split into two pieces — one around 197 feet (60 m) wide, the other around 20 to 33 feet (6 to 10 m) wide. The smaller of these two smashed into Earth, forming Lake Cheko, they wrote.

The team detected a 33-foot-wide (10 m) anomaly at the bottom of the lake that may be a leftover fragment of the asteroid. By drilling to the lake center, someone could test the composition of the anomaly to confirm that hypothesis. However, Gasperini's team can no longer access the site due to the war in Ukraine.

"The Russian scientists could easily do this test, instead of continuing to publish articles showing data similar to ours with very questionable interpretations," Gasperini told Live Science in an email.

What could have happened to the asteroid?

If Cheko wasn't formed by the Tunguska impact crater, then what happened to the asteroid that set fire to the skies more than a century ago? A paper published in 2020 in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society suggested a large iron asteroid passed through Earth's atmosphere, then curved away from Earth without breaking up. This, the team said, would explain why no trace of the asteroid has ever been found.

Another paper posted to arxiv last month put forward yet another hypothesis — that the asteroid broke apart and scattered across the landscape. While many fragments would have burnt up in the atmosphere, the team said smaller chunks could have survived and hit Earth over a "strewn field.". This paper suggests rocks from the asteroid could be about 10 to 12 miles (16 to 19 km) northwest of the epicenter, "even if the mud and vegetation could have made any trace disappear."

 
A comprehensive examination of the many anomalies surrounding the Tunguska event and integrating them within the electric comet theory. Precursor anomalies ahead of the actual arrival of the fragment worth storing in one's memory bank for future awareness. Knowledge protects, ignorance endangers!


On the morning of June 30, 1908 in remote Siberia near the Stony Tunguska River, a blue-white fireball exploded with the force of a 10-to-15 megaton H-bomb. The explosion flattened 60 million trees and devastated 2,000 square kilometers.

The shockwave knocked people off their feet and broke windows hundred's of kilometers away. Interestingly, a ring of burnt trees were left standing near the epicenter, and even stranger, several unburnt trees remained in the heart of the center.

Seismic stations across Europe and Asia felt the explosion, a pulse of air-pressure circled the Earth twice, and astronomers observed a red glowing haze in the upper atmosphere for several nights. The Smithsonian and Mount Wilson Observatories reported a decrease in atmospheric transparency that would persist for months.

For well over one-hundred years, the appointed experts continue to debate Tunguska—comet or asteroid?!? In the EU Model a comet is just an asteroid large enough to hold its own charge as it moves through the Sun's electric field. For example, asteroid Chiron's chaotic orbit between Saturn and Uranus unexpectedly sprouted a tail in 1989. Now it's classified as proto-comet 95P/Chiron.

To accurately solve the Tunguska mystery, a theory needs to explain all the observations and data collected. The EU Model does this. The Standard Model does not. As Wal Thornhill would say, the answers to these questions become obvious. It's electric.
 
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