Bi and Cong

Hi all,



I would like to bring to your attention the below two weirdly looking artifacts from Neolithic China. They are found in tombs of Liangzhu culture (3400–2250 BC). Disc is being called “bi” and the name for rectangular tube is “cong”.

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(Picture from www.ancientchina.co.uk)

General overview of artifacts can be found in this 5 minutes video:


And here (video length 3:30 min):




Items have been made out of material called nephrite which is harder than iron or steel. The technology that was used to manufacture these artifacts is unknown.

The purpose of the objects is still a matter of speculation. Bi and cong are found in large amounts in burials. It is generally assumed that they have served ritual or ceremonial purpose. Probably items used to represent a great material value and a high social status of the owner.

Questions I would like to find answers for are as follows:

How bi and cong were made?

What was their purpose?

Who were the people who created those objects?
 
It looks they are hard to make given the hardness of the material.
How bi and cong were made?
I guess, here we are assuming their technology is poor at that time (atleast as per mainstream science). But, there are many things that contradicts that assumption(across the world). Here is one example from C's session about yellow emperor (2700 BC) and these objects are considered from that time.
2001-08-20
Q: Was the Yellow Emperor of China... he had some talking, walking tripods. Were these things similar to the Ark of the Covenant?
A: No.
Q: What were his tripods?
A: Ground communicators.
Q: What did they communicate with? Each other, or something in the sky?
A: Both.
Q: What was in the sky that they communicated with?
A: Mothership.
Q: What was on the Mothership?
A: Lizards.
 
Some more from the sessions. As per Wikipedia, Huang Ti and the yellow emperor is the same.

2001-08-23
Q: (L) Okay, that makes sense. So the Sumerian contribution to the Bible stories mix is the enslavement idea. They had this ancient legend of having been genetically created to be slaves. They were servants to the gods, but not the Pharaoh. Okay, going in another direction: what was the use of the "12 mirrors" that the Chinese emperor Huang Ti supposedly used?
A: Collection of energy.
Q: (L) Were they really mirrors?
A: No.
Q: (L) Okay. They were just perceived as "mirrors" by the people who saw them, or the transmission of the information was corrupted. (A) What energy did they collect?
A: Electromagnetic.
Q: (L) What was this energy used for?
A: Power for his craft and other machines.
Q: (L) Well, where did Huang Ti come from?
A: Orion Lab.
Q: (L) And he had things that were described in the literature as robots or mechanical guys, didn't he? So those were his other machines. What did these machines do?
A: Many things.
Q: (A) I want to know... okay, they were collecting EM energy. Where was this energy coming from. I would also like to collect EM energy. Was this energy from the EM field, was it solar energy, from zero-point energy, or cosmic energy, or what? Where was this energy coming from?
A: Solar moon.
Q: What does that mean?
A: Reflected and therefore modified.
Q: (L) So that suggests the "mirror" concept of Huang Ti. Okay, previously you said that Rock Lake was not a necropolis. What was it?
A: Control center.
I know this doesn't answer your questions but gives some idea. I find it interesting that yellow emperor had the technology to communicate with ET's at that time, his culture considers Jade as sacred and tombs has these Jade objects.
 
Here is an interesting article (somewhat inline with What C's mentioned in the limited context) about the yellow emperor and the strangeness surrounding him.http://www.dankalia.com/paranoia/emperor.htm
The archaeologists involved in the excavation project explain that the earthen stage, pointing to an advanced knowledge of construction techniques by those who built it, reinforces the possibility of a fifth civilization. The world's four oldest known civilizations are Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus and China's Yellow River. Carbon isotope analysis on earthenware found at the excavation site was used to help identify the age of the castle and stage.

It is a very significant discovery. We may be closer to solving the enigma of the "Yellow Emperor," Huang-ti (27th century B.C.), who, it is said, lived in those misty reaches of time before the Shang dynasty.
C's said Indus valley civilization is also a lizard's creation. I wondered whether these civilizations are like planting"wild seeds" on the planet that is destroyed by the 3600-year cometary cycle(aka harvested the turmoil by 4D STS) for the next cycle? Anyway, the point is certain technology popped up suddenly from somewhere and in some places for mysterious reasons. The entire article is very interesting and some parts about the emperor and his technology.
Sons of Heaven
...
Of all the "Sons of Heaven" it was Huang-ti who had left the "largest footprint" in the Chinese mythology. He first made his appearance in the Huang He River basin.

Huang-ti was very different from other ancient heroes. He did not enlighten people, did not demand worship. Huang-ti and his helpers were amazingly rational beings. Of course, they did teach the natives all kinds of useful sciences, including the acupuncture. However, most important for them were their own affairs. And such affairs were dominated by the creation of complex, and alas, incomprehensible (at least, to us) apparatuses and contrivances.

According to Mr. Krapiva the Biography of Huang-ti was based on mysterious legends. What did the ancient scribes mean by "following the Moon?" What drove Huang-ti establish some connection between his "mirrors" and Moon? There is even a more curious detail uncovered by Krapiva. "Account of Wonders" (sixth century B.C.E) contained the following story: People of the Mirror Lake tell that where Huang-ti cast his mirrors, there remains a stone that polished them. Creepers (creeping grass-P.S.) does not grow on that stone. Lao Tzu lived in that age: did he see the stone in question?

Tripods


Numerous sources relate that Huang-ti manufactured and used some "miraculous tripods." The "tripods" were not used for water, nor was there any fire to heat and prepare food in them. The purpose of such a "tripod" was quite different: it was a "likeness of the Great Infinite," Tao, the concealed engine of the Universe. A "tripod" was approximately 3-4 meters in height, but its volume relatively small: 100 liters. The legs carried most of its weight. A curious human observer would not be able to glance inside the "tripod," but sources did say that "hundreds of spirits filled its insides." Krapiva, who has studied all such sources available, is of the opinion that a functioning "tripod" emitted some noises, voices. The legends of ancient China said that the "tripods" depicted "dragons, flying in the clouds"; it was the same "dragon" who eventually arrived and carried off Huang-ti and his colleagues. Most likely the "tripods" were used for distant communications, because their location were chosen in such a way that the star Syuan Yuan would be pointed at. It is from that star that Huang-ti arrived on Earth. We know this star as Regulus, of the Leo constellation; more about this curious star later.

There is a mountain, 18 kilometers northeast of Zhaoqing, first called Summit Lake Mountain because there is a lake on its top. Legend says that the Yellow Emperor once had a tripod cast here, hence the present name. It is one of the four famous mountains in south China.

The most interesting quality of the "tripods" was its ability to store knowledge and data. Such a "tripod" knew " favorable and unfavorable signs, knew that which exists and that which has disappeared." Moreover, a "tripod" could remain still, and could walk about, was able to become light and heavy (Krapiva thinks it could somehow manipulate gravitation). The sources listed by Ukrainian scholar are "Records of the foremost deeds of Huang-ti the Great" and "Glorification of the three tripods of Huang-ti" written by Zao Ji.

Huang-ti and most of his assistants operated in the Northern China. It was there that the Chinese civilization subsequently developed. The south of China was developed by entities whose exact nature is not easily determined: were they living organisms? independent mechanisms? or mechanisms, controlled by living creatures? Ancient sources name them "Chi Yu and his brothers." Obviously, they were quite identical. Perhaps the discovery of the "fifth civilization" site at Chengdu, and subsequent excavations will shed some light on those who "developed the South." Krapiva was able to collect some information about Chi Yu.

Just like Huang-ti, Chi Yu had four eyes (at least, considered as such), six arms, or manipulators. The strangest of all was Chi Yu's head: it was made from copper and had a metallic forehead, and some tridents in place of ears. According to the local legends, the metallic head was cut off the body (with all appropriate safeguards), and buried separately. Years later this head continued to emit heat. On occasions a reddish steam-like cloud would come from the burial site: the locals worshiped it ("Five books of Huang-ti").

Chi Yu was able to move in the rugged areas, and could even fly (for short periods of time). His (or its) taste for food was quite impressive: all sources suggest that the creature ate "stones and sand": this way it obtained energy that was necessary for the creature's movements. Were Chi Yu and "his" brothers living creatures? Krapiva thinks that were complex autonomous mechanisms, akin to robots. Actually but one of the creatures would have to be controlled by an intelligent life form,but the natives considered them all as living creatures.

Huang-ti ruled the land for one hundred years, but his life span was much greater: some sources suggest that he lived for three hundred years. Where he spent the rest of his days, and what activities he was engaged in, is open to speculation. There are Tao sources who state unambiguously that after one hundred years of his "rule" Huang-ti returned to his home star, "ascended the heavens, and became the ruler of the Great Infinite, again turning into the star Syuan Yuan." The same star that his "tripods" had pointed at. An ancient Chinese drawing of the Syuan Yuan constellation has been identified by modern astronomers as that of the Leo constellation. Its brightest star is (Alpha Leo), Regulus. We do not know much about this star; we do know that there are very few similarities between our Sun and Regulus. But there is a very curious similarity: there exists, in the Regulus star system, a radio source that emits signals in metric wave bands. In our Solar system there is also such a source: Earth.
 
I would like to elaborate the below question:

Who were the people who created those objects?

Liangzhu was not the first or the only Neolithic Culture on the territory of Modern China.

The following video in my opinion gives an excellent overview on cultural diversity in that area.

Pre-Xia China: Neolithic Cultures to 2000 BCE


00:00 Introduction
00:50 A problem of defining what is "Chinese Culture"
02:45 Separate Neolithic Cultures. Map with Areas
04:13 Shift to settled agriculture. How it could have happened
07:03 About Yangshao Culture
10:11 Late Neolithic Population Dip
11:50 Construction of public buildings
13:35 Political Centers
15:02 Crafts and Technology. (Liangzhu Jades)
17:16 Taosi Cemetery. Evidence of hierarchical society.
19:23 Mortuary Diversity. (Liangzhu tomb)
21:30 Trade, Interactions. Shared practices but strengthening of national identities.
22:42 Chinese Culture
24:37 Conclusion

Liangzhu firstly mentioned in "Crafts and Technology" as one of the cultures that worked jade [16:15]. In "Mortuary Diversity" you can actually see bi and cong laid out in Liangzhu grave.
 
From Wikipedia:


DNA

The type site at Liangzhu was discovered in Yuhang County, Zhejiang and initially excavated by Shi Xingeng in 1936. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains shows high frequencies of Haplogroup O1 in Liangzhu culture linking this culture to modern Austronesian and Tai-Kadai populations. It is believed that the Liangzhu culture or other associated subtraditions are the ancestral homeland of Austronesian speakers.[5]

[…]

A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of Haplogroup O1 (Y-DNA) in the Liangzhu culture, linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples. The Liangzhu culture existed in coastal areas around the mouth of the Yangtze. Haplogroup O1 was absent in other archeological sites inland. The authors of the study suggest that this may be evidence of two different human migration routes during the peopling of Eastern Asia, one coastal and the other inland, with little genetic flow between them.[25][26]



River faring culture

A typical Liangzhu community, of which there are over 300 found so far, chose to live near rivers. There have been boats and oars recovered which indicate proficiency with boats and watercraft. A Liangzhu site has provided the remains of a wooden pier and an embankment thought to have been used for protection against floods. Houses were raised on wood also to help against flooding, although houses on higher ground included semi-subterranean houses with thatched roofs.[12] Well technology at the Miaoqian site during this period was similar to that of the earlier Hemudu period.[13] The Liangzhu culture is said to have been more socially developed and complex than northern contemporaries in the Han Valley.[14]


Craftsmanship

Researchers have found that some of the axes at Liangzhu sites were crafted using diamond tools. The inhabitants of Liangzhu, using these tools, worked corundum into ceremonial axes. The axes were said to "have been polished to a mirrorlike luster". The techniques they used generated results that are said to be difficult to replicate even with modern technology.This is the earliest known use of diamond tools worldwide, thousands of years earlier than the gem is known to have been used elsewhere. The researchers also note that this is the only prehistoric culture known to work sapphire.[18]



Jade Work

The jade from this culture is characterized by finely worked large ritual jades, commonly incised with the taotie motif. The most exemplary artifacts from the culture were its cong (cylinders). The largest cong discovered weighed 3.5 kg. Bi (discs) and Yue axes (ceremonial axes) were also found. Jade pendants were also found, designed with engraved representations of small birds, turtles and fish. Many Liangzhu jade artefacts had a white milky bone-like aspect due to its tremolite rock origin and influence of water-based fluids at the burial sites, although jade made from actinolite and serpentine were also commonly found. Most of Liangzhu's contemporaries have some jades, but 90 per cent of all the cong and bi jades recovered, and by far the best in quality, are from Liangzhu sites.[19] Jade artifacts unearthed from Liangzhu sites are said to have been influential on the development of other neolithic cultures in China: "The impactful legacy of Liangzhu Culture is seen in Longshan in Shandong, Taosi in Shanxi, Qijia in Ganqing and many other sites in northern Shaanxi, where cong tubes, bi disks and other jade objects reminiscent of Liangzhu Culture have been unearthed."[20][21] Liangzhu jade work is also said to have had a lasting influence on ritual objects in later periods of Chinese culture.[1]

The Liangzhu "ancient city" or Liangzhu site-complex controlled the best jade products, but less important centers also produced elite crafts, which lead researchers to believe the Liangzhu culture was not a simple pyramid structure society in terms of status levels. Many minor centers had access to their own jade (nephrite). However, the Liangzhu elites at the ancient city communicated and exchanged goods with elites from other parts of the Liangzhu world (and also in other regions of Longshan-era China) and set the criteria of what jade should look like. The Liangzhu did not seem to be importers of jade, even though they did export it extensively.[22]



Sudden Disappearance

The Liangzhu Culture entered its prime about 4000–5000 years ago, but suddenly disappeared from the Taihu Lake area about 4200 years ago when it reached the peak. Almost no traces of the culture were found from the following years in this area.[7] Recent research has shown that rising waters interrupted the development of human settlements several times in this area. This led researchers to conclude the demise of the Liangzhu culture was brought about by extreme environmental changes such as floods, as the cultural layers are usually interrupted by muddy or marshy and sandy–gravelly layers with buried paleo trees.[8]

Some evidence suggests that Lake Tai was formed as an impact crater only 4500 years ago, which could help explain the disappearance of the Liangzhu culture.[9] However, other work does not find an impact crater structure or shocked minerals at Lake Tai.[10]
 
I can now move forward with the below question:

Who were the people that created bi and cong?

Next open question that would make sense:

Were bi and cong created by Liangzhu Culture?
 
Hi @seek10,

Thanks for your input.

I know this doesn't answer your questions but gives some idea. I find it interesting that yellow emperor had the technology to communicate with ET's at that time, his culture considers Jade as sacred and tombs has these Jade objects.

I am leaning towards the idea that those jade artifact were a technology of some kind. I just want to add some more background to it.
 
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