WIN 52
The Living Force
Here is a new one to me. Has there been any discussions about this? The search came up blank.
I have read a few articles so far. They say about 100% of the population get this before they die. It sounds kind of like the Cat Parasite, Rat study only in humans. From Wkkipedia ; cytomegalovirus
One thing I noticed is that there are so many words spelled incorrectly according to the Fox.
I have read a few articles so far. They say about 100% of the population get this before they die. It sounds kind of like the Cat Parasite, Rat study only in humans. From Wkkipedia ; cytomegalovirus
Most healthy people who are infected by HCMV after birth have no symptoms.[1] Some of them develop an infectious mononucleosis/glandular fever-like syndrome,[5] with prolonged fever, and a mild hepatitis. A sore throat is common. After infection, the virus remains latent in the body for the rest of the person's life. Overt disease rarely occurs unless immunity is suppressed either by drugs, infection or old age. Initial HCMV infection, which often is asymptomatic, is followed by a prolonged, inapparent infection during which the virus resides in T - cells without causing detectable damage or clinical illness.
Infectious CMV may be shed in the bodily fluids of any infected person, and can be found in urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk. The shedding of virus can occur intermittently, without any detectable signs or symptoms.
Micrograph of CMV placentitis. One cell on the image (centre) has the characteristic large nucleus with peri-nuclear clearing. Two cells (centre-left) have the characteristic (cytoplasmic) viral inclusion bodies (small pink globules). H&E stain.
CMV infection can be demonstrated microscopically by the detection of intranuclear inclusion bodies. On H&E staining, the inclusion bodies stain dark pink and are called "owl's eye" inclusion bodies.[6]
HCMV infection is important to certain high-risk groups.[7] Major areas of risk of infection include pre-natal or postnatal infants and immunocompromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients, persons with leukemia, or those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In HIV infected persons, HCMV is considered an AIDS-defining infection, indicating that the T-cell count has dropped to low levels.
Lytically replicating virus disrupts the cytoskeleton, causing massive cell enlargement, which is the source of the virus' name.
A recent study links infection with CMV to high blood pressure in mice, and suggests that the result of CMV infection of blood vessel endothelial cells (EC) in humans is a major cause of atherosclerosis.[8] Researchers also found that when the cells were infected with CMV, they created a protein called renin that is known to contribute to high blood pressure.
[edit] Transmission and prevention
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)
Transmission of HCMV occurs from person to person through bodily fluids. Infection requires close, intimate contact with a person excreting the virus in their saliva, urine, or other bodily fluids. CMV can be sexually transmitted and can also be transmitted via breast milk, transplanted organs, and rarely from blood transfusions.
Although HCMV is not highly contagious, it has been shown to spread in households and among young children in day care centers.[1] Transmission of the virus is often preventable because it is most often transmitted through infected bodily fluids that come in contact with hands and then are absorbed through the nose or mouth of a susceptible person. Therefore, care should be taken when handling children and items like diapers. Simple hand washing with soap and water is effective in removing the virus from the hands.
HCMV infection without symptoms is common in infants and young children; as a result, it is common not to exclude a child known to be infected from school or another institution. Similarly, hospitalized patients are not typically separated or isolated.
Amniocentesis at >20 weeks gestation can be done to detect fetal transmission from the mother.
[edit] Vaccine
Main article: Cytomegalovirus vaccine
Cytomegalovirus vaccines are still in the research and development stage.
A phase 2 study of a CMV-vaccine published in 2009 indicated an efficacy of 50%, - thus the protection provided was limited and a number of subjects contracted CMV infection despite the vaccination. In one case also congenital CMV was encountered.[9]
[edit] CMV diseases
CMV infections are most significant in the perinatal period and in immunocompromised patients.
[edit] Pregnancy and congenital infection
Main article: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
HCMV is one of the TORCH infections that lead to congenital abnormalities. These are: toxoplasmosis, rubella, herpes simplex, and cytomegalovirus. Congenital HCMV infection occurs when the mother suffers a primary infection (or reactivation) during pregnancy.
up to 5/1000 live births are infected. 5% develop multiple handicaps, and develop cytomegalic inclusion disease ( with nonspecific signs that resemble rubella. Another 5% later develop cerebral calcification (decreasing IQ levels dramatically, sensorineural deafness and psychomotor retardation.
[edit] Immunocompromised adults
Primary CMV infection in patients with weakened immune systems can lead to serious disease. However, a more common problem is reactivation of the latent virus.
Infection with CMV is a major cause of disease and death in immunocompromised patients, including organ transplant recipients, patients undergoing hemodialysis, patients with cancer, patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and HIV-infected patients. Exposing immunosuppressed patients to outside sources of CMV should be minimized to avoid the risk of serious infection. Whenever possible, patients without CMV infection should be given organs and/or blood products that are free of the virus.
In patients with a depressed immune system, CMV-related disease may be much more aggressive.
Specific disease entities recognised in those people are
* CMV hepatitis, which may cause fulminant liver failure
* cytomegalovirus retinitis (inflammation of the retina, characterised by a "pizza pie appearance" on ophthalmoscopy)
* cytomegalovirus colitis (inflammation of the large bowel)
* CMV pneumonitis
* CMV esophagitis[10]
* polyradiculopathy, transverse myelitis, and subacute encephalitis
Patients without CMV infection who are given organ transplants from CMV-infected donors should be given prophylactic treatment with valganciclovir (ideally) or ganciclovir and require regular serological monitoring to detect a rising CMV titre, which should be treated early to prevent a potentially life-threatening infection becoming established.
[edit] Immunocompetent adults
CMV infections can still be of clinical significance in adult immunocompetent populations:
* CMV mononucleosis (some sources reserve "mononucleosis" for EBV only)
* Post-transfusion CMV - similar to CMV mononucleosis
* A 2009 study suggests that CMV infection may be linked to the development of arterial hypertension.[8] Mice fed a high cholesterol diet showed significantly more vascular damage and hypertension when they had been infected with CMV. CMV infection stimulated cytokines – IL6, TNF, and MCP1 – in the infected mice indicating that the infection led to an inflammatory response in vessels and other tissues. Further, renin and angiotensin II release were increased in these animals as additional factors to lead to hypertension. In humans CMV infection has been demonstrated in the aortic smooth muscle cells from patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms suggesting that CMV infection contributes to vascular disease.[11][12]
[edit] Diagnosis
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)
Most infections with CMV are not diagnosed because the virus usually produces few, if any, symptoms and tends to reactivate intermittently without symptoms. However, persons who have been infected with CMV develop antibodies to the virus, and these antibodies persist in the body for the lifetime of that individual. A number of laboratory tests that detect these antibodies to CMV have been developed to determine if infection has occurred and are widely available from commercial laboratories. In addition, the virus can be cultured from specimens obtained from urine, throat swabs, bronchial lavages and tissue samples to detect active infection. Both qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for CMV are available as well, allowing physicians to monitor the viral load of CMV-infected patients.
CMV pp65 antigenemia test is a immunofluorescence based assay which utilizes an indirect immunofluorescence technique for identifying the pp65 protein of cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood leukocytes. The CMV pp65 assay is widely used for monitoring CMV infections and its response to antiviral treatment in patients who are under immunosuppressive therapy and have had renal transplantation surgery as the antigenemia results are obtained about 5 days before the onset of symptomatic CMV disease. The advantage of this assay is the rapidity in providing results in a few hours and that the pp65 antigen determination represents a useful parameter for the physician to initiate antiviral therapy. The major disadvantage of the pp65 assay is that only limited number of samples can be processed per test batch.
CMV should be suspected if a patient has symptoms of infectious mononucleosis but has negative test results for mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr virus, or if they show signs of hepatitis, but has negative test results for hepatitis A, B, and C.
For best diagnostic results, laboratory tests for CMV antibody should be performed by using paired serum samples. One blood sample should be taken upon suspicion of CMV, and another one taken within 2 weeks. A virus culture can be performed at any time the patient is symptomatic. Laboratory testing for antibody to CMV can be performed to determine if a woman has already had CMV infection. However, routine testing of all pregnant women is costly and the need for testing should therefore be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
[edit] Serologic testing
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (or ELISA) is the most commonly available serologic test for measuring antibody to CMV. The result can be used to determine if acute infection, prior infection, or passively acquired maternal antibody in an infant is present. Other tests include various fluorescence assays, indirect hemagglutination, (PCR) and latex agglutination.
An ELISA technique for CMV-specific IgM is available, but may give false-positive results unless steps are taken to remove rheumatoid factor or most of the IgG antibody before the serum sample is tested. Because CMV-specific IgM may be produced in low levels in reactivated CMV infection, its presence is not always indicative of primary infection. Only virus recovered from a target organ, such as the lung, provides unequivocal evidence that the current illness is caused by acquired CMV infection. If serologic tests detect a positive or high titer of IgG, this result should not automatically be interpreted to mean that active CMV infection is present. However, if antibody tests of paired serum samples show a fourfold rise in IgG antibody and a significant level of IgM antibody, meaning equal to at least 30% of the IgG value, or virus is cultured from a urine or throat specimen, the findings indicate that an active CMV infection is present.
[edit] Relevance to blood donors
Although the risks discussed above are generally low, CMV assays are part of the standard screening for non-directed blood donation (donations not specified for a particular patient) in the U.S. CMV-negative donations are then earmarked for transfusion to infants or immunocompromised patients. Some blood donation centers maintain lists of donors whose blood is CMV negative due to special demands.[13]
[edit] Treatment
Cytomegalovirus Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human) (CMV-IGIV) is an immunoglobulin G (IgG) containing a standardized amount of antibody to Cytomegalovirus (CMV). It may be used for the prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease associated with transplantation of kidney, lung, liver, pancreas, and heart.
Alone or in combination with an antiviral agent, it has been shown to:
* Reduce the risk of CMV-related disease and death in some of the highest-risk transplant patients
* Provide a measurable long-term survival benefit
* Produce minimal treatment-related side effects and adverse events.[14]
Ganciclovir (Cytovene) treatment is used for patients with depressed immunity who have either sight-related or life-threatening illnesses. Valganciclovir (Valcyte) is an antiviral drug that is also effective and is given orally. The therapeutic effectiveness is frequently compromised by the emergence of drug-resistant virus isolates. A variety of amino acid changes in the UL97 protein kinase and the viral DNA polymerase have been reported to cause drug resistance. Foscarnet or cidofovir are only given to patients with CMV resistant to ganciclovir, because foscarnet has bad nephrotoxicity, resulting in increased or decreased Ca2+ or P, and decreased Mg2+.
[edit] Genomics
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)
As a result of efforts to create an attenuated-virus vaccine, there currently exist two general classes of CMV.
* Clinical isolates comprise those viruses obtained from patients and represent the wild-type viral genome.
* Laboratory strains have been cultured extensively in the lab setting and typically contain numerous accumulated mutations. Most notably, the laboratory strain AD169 appears to lack a 15kb region of the 200kb genome that is present in clinical isolates. This region contains 19 open reading frames whose functions have yet to be elucidated. AD169 is also unique in that it is unable to enter latency and nearly always assumes lytic growth upon infection.
[edit] Additional images
Micrograph of a placental infection (CMV placentitis).
Micrograph of CMV placentitis.
[edit] References
1. ^ a b c d e f Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 556; 566–9. ISBN 0838585299.
2. ^ Offermanns S, Rosenthal W (2008). Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 437–438. ISBN 978-3-540-38916-3.
3. ^ Staras SA, Dollard SC, Radford KW, Flanders WD, Pass RF, Cannon MJ (November 2006). "Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in the United States, 1988–1994". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (9): 1143–51. doi:10.1086/508173. PMID 17029132. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/508173. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
4. ^ Caruso C, Buffa S, Candore G, et al. (2009). "Mechanisms of immunosenescence" (PDF). Immun Ageing 6: 10. doi:10.1186/1742-4933-6-10. PMID 19624841. PMC 2723084. http://www.immunityageing.com/content/pdf/1742-4933-6-10.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
5. ^ Bottieau E, Clerinx J, Van den Enden E, et al. (2006). [www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118566221/HTMLSTART "Infectious mononucleosis-like syndromes in febrile travelers returning from the tropics"]. J Travel Med 13 (4): 191–7. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2006.00049.x. PMID 16884400. www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118566221/HTMLSTART. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
6. ^ Mattes FM, McLaughlin JE, Emery VC, Clark DA, Griffiths PD (August 2000). [jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/53/8/612 "Histopathological detection of owl's eye inclusions is still specific for cytomegalovirus in the era of human herpesviruses 6 and 7"]. J. Clin. Pathol. 53 (8): 612–4. doi:10.1136/jcp.53.8.612. PMID 11002765. PMC 1762915. jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/53/8/612. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
7. ^ Bennekov T, Spector D, Langhoff E (March 2004). "Induction of immunity against human cytomegalovirus" (PDF). Mt. Sinai J. Med. 71 (2): 86–93. PMID 15029400. http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/71/71_2_pages_86_93.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
8. ^ a b Cheng J, Ke Q, Jin Z, et al. (May 2009). "Cytomegalovirus infection causes an increase of arterial blood pressure". PLoS Pathog. 5 (5): e1000427. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000427. PMID 19436702. PMC 2673691. http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000427. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
9. ^ Pass RF, Zhang C, Evans A, et al. (March 2009). "Vaccine prevention of maternal cytomegalovirus infection". N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (12): 1191–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0804749. PMID 19297572.
10. ^ Meinhard Classen; Guido N. J. Tytgat; M.D. Ph.D.; Charles J. Lightdale (2010). Gastroenterological Endoscopy. Thieme. pp. 490–. ISBN 9783131258526. http://books.google.com/?id=Tb2Bnn_icI0C&pg=PA490. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
11. ^ Gredmark-Russ S, Dzabic M, Rahbar A, Wanhainen A, Björck M, Larsson E, Michel JB, Söderberg-Nauclér C. (2009). "Active cytomegalovirus infection in aortic smooth muscle cells from patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm.". J Mol Med. 2009 Apr;87(4):347-56. Epub 2008 Dec 16. 87 (4): 347–56. doi:10.1007/s00109-008-0413-4. PMID 19083194.
12. ^ Yonemitsu Y, Nakagawa K, Tanaka S, Mori R, Sugimachi K, Sueishi K. (1996). "In situ detection of frequent and active infection of human cytomegalovirus in inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms: possible pathogenic role in sustained chronic inflammatory reaction.". Lab Invest. 1996 Apr;74(4):723-36. 74 (4): 723–36. PMID 8606483.
13. ^ "United Blood Services FAQs". Archived from the original on 2007-05-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20070519105254/http://www.unitedbloodservices.org/faqs.html. Retrieved 2007-05-23.
14. ^ [www.cytogam.com/pdfs/Cytogam%20PI.pdf Cytogam Prescribing Info] CSL Behring AG
[edit] External links
* Cytomegalovirus at the Open Directory Project
* Cytomegalovirus (CMV) US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). May 22, 2009
* Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Clinical DNA Information Resource (CDIR) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
* Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Herpesviridae
[show]
v • d • e
Infectious diseases · Viral systemic diseases (A80–B34, 042–079)
Oncovirus
DNA virus: HBV (Hepatocellular carcinoma) · HPV (Cervical cancer, Anal cancer) · Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (Kaposi's sarcoma) · Epstein-Barr virus (Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, Primary central nervous system lymphoma) · MCPyV (Merkel cell cancer) · SV40
RNA virus: HCV (Hepatocellular carcinoma) · HTLV-I (Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma)
Immune disorders
HIV (AIDS)
Central
nervous system
Encephalitis/
meningitis
DNA virus: JCV (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)
RNA virus: MeV (Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis) · LCV (Lymphocytic choriomeningitis) · Arbovirus encephalitis · Orthomyxoviridae (probable) (Encephalitis lethargica) · RV (Rabies) · Chandipura virus · Herpesviral meningitis · Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II
Myelitis
Poliovirus (Poliomyelitis, Post-polio syndrome) · HTLV-I (Tropical spastic paraparesis)
Eye
Cytomegalovirus (Cytomegalovirus retinitis) · HSV (Herpetic keratitis)
Cardiovascular
CBV (Pericarditis, Myocarditis)
Respiratory
system/
acute viral
nasopharyngitis/
viral pneumonia
DNA virus
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV infection/Infectious mononucleosis) · Cytomegalovirus
RNA virus
IV: SARS coronavirus (Severe acute respiratory syndrome)
V, Orthomyxoviridae: Influenzavirus A/B/C (Influenza/Avian influenza)
V, Paramyxovirus: Human parainfluenza viruses (Parainfluenza) · RSV · hMPV
Digestive system
Oropharynx/Esophagus
MuV (Mumps) · Cytomegalovirus (Cytomegalovirus esophagitis)
Gastroenteritis/
diarrhea
DNA virus: Adenovirus (Adenovirus infection)
RNA virus: Rotavirus · Norovirus · Astrovirus · Coronavirus
Hepatitis
DNA virus: HBV (B)
RNA virus: CBV · HAV (A) · HCV (C) · HDV (D) · HEV (E) · HGV (G)
Pancreatitis
CBV
Urogenital
BK virus · MuV (Mumps)
M: VIR
virs (prot)
cutn/syst (hppv, hiva, infl, zost, zoon), epon
drugJ(dnaa, rnaa, rtva, vacc)
[show]
v • d • e
Diseases of maternal transmission / perinatal infection / vertical transmission (P35-P39, 771)
Gestational/
transplacental/TORCH complex
virus (Congenital rubella syndrome, Congenital cytomegalovirus infection, Neonatal herpes simplex) · Hepatitis B · Congenital varicella syndrome · HIV · Fifth disease
bacteria (Congenital syphilis)
other (Toxoplasmosis)
Transmissible at birth/
transcervical
Candidiasis · Gonorrhea · Listeriosis
Cell-mediated immunodeficiency
of late pregnancy
Listeriosis · Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
Breastfeeding
Tuberculosis · HIV
M: OBS
phys/devp
mthr/fetu/infc, epon
proc, drug(2A/G2C)
M: BAC
bact (clas)
gr+f/gr+a(t)/gr-p(c)/gr-o
drug(J1p, w, n, m, vacc)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytomegalovirus"
Categories: Viral diseases | Herpesviruses | Virus-related cutaneous conditions
Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from June 2007 | All articles needing additional references | Articles with 'species' microformats | Articles needing additional references from December 2009
Personal tools
* Log in / create account
Namespaces
* Article
* Discussion
Variants
Views
* Read
* Edit
* View history
Actions
Search
Search
Navigation
* Main page
* Contents
* Featured content
* Current events
* Random article
* Donate to Wikipedia
Interaction
* Help
* About Wikipedia
* Community portal
* Recent changes
* Contact Wikipedia
Toolbox
* What links here
* Related changes
* Upload file
* Special pages
* Permanent link
* Cite this page
Print/export
* Create a book
* Download as PDF
* Printable version
Languages
* العربية
* Català
* Dansk
* Deutsch
* Español
* Euskara
* فارسی
* Français
* Bahasa Indonesia
* Italiano
* עברית
* Nederlands
* 日本語
* Norsk (bokmål)
* Polski
* Português
* Русский
* Suomi
* Svenska
* Türkçe
* This page was last modified on 2 December 2010 at 08:18.
* Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
* Contact us
One thing I noticed is that there are so many words spelled incorrectly according to the Fox.
