Muhammad, a prophet or an imposter?

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abd77

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Muhammad said he was a prophet, therefore we have two possibilities; either he said the truth, or he was a liar and an imposter. Only one of these 2 can be true.

Let's 1st look at the hypothesis that he was a liar and an imposter, that he himself invented the Quran, and that even though he was illiterate.
First what was Muhammad's interest to create a new religion? Until the age of 40, he lived a happy and comfortable life with his rich wife Khadija, he was loved and respected for his honesty and morality by all of his tribe. Why would he have gone through 10 years of persecutions, hardships and reject from most of his tribe, what was his interest in going through so much suffering and persevering in the transmission of his message?

Until the end of his mission, even when he ruled almost the whole of the Arabic peninsula (a territory about 5 times the size of France), he always lived in the most complete destitution, sleeping on a bed of dried leaves, without a castle nor a palace or anything resembling it, without a single bodyguard, wearing clothes repaired by himself, shoes repaired by himself... Why did this "imposter" never used all his power to acquire wealth, palaces and luxurious gardens like other kings and heads of states?
And if he only had created this religion in reaction to Jews and Christians as some have claimed, why would about half of the Prophets mentioned in the Quran would be ...Jewish? Why does the Quran praise so much Mary the mother of Jesus, a Jewish woman, but never mentions Muhammad's mother, nor any member of his family?
In order to convince the Arabs, who were often in conflict with the Jews, wouldn't it have been easier to denigrate all these Jews instead of praising them? Yes, but that's neither what the Quran says, nor what Muhammad said.

Moreover, if you wanted to create and spread a new religion, surely you'd make it easy to practice, with as few constraints as possible, just like most idolatrous religions of the time. Would you try to impose the complete banning of alcohol, a whole month of fasting every year, 5 compulsory daily prayers at fixed times?... No, it wouldn't make sense, because nobody would follow such a religion. But amazingly that's what the Quran and Muhammad have done, without ever accepting any compromise to this message. And the most extraordinary is that this religion has triumphed over all the others !

If Muhammad was an imposter, what was his personal interest to have his people abide by these countless food restrictions, this entire month of fasting every year, these 5 compulsory prayers every day? Why did he insist so much on these restrictions, which personal interest did he get from it?
Of course none, it even made many tribes hesitate and sometimes abandon him. It really made his mission very much harder to fulfill, but yet he never accepted any compromise to this message.
In a famous episode of Muhammad's life, a tribe called Thaqif accepted to convert to Islam and to obey Muhammad if he allowed them to keep some of their idols and to be exempted from the 5 daily prayers. Muhammad refused categorically. Rather than to acquire absolute power over this important tribe without any effort, he preferred to remain faithful to the message God had transmitted him.


But let's still continue this hypothesis "Muhammad was an imposter and invented the Quran", already shaken by these few facts; if Muhammad wasn't guided by God, then we also have to admit that he was:

-The greatest Arabic writer in history ; because no one can deny that the Quran is the greatest literary piece ever written in this language. Still 14 Centuries later, if you go to any University to study Arabic literature, you'll study mainly the Quran for its inimitable style and the beauty of its verses. God himself challenges anyone to produce anything like it (Quran 11:13,14). A challenge that still 14 Centuries later no human has been able to meet.

-A scientific genius; the reproduction of humans, of plants, the aquatic origin of all life, the orbits of the sun and the earth, the expansion of the Universe, these are a few of the scientific truths mentioned in the Quran, some of which discovered more than 1000 years later.

-A genius in medicine; thanks to its very strict hygiene and food restrictions, the Quran and the Sunna (the teachings of Muhammad) have allowed Muslim countries that abode by these laws to be spared from most great epidemics that wreaked havoc in other parts of the world. Still today, look at how the latest great epidemics, the AIDS virus, has strangely largely spared the Middle East, the Maghreb and the Arabic peninsula (all the Muslim countries), whereas it causes havoc in all the neighboring regions (Sub-Saharian Africa and South-Western Asia).
Everyone now recognizes the importance of diet, sexual non promiscuity and regular washing of one's feet and hands to prevent the transmission of diseases. All these principles were dictated 14 Centuries ago by an illiterate Arab who had never studied medicine in his life.

-A genius in law ; The Quran and Muhammad's Sunna are the first great legislation in history to elaborate such a comprehensive list of the rights and duties of all human beings (several thousands of pages covering a multitude of fields), about 11 Centuries before the West had any kind of counterpart with the Universal Declaration of the Human Rights, itself much less comprehensive than the vastness of domains broached by the Islamic Law.

-A speaker with amazing eloquence; thanks to his wisdom and eloquence, Muhammad managed to touch the heart of billions of human beings and to convince them that he was the Messenger of God, and that in spite of the horrendous persecutions that hit the first men and women that believed in his Mission. He was so much admired that tens of thousands of pages of his sermons and teachings were memorized by his companions and their descendants and put into writing to constitute what we now call the Sunna.
From which other great Man of History have we preserved so many teachings?

-A military genius; what Muhammad accomplished in this field in so little time, he who until the age of 52 (when God revealed him the verse ordering him to defend himself) had never shown any interest for war nor had had any experience whatsoever neither as a fighter or as a strategist, is really beyond the extraordinary.
He's often compared to Alexander the Great and Napoleon, but what Muhammad accomplished is even more extraordinary, and that for the 2 following reasons:

-While the vast empires that Alexander and Napoleon established crumbled pretty quickly (a few decades after his death for Alexander and in his own lifetime for Napoleon, which shows how little support they had in the land they had conquered), the conquests of Islam not only didn't crumble after Muhammad's death, but continued to expand under his companions and successors. Even during the era of colonization, while the Europeans had managed to impose Christianity in most of their colonies, they never succeeded in Muslim countries, such was the attachment of Muslims to their religion. On the contrary, 14 Centuries later, in the whole of Europe and North America, it is islam and mosques are spreading like flooding waters.

-Another big difference: Greece already was a powerful nation when Alexander took power, and France was along with England the most powerful country in Europe when Napoleon came to power. In other words Alexander and Napoleon had right from the start huge means; a great, experienced and well-equipped army...
Muhammad had nothing, no army, no king or nation to support him, he was at the beginning completely alone. He had to convince his co-tribesmen and contemporaries one by one about the truth of his Mission, endure his tribe's persecutions, build with his companions makeshift weapons to defend himself, then constitute a modest army with people who for many of them had no experience in fighting whatsoever.
From this modest start, and thanks to miraculous victories over armies largely superior in numbers and in means, he succeeded in spreading Islam over almost the whole of the Arabic Peninsula.
How could a man have achieved such a feat if he had not been protected and guided by God?

-A political genius; thanks to judicious treaties with other Arab tribes, intelligent strategic decisions both in and off the battlefield, Muhammad managed to spread Islam on most of the Arab peninsula, and make of this forgotten and desertic land the heart of a civilization that would later expand from Morocco to India !
And what other great King or Emperor managed to rule over such a large territory without ever owning any palace, any fortress, any bodyguard, relying only on his Lord and Creator to Guide him and Protect him?

History has seen a few literary geniuses, and also a few military geniuses, and a handful of geniuses in each of the fields I have mentioned.
But having a man excel in all these fields at once, surpassing all the geniuses from any period of History in such various and different domains, it is simply out of this world. And this coming from a man who had never followed any education and could hardly even read ! ! !

Is it reasonable to think that this man (who until the age of 40 -the beginning of his Mission- had never shown any interest for any of these fields) could have suddenly become such a genius?
Or is it more reasonable to think that something really extraordinary happened in this night of the year 610, that through the Angel Gabriel it is really God that addressed him and Guided him in a Divine Mission.

You can guess of course what my opinion is. An opinion based not only on faith but also on reason.
In conclusion, here's what the great French poet Lamartine said after studying his life:

"If the greatness of a man is to be measured by comparing the smallness of his means with the greatness of his accomplishments, then what great man in History can seriously be compared to Muhammad." Lamartine, Histoire de la Turquie.



"In truth there are really clear signs for people who meditate". (Quran 13:3)
 
How about a third possibility? That he was given the words by an "entity" that was not the creator of everything. So he was not himself an imposter but was passing on the words of an imposter.
 
abd77 said:
-A military genius; what Muhammad accomplished in this field in so little time, he who until the age of 52 (when God revealed him the verse ordering him to defend himself)
Please explain to me how all the people that were killed in conquests that were undertaken by Muhammad are covered by the "defend yourself" statement. Doesn't defense imply another party on the offense. If Muhammad was attacked and defending himself, how did he end up so far away from home conquering other places? Seems like maybe he wasn't a good listener or "defend himself" argument is bogus.
 
abd77,

a quick search of your user name and an extract from your above written post shows you belong to and have posted the above in a number of catholic forums. I don't think there is some implicit harm in doing so, however it makes me wonder if you are actually questioning the above topics for serious discussion or if you are just repeating a record - or running a 'program' as is commonly refered to here - I lean toward the latter. A big part of the Work here is to see these programs and 'debug' them. But, this may not be of interest and you may be in the 'wrong' place.

Since you seem somewhat interested in the authorship of monotheistic text perhaps it would be of help to read the series The Ark of the Covenant and the Temple of Solomon if you haven't done so - this could also help you determine your colinearity, or fit, with this forum.
 
domivr,

It is true that Muhammad first defended himself, and then when the islamic state was established in Medina he spread islam abroad.

He offered other nations 3 possibilities:
- to embrace islam and be part of the community
- to keep their former religion but pay a tribute and in exchange getting the protection of the islamic state against outside ennemies
- to refuse both islam and to pay the tribute and in this case it was war.
 
abd77 said:
It is true that Muhammad first defended himself, and then when the islamic state was established in Medina he spread islam abroad.

He offered other nations 3 possibilities:
- to embrace islam and be part of the community
- to keep their former religion but pay a tribute and in exchange getting the protection of the islamic state against outside ennemies
- to refuse both islam and to pay the tribute and in this case it was war.
Here's how I interpretated this.

He offered other nations 3 possibilities:
- to embrace islam and be part of the community
They weren't part of a community until Muhammad invaded. He turned up in their 'non community' and offered them a choice. Either convert to my religion or I'm going to kick you out of the community that I'm going to establish.

- to keep their former religion but pay a tribute and in exchange getting the protection of the islamic state against outside ennemies
"I'm a fair man, so I'm going to give you a second choice. If you pay a protection fee, then you can pray to any 'god' you like and I won't send those nasty knee-cappers round to your house."

- to refuse both islam and to pay the tribute and in this case it was war
If you don't accept the first two, then you and you're loved ones are history baby, and don't blame me, I'm only trying to help you, you've only yourselves to blame.

Now why didn't he offer a fourth possibility? For instance, "I apologise for forcing myself on your 'non community'. If you don't want my first three possibilities, I'll go away and not bother you any more."
 
ABD77 wrote : Let's 1st look at the hypothesis that he was a liar and an imposter, that he himself invented the Quran, and that even though he was illiterate.

Mohammad was not illiterate. How could an illterate man do trade and manage caravans, sell and buy for Hatija, who later became his first wife (she was 15 years older than him)? This is the biggest lie in spread after Mohammad's death just to glorify him even more. Besides, he did not want his followers to write down anything about him or his Sunna (which means Mohammad's intrepretation of Koran and his way of applying the prayers etc.) while he lived. Why ? Because it was only his way of doing things. For example : In the Koran there are only prayers three times a day, not five times. Mohammad used to pray five times so muslims are now following him not the Koran.

About the women covering their hair : In the Koran it says women should not show their jewellry (and cover the jewellry) and hair is interpreted as the jewellry of women by male interpreters. Nowhere in Koran does it say to women to cover their hair.

Yes the Arabs with Mohammad and later without him have forced this religion upon other nations and peoples of the world, Turks have become muslims this way also and then they say that muslim means peace. Which peace ? They say that religion should not be forced, but they have forced it. And they have introduced the institution of fatwa- meaning a religious verdict that everybody should abide by - a verdict made by the desire of the ruler and using Koran to verify it , - Anyway they have used religion to manipulate and rule the masses to the fullest. And every nation who have taken up Islam has done so and is still doing so.

Mohammad was not an impostor but the angels who delivered the messages to him were the messengers of an impostor. Mohammad called for these messengers, he had been in contact with the christians and jews during his trade journeys, had learned about their religions and asked to himself why the arabs dis not have a prophet etc. etc. He used to go to a cave and meditate about these issues when the first messenger came to say : Read ! And he said what shall I read ? NOT I don't know how to read. And he was very afraid and ran home shivering and told his wife to cover him.
 
It is true that muslims tried to spread islam everywhere after its Revelation, by peaceful and less peaceful means, just like Christians have done for 2000 years.

This is because muslims and Christians are not like Jews who keep the Truth they have received from God to themselves, they have a duty to pass it on to everyone on this earth.

And Aurora, I don't know where you found in the Quran that muslims must pray only 3 times a day.
And to my knowledge nobody has ever seen Muhammad write anything but his signature on treaties, treaties which were written by his Companions and read to him.
 
DonaldJHunt said:
How about a third possibility? That he was given the words by an "entity" that was not the creator of everything. So he was not himself an imposter but was passing on the words of an imposter.
Lets get back on subject here, abd77, you haven't yet adressed this third possibility: that Mohamed was decieved by an imposter, despite being sincere himself. For me, it is the most likely, but I wonder, as you brought up the subject, if you have any thoughts on this third possibility in comparison to the first two that you put forward?

edit: and while we're considering possibilities, why not add some more scenarios to the pot (this is fun!):

fourth: he is a fictional figment of someone's imagination, a myth created for our benefit (or otherwise)

fifth: he is a combined story of several real people, adjusted into a single 'image'. (this is one proposed hypothesis regarding Jesus, might not fit Mohammed so well though)
 
Abdul Baha stated the following, in the book Some Answered Questions, p.18-25

Now we come to Muhammad. Americans and Europeans have heard a number of stories about the Prophet which they have thought to be true, although the narrators were either ignorant or antagonistic: most of them were clergy; others were ignorant Muslims who repeated unfounded traditions about Muhammad which they ignorantly believed to be to His praise.

Thus some benighted Muslims made His polygamy the pivot of their praises and held it to be a wonder, regarding it as a miracle; and European historians, for the most part, rely on the tales of these ignorant people.

For example, a foolish man said to a clergyman that the true proof of greatness is bravery and the shedding of blood, and that in one day on the field of battle a follower of Muhammad had cut off the heads of one hundred men! This misled the clergyman to infer that killing is considered the way to prove one's faith to Muhammad, while this is merely imaginary. The military expeditions of Muhammad, on the contrary, were always defensive actions: a proof of this is that during thirteen years, in Mecca, He and His followers endured the most violent persecutions. At this period they were the target for the arrows of hatred: some of His companions were killed and their property confiscated; others fled to foreign lands. Muhammad Himself, after the most extreme persecutions by the Qurayshites, who finally resolved to kill Him, fled to Medina in the middle of the night. Yet even then His enemies did not cease their persecutions, but pursued Him to Medina, and His disciples even to Abyssinia.

These Arab tribes were in the lowest depths of savagery and barbarism, and in comparison with them the savages of Africa and wild Indians of America were as advanced as a Plato. The savages of America do not bury their children alive as these Arabs did their daughters, glorying in it as being an honorable thing to do. [The Banu-Tamim, one of the most barbarous Arab tribes, practiced this odious custom.] Thus many of the men would threaten their wives, saying, "If a daughter is born to you, I will kill you." Even down to the present time the Arabs dread having daughters. Further, a man was permitted to take a thousand women, and most husbands had more than ten wives in their household. When these tribes made war, the one which was victorious would take the women and children of the vanquished tribe captive and treat them as slaves.

When a man who had ten wives died, the sons of these women rushed at each other's mothers; and if one of the sons threw his mantle over the head of his father's wife and cried out, "This woman is my lawful property," at once the unfortunate woman became his prisoner and slave. He could do whatever he wished with her. He could kill her, imprison her in a well, or beat, curse and torture her until death released her. According to the Arab habits and customs, he was her master. It is evident that malignity, jealousy, hatred and enmity must have existed between the wives and children of a household, and it is, therefore, needless to enlarge upon the subject. Again, consider what was the condition and life of these oppressed women! Moreover, the means by which these Arab tribes lived consisted in pillage and robbery, so that they were perpetually engaged in fighting and war, killing one another, plundering and devastating each other's property, and capturing women and children, whom they would sell to strangers. How often it happened that the daughters and sons of a prince, who spent their day in comfort and luxury, found themselves, when night fell, reduced to shame, poverty and captivity. Yesterday they were princes, today they are captives; yesterday they were great ladies, today they are slaves.

Muhammad received the Divine Revelation among these tribes, and after enduring thirteen years of persecution from them, He fled. [To Medina.] But this people did not cease to oppress; they united to exterminate Him and all His followers. It was under such circumstances that Muhammad was forced to take up arms. This is the truth: we are not bigoted and do not wish to defend Him, but we are just, and we say what is just. Look at it with justice. If Christ Himself had been placed in such circumstances among such tyrannical and barbarous tribes, and if for thirteen years He with His disciples had endured all these trials with patience, culminating in flight from His native land--if in spite of this these lawless tribes continued to pursue Him, to slaughter the men, to pillage their property, and to capture their women and children--what would have been Christ's conduct with regard to them? If this oppression had fallen only upon Himself, He would have forgiven them, and such an act of forgiveness would have been most praiseworthy; but if He had seen that these cruel and bloodthirsty murderers wished to kill, to pillage and to injure all these oppressed ones, and to take captive the women and children, it is certain that He would have protected them and would have resisted the tyrants. What objection, then, can be taken to Muhammad's action? Is it this, that He did not, with His followers, and their women and children, submit to these savage tribes? To free these tribes from their bloodthirstiness was the greatest kindness, and to coerce and restrain them was a true mercy. They were like a man holding in his hand a cup of poison, which, when about to drink, a friend breaks and thus saves him. If Christ had been placed in similar circumstances, it is certain that with a conquering power He would have delivered the men, women and children from the claws of these bloodthirsty wolves.

Muhammad never fought against the Christians; on the contrary, He treated them kindly and gave them perfect freedom. A community of Christian people lived at &Najran and were under His care and protection. Muhammad said, "If anyone infringes their rights, I Myself will be his enemy, and in the presence of God I will bring a charge against him." In the edicts which He promulgated it is clearly stated that the lives, properties and honor of the Christians and Jews are under the protection of God; and that if a Muhammadan married a Christian woman, the husband must not prevent her from going to church, nor oblige her to veil herself; and that if she died, he must place her remains in the care of the Christian clergy. Should the Christians desire to build a church, Islam ought to help them. In case of war between Islam and her enemies, the Christians should be exempted from the obligation of fighting, unless they desired of their own free will to do so in defense of Islam, because they were under its protection. But as a compensation for this immunity, they should pay yearly a small sum of money. In short, there are seven detailed edicts on these subjects, some copies of which are still extant at Jerusalem. This is an established fact and is not dependent on my affirmation. The edict of the second Caliph [Of Umar.] still exists in the custody of the orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, and of this there is no doubt. [Cf. Jurji Zaydan's Umayyads and Abbasids, trans. D. S. Margoliouth.]

Nevertheless, after a certain time, and through the transgression of both the Muhammadans and the Christians, hatred and enmity arose between them. Beyond this fact, all the narrations of the Muslims, Christians and others are simply fabrications, which have their origin in fanaticism, or ignorance, or emanate from intense hostility.

For example, the Muslims say that Muhammad cleft the moon, and that it fell on the mountain of Mecca: they think that the moon is a small body which Muhammad divided into two parts and threw one part on this mountain, and the other part on another mountain.

Such stories are pure fanaticism. Also the traditions which the clergy quote, and the incidents with which they find fault, are all exaggerated, if not entirely without foundation.

Briefly, Muhammad appeared in the desert of Hijaz in the Arabian Peninsula, which was a desolate, sterile wilderness, sandy and uninhabited. Some parts, like Mecca and Medina, are extremely hot; the people are nomads with the manners and customs of the dwellers in the desert, and are entirely destitute of education and science. Muhammad Himself was illiterate, and the Qur'an was originally written upon the bladebones of sheep, or on palm leaves. These details indicate the condition of the people to whom Muhammad was sent. The first question which He put to them was, "Why do you not accept the Pentateuch and the Gospel, and why do you not believe in Christ and in Moses?" This saying presented difficulties to them, and they argued, "Our forefathers did not believe in the Pentateuch and the Gospel; tell us, why was this?" He answered, "They were misled; you ought to reject those who do not believe in the Pentateuch and the Gospel, even though they are your fathers and your ancestors."

In such a country, and amidst such barbarous tribes, an illiterate Man produced a book in which, in a perfect and eloquent style, He explained the divine attributes and perfections, the prophethood of the Messengers of God, the divine laws, and some scientific facts.

Thus, you know that before the observations of modern times--that is to say, during the first centuries and down to the fifteenth century of the Christian era--all the mathematicians of the world agreed that the earth was the center of the universe, and that the sun moved. The famous astronomer who was the protagonist of the new theory discovered the movement of the earth and the immobility of the sun. [Copernicus.] Until his time all the astronomers and philosophers of the world followed the Ptolemaic system, and whoever said anything against it was considered ignorant. Though Pythagoras, and Plato during the latter part of his life, adopted the theory that the annual movement of the sun around the zodiac does not proceed from the sun, but rather from the movement of the earth around the sun, this theory had been entirely forgotten, and the Ptolemaic system was accepted by all mathematicians. But there are some verses revealed in the Qur'an contrary to the theory of the Ptolemaic system. One of them is "The sun moves in a fixed place," which shows the fixity of the sun, and its movement around an axis. [Cf. Qur'an 36:37.] Again, in another verse, "And each star moves in its own heaven." [Cf. Qur'an 36:38.] Thus is explained the movement of the sun, of the moon, of the earth, and of other bodies. When the Qur'an appeared, all the mathematicians ridiculed these statements and attributed the theory to ignorance. Even the doctors of Islam, when they saw that these verses were contrary to the accepted Ptolemaic system, were obliged to explain them away.

It was not until after the fifteenth century of the Christian era, nearly nine hundred years after Muhammad, that a famous astronomer made new observations and important discoveries by the aid of the telescope, which he had invented. [Galileo.] The rotation of the earth, the fixity of the sun, and also its movement around an axis, were discovered. It became evident that the verses of the Qur'�n agreed with existing facts, and that the Ptolemaic system was imaginary.

In short, many Oriental peoples have been reared for thirteen centuries under the shadow of the religion of Muhammad. During the Middle Ages, while Europe was in the lowest depths of barbarism, the Arab peoples were superior to the other nations of the earth in learning, in the arts, mathematics, civilization, government and other sciences. The Enlightener and Educator of these Arab tribes, and the Founder of the civilization and perfections of humanity among these different races, was an illiterate Man, Muhammad. Was this illustrious Man a thorough Educator or not? A just judgment is necessary.

Impostor? No, I think he was indeed another "Manifestation of God" in an almost-millenial succession throughout human history; like Moses, Christ, Buddha, Zoroaster, and a handful of others. Through some sinister combination of human ignorance and STS manipulation, these religions get twisted and turned into control systems mired in cultish rituals and fanatical, fairy-tale beliefs. People get lost, never gain true knowledge, and inevitably get stuck on this merry-go-round of 3rd to 5th to 3rd to 5th to 3rd to 5th... densities. All satisfied that they are right, and everyone else is wrong.

just my $0.02
 
Abha said:
No, I think he was indeed another "Manifestation of God" in an almost-millenial succession throughout human history; like Moses, Christ, Buddha, Zoroaster, and a handful of others.
And why do you think Moses, Christ, Buddha, Zoroaster or Muhammad were "Manifestation of God" more than you are?
 
Abha said:
Muhammad said he was a prophet, therefore we have two possibilities; either he said the truth, or he was a liar and an imposter. Only one of these 2 can be true.
Let's add that third possibility as well: Muhammad was inspired by forces that were not divine, forces similar to those that inspired the Christian Crusades, the conquests of Alexander of Macedon, the expansion of Rome etc.

You know all these conquerors claimed they brought order to chaos and civilization or superior civilization to "barbarians". And yes, those conquered were in some cases mired in inhuman traditions (such as the human sacrifices of Aztec and Inca cultures before the Spanish Conquest).

In any case, I'll leave the third option for now and look at the one's you presented quite simplistically, IMO. Either Muhammed was a fraud or a man of God. Then you say that because he was a genius, he was not a fraud.

I think Muhammed was a social reformer, and very intelligent. If he knew of Christianity and Judaism he could not have been illiterate. In fact, if I am not mistaken he was a merchant, so had a lot of contact with foreign peoples.

I think he wanted to "civilize" his people whether they liked it or not, and those following him pretty much loved the authority he bestowed upon them. Instead of scattered warring tribes there was a centralized autocracy because of him. Civilization resulted AFTER the blood was spilt.

You know many people praised Hitler and Mussilini because they brought "order" to troubled countries, restored the economy (with stolen money), gave people work (making weapons) and built a lot of good roads (so the military machine could travel).

So the greatest Pathocrats in history have also been those most praised as cilvilizing people, and restoring social order.

Now regarding Muhammed's genius.

If Arabs of his day were so backward, it is no wonder that the Quran was a masterpiece in comparison. I find it hard to believe, however, that there was no literature of later times, Sufi literature and poetry in particular, scientific works, historical works etc, (of Harun al Rashid's reign, for example) that does not parallel the Quran.

Regarding his being a genius in science, medicine, law and rhetoric, these were all branches of knowledge highly regarded in Byzantium at the time, and many monks and religious men in Arabia were very well versed. A merchant eager to learn, and full of ideals would not have a difficult time gaining this knowledge from missionaries eager to teach. I think he had plenty of time to learn many things by age 52.

As for the military genius thing, strategy can also be taught, and many idealists with dreams of social reform turn out to be military geniuses. So far Muhammed looks like a very intelligent man, exceptional among his people, who had many opportunities to cultivate his intelligence. Nothing spectacular.

You do state that Arabs were a backward superstitious people back then. Yet many had come in contact with advanced ancient cultures that surrounded them. They were not completely in the dark. They had heard of the wonders of Persia, India and Byzantium. I don't think it would be that difficult to persuade people that a better life could be had if society could be modelled after those cultures.

And to persuade more than a few radicals, he needed a system of belief to pull the common people together. The social phenomemon of Islam, IMO, can easily be explained without resorting to miracles and grand testimonies of the founder's greatness.

Muhammed was charismatic. And yet he used a lot of force to sway people. He gave people common sense solutions to their problems, solutions well known to the civilized cultures surrounding Arabia, but he did so by the sword.

If he was a man of God, he would not NEED the sword. Period. The man was not out to spread God's word, he was out to change his culture into the model he saw fit for it, in the only way that could have worked in such a short time.

The Quran has wisdom. As much as the Christian bible, and the Old Testament. Probably much more, although that is not saying much regarding canonical versions of Judeo-Christianity. To write such a work all one needs is to be well versed in monotheistic literature and have a good imagination and understanding of human psychology. Perhaps it requires some genius.

It does not, however, require the hand of God, especially when the means of perpetuating change results in suffering more often than not.

So I pose a fourth option. Muhammed was not a fraud, nor was he divinely inspired. He was an idealist who probably rationalized his actions as what God would have wanted. Of course, this does not negate the third option posed. That Muhammed was inspired by forces that do not have the good of humanity at heart. After all, the sword is the favourite convincing instrument of said forces.
 
I agree this 3rd possibility could be considered.
But I find it hard to believe.

Everything indicates Muhammad was protected by a higher force throughout his Mission.

Because of all the assassination attempts he escaped.
Because of all the incredible military victories he pulled off.
Because even after his death, islam went on expanding with unimaginable speed.
Because in 14 Centuries God never allowed Mecca to be conquerred by non Muslims.
Because 14 Centuries later islam is still growing.
Because the Quran criticizes Christianity on all the relevant points, well before Dan Brown and others.
Because his Companions reverred him to the point of remembering tens of thousands of his words.
Because I believe God helps the Truth, as he has helped before the messages of Moses and Jesus against the same overwhelming odds.
 
abd77 said:
I agree this 3rd possibility could be considered.
But I find it hard to believe.

Everything indicates Muhammad was protected by a higher force throughout his Mission.

Because of all the assassination attempts he escaped.
Because of all the incredible military victories he pulled off.
Because even after his death, islam went on expanding with unimaginable speed.
Because in 14 Centuries God never allowed Mecca to be conquerred by non Muslims.
Because 14 Centuries later islam is still growing.
Because the Quran criticizes Christianity on all the relevant points, well before Dan Brown and others.
Because his Companions reverred him to the point of remembering tens of thousands of his words.
Because I believe God helps the Truth, as he has helped before the messages of Moses and Jesus against the same overwhelming odds.
Hitler escaped many assassination attempts.
Hitler had many military victories.
Even after his death, Nazism spread throughout the world.
Nazi-inspired fascism is alive and growing in the USA.

Your evidence points towards both A and Not-A, and is therefore bunk.
 

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