"There are," he said, "two lines along which man's development proceeds, the line of 
 knowledge and the line of being. In right evolution the line of knowledge and the line
of being develop simultaneously, parallel to, and helping one another. But if the line of 
 knowledge gets too far ahead of the line of being, or if the line of being gets ahead of 
 the line of knowledge, man's development goes wrong, and sooner or later it must
come to a standstill.
"People understand what 'knowledge' means. And they understand the possibility of
different  levels  of knowledge. They understand that knowledge may be lesser or
greater, that is to say, of one quality or of another quality. But they do not understand
this  in  relation  to 'being.' 'Being,' for them, means simply 'existence' to which is
opposed just 'non-existence.' They do not understand that being or existence may be of
very different levels and categories.
[...]
And they do not understand that knowledge depends on  being.
Not  only do they not understand this latter but they
definitely  do  not wish to understand it. And especially in Western culture it is
considered that a man may possess great knowledge, for example he may be an able 
 scientist, make discoveries, advance science, and at the same time he may be, and has 
 the right to be, a petty, egoistic, caviling, mean, envious, vain, naive, and absent
 minded man. It seems to be considered here that a professor must always forget his 
 umbrella everywhere. 
"And yet it is his being. And people think that his knowledge does not depend on
his being. People of Western culture put great value on the level of a man's knowledge
but they do not value the level of a man's being and are not ashamed of the low level
of  their  own  being.  They  do  not  even understand what it means. And they do not
understand that a man's knowledge depends on the level of his being.
"If knowledge gets far ahead of being, it becomes theoretical and abstract and 
 inapplicable to life, or actually harmful, because instead of  serving  life and helping 
 people the better to struggle with the difficulties they meet, it begins to complicate 
 man's life, brings new difficulties into it, new troubles and calamities which were not 
 there before. 
"The reason for this is that knowledge which is not in accordance with being cannot
be large enough for, or sufficiently suited to, man's real needs. It will always  be  a
 knowledge of one thing together with ignorance of another thing; a knowledge of the
 detail  without a knowledge of the  whole; a knowledge of the  form without a
knowledge of the essence.
"Such preponderance of knowledge over being is observed in present-day culture.
The  idea  of  the value and importance of the level of being is completely forgotten.
And  it is forgotten that the level of knowledge is determined by the level of being.
Actually at a given level of being the possibilities of knowledge are limited and finite.
 Within the limits of a given being the quality of knowledge cannot be changed, and
 the accumulation of information of one and the same nature, within already 
 known limits, alone is possible. A change in the nature of knowledge is possible only 
 with a change in the nature of being.
"Taken in itself, a man's being has many different sides. The most characteristic
feature of a modem man is the absence of unity in him and, further, the absence in him
of  even  traces of  those properties which he most likes to ascribe to himself, that is,
'lucid consciousness,'  'free will,' a 'permanent ego or I,' and the 'ability to do.' It may
surprise you if I say that the chief feature of a modem man's being which explains
everything else that is lacking in him is sleep.
"A modern man lives in sleep, in sleep he is born and in sleep he dies. About sleep,
its significance and its role in life, we will speak later. But at present just think of one
thing, what knowledge can a sleeping man have? And if you think about it and at the
same time remember that sleep is the chief feature of our being, it will at once become
clear to you that if a man really wants knowledge, he must first of all think about how 
 to wake, that is, about how to change his being. 
"Exteriorly man's being has many different sides: activity or passivity;
truthfulness or a tendency to lie; sincerity or  insincerity;  courage,  cowardice;  self
control, profligacy; irritability, egoism, readiness for self-sacrifice,  pride,  vanity,
conceit, industry, laziness, morality, depravity; all these and much more besides make
up the being of man.
"But all this is entirely mechanical in man. If he lies it means that he cannot help
lying. If he tells the truth it means that he cannot help  telling  the  truth, and so  it  is
with everything. Everything happens, a man can do nothing either  in  himself  or
outside himself.
"But  of  course there are limits and bounds. Generally speaking, the being of a
modem man is of very inferior quality. But it can be of such bad quality that no
change is possible. This must always be remembered. People whose being can still be 
 changed  are  very  lucky.  But  there are people who are definitely diseased, broken 
 machines with whom nothing can be done. And such people are in the majority. If
you think of this you will understand why only few can receive real knowledge. Their
being prevents it.
"Generally speaking, the  balance between knowledge and being  is  even  more
important  than a separate development of either one or the other. And a separate
development of knowledge or of being is not desirable in any way. Although it  is
precisely this  one-sided development that often seems particularly attractive to
people.
"If knowledge outweighs being a man knows but has no power to do. It is useless 
 knowledge. On the other hand if being outweighs knowledge a man has the power to 
 do, but does not know, that is, he can do something but does not know what  to do. 
The being he has acquired becomes aimless and efforts made to attain it prove to be
useless.
[...]
"In order to understand this and, in general, the nature of knowledge and the nature
of  being,  as well as their interrelation, it is necessary to understand the relation of
knowledge and being to 'understanding.'
"Knowledge is one thing, understanding is another thing. 
"People often confuse these concepts and do not clearly grasp what is the difference
between them.
"Knowledge by itself does not give understanding. Nor is understanding increased
by an increase of knowledge alone. Understanding depends upon  the  relation  of
knowledge  to being. Understanding is the resultant of knowledge and being. And
knowledge and being must not diverge too far, otherwise understanding will prove to
be far removed from either. At the same time the relation of knowledge to being does 
 not change with a mere growth of knowledge. It changes only when  being  grows 
 simultaneously with knowledge. In other words, understanding grows only with the 
 growth of being. 
"In  ordinary  thinking, people do not distinguish understanding from knowledge.
They think  that greater understanding depends on greater knowledge. Therefore they
accumulate knowledge, or that which they call knowledge, but they do not know how
to accumulate understanding and do not bother about it.
"And yet a person accustomed to self-observation knows for certain that at different
periods of his life he has understood one and the same idea, one and the same thought,
in totally different ways. It often seems strange to him that he could have understood
so wrongly that which, in his opinion, he now understands rightly. And he realizes, at
the same time, that his knowledge has not changed, and that he knew as much about the given
subject  before as he knows now. What, then, has changed? His being has changed.
And once being has changed understanding must change also.