Re: Portents and Prodigies in Ancient Rome
Continuing after that mysterious gap of 10 years that I don't believe for a minute (I'll continue to dig to see if anything turns up for that period.)
SIX YEAR GAP? Notice that the number of the next item is out of order. It is not known why Julius Obsequens recorded it this way. An error in the transmission is possible or the whole account of Crassus' expedition may have been given in the year of the final disaster. Dio follows the same order as the MS. of Obsequens in reporting these prodigies, though I have placed it here in its correct position while retaining Obsequens' numbering.
A "thunderbolt strayed over the whole city"???!!! "Fulmen tota urbe pervagatum pleraque deorum simulacra decussit, homines exanimavit."
That was one heck of a "thunderbolt" assuming that it was lightning. My guess is that it was an overhead explosion of some sort of body, cometary or asteroidal, possibly raining down a shower of stones, i.e. "thunderbolts".
The fire above is interesting in view of the events from the previous account. That the fire was considered "portentous" is suggestive that there was something unusual about it.
Earth movements and electrophonic sound phenomena?
More showers of stones, i.e. "thunderbolts", from the sky?
In the above, "tornado" is "turbinis".
In the proscription mentioned above, somebody finally had the good sense to get rid of that atrocious creature, Marcus Tullius Cicero, the most revolting human being ever to live.
What seems fairly obvious is that things became very, very unsettled at the time of the assassination of Julius Caesar and continued so for the couple of years following, at least.
After the entry for 42 BC, there is nothing until 17 BC, a gap of 25 years. Considering what was going on from 44 to 42, it is unlikely, I think, for there to have been nothing in the way of portents for the following 25 years so the gap is probably due to the destruction of the records. I'll keep looking, of course, to see if there is anything to fill in that gap.
Continuing after that mysterious gap of 10 years that I don't believe for a minute (I'll continue to dig to see if anything turns up for that period.)
61a. Consulship of Decimus Junius and Lucius Murena BC 62
After Gaius Antonius as proconsul had infliced final defeat on Catiline in the neighbourhood of Pistoria, he carried his laurel-wreathed fasces with him into his province. There he was crushed by the Dardani and fled after losing his army. This showed that he had given an omen of victory to his enemies when he brought to them the conqueror's laurel that he ought to have deposited on the Capitol. (Summary CIII; cf. 56.)
62. Consulship of Quintus Metellus and Lucius Afranius BC 60
Although the entire day had been clear up to that time, about the eleventh hour night spread over the sky, and then dayllight was restored. Roofs were thrown down by the force of a tornado. Whe a bridge collapsed, people were thrown into the Tiber. In the country many trees were torn up by the roots. The Lusitanian Callaeci were subdued. (Defeat of Callaeci by caesar, Summary CIII; Dio XXXVII. lviii.)
SIX YEAR GAP? Notice that the number of the next item is out of order. It is not known why Julius Obsequens recorded it this way. An error in the transmission is possible or the whole account of Crassus' expedition may have been given in the year of the final disaster. Dio follows the same order as the MS. of Obsequens in reporting these prodigies, though I have placed it here in its correct position while retaining Obsequens' numbering.
64. Consulship of Lucius Domitius and Appius Claudius BC 54
When Marcus Crassus was crossing the Euphrates in his campaign against the Parthians, he disregarded many portents. Even when a storm came up, tore a standard from its bearer, and sank it in the stream, and the army was prevented from crossing by a black storm fog that came pouring down on them, Crassus obstinately pushed on and perished with his son and his army. (Dio CL. sviii; Florus I. xlvi. 4; Plutarch, Crassus xix. 3-5; Summary CVI)
63. Consulship of Gnaeus Domitius and Marcus Messala BC 53
Wolves were seen in Rome. The mournful howling of dogs was heard by night. The image of Mars sweated. A thunderbolt strayed over the whole city, overthrowing many images of gods, and taking people's lives. The city was purified. Because of the dictatorship of Pompey there was great civil disturbance in Rome. (Dio XL. xvii.l.) (The "dictatorship" of Pompey presumably refers to the sole consulship he was given after the riots over the murder of Publius Clodius Pulcher and the trial of the murderer, Milo.)
A "thunderbolt strayed over the whole city"???!!! "Fulmen tota urbe pervagatum pleraque deorum simulacra decussit, homines exanimavit."
That was one heck of a "thunderbolt" assuming that it was lightning. My guess is that it was an overhead explosion of some sort of body, cometary or asteroidal, possibly raining down a shower of stones, i.e. "thunderbolts".
65. Consulship of Lucius Paulus and Gaius Marcellus BC 50
A foaling mule indicated civil strife, destruction of respectable citizens, (bonorum interitum), the overthrow of the constitution, and unseemly child-bearing among matrons. A fire by which a very large section of the city was destroyed was regarded as a portentous event. The civil wars between Caesar and Pompey had their beginning. (Fragments 31 and 32; Summary CIX.) (bonorum can also mean goods but interitus suggests people rather than things, as would "decease" in English.)
The fire above is interesting in view of the events from the previous account. That the fire was considered "portentous" is suggestive that there was something unusual about it.
65a. Consulship of Gaius Caesar and Publius Servilius BC 48
When Pompey was marshalling his line of battle against Caesar in Macedonia and had summoned some peoples friendly to himself, lightning flashes gave them an unfavourable omen as they were advancing fry Dyrrhacium. A swarm of bees on the standards foretold ruin. There were panics at night in the army. Pompey himself on the day before the battle dreamed that he was being received in his own theatre with great applause. Immediately afterward he was defeated in battle, and was put to death in Egypt. On that very day, it is well known that in many places statues turned about of their own accord, battle-cries and the clash of arms were heard at Antioch, so that twice the walls were manned; the same sounds were heard at Ptolemais, and the noise of timbrels at Pergamum. A growing palm sprang up to full-grown size in Tralles in the temple of Victory, between the joints of the stones below the statue of Caesar. Gaius Cornelius, an augur, announced at Padua on that very day, since it was indicated by the birds, that the action was taking place, and that Caesar was conquering. (Summaries CXI and CXII; Valerius Maximus I. vi. 12; Florus II. xiii. 45.; fragment 34.)
Earth movements and electrophonic sound phenomena?
66. Consulship of Gaius Caesar and Marcus Lepidus BC 46
The eagles of ten legions seemed to Gnaeus Pompeius, son of Gnaeus (Pompeius Magnus), to drop the thunderbolts they held and to fly away into the sky. Young Pompey himself was defeated and killed as he fled. (Cf. Summary CXV; Dio XLIII.xxxv.3f.)
More showers of stones, i.e. "thunderbolts", from the sky?
67. Consulship of Gaius Caesar and Marcus Antonius BC 44
Entrails without a heart were found at Dictator Caesar's sacrifice. His wife Calpurnia dreamed that the gable-top on his house, which had been added by decree of the senate, had fallen. By night when the doors of his bed-chamber were closed, they opened of their own accord, so that Calpurnia was awakened by the moonlight which streamed in brightly. Caesar himself was riddled with twenty-three wounds by the conspirators in Pompey's senate-house. (Summary CXVI; fr. 46.)
68. Consulship of Marcus Antonius and Publius Dolabella BC 44
In accordance with the will of his father Caesar, Gaius Octavius enrolled himself in the Julian clan at Brundisium. And when at the third hour of the day he entered Rome, surrounded by a huge crowd, the sun, enclosed within a small circle of clear and calm sky, surrounded Octavius with the end of an arc such as the rainbow usually displays in the clouds. At the festival of Mother Venus, which he conducted for the college, a comet appearing at the eleventh hour under the constellation of the Bear drew the eyes of everyone. Since this star appeared at the festival of Venus, it was decided to dedicate it as a crown-jewel to the deified Julius. Though Caesar (Octavian) himself suffered much because of the unnatural malice of Consul Antony, he showed a gallant steadfastness in withstanding him. Earthquakes were frequent. The ship sheds and many other things were struck by lightning. By the violence of a tornado a statue, which Marcus Cicero had placed before the temple-chamber of Minerva on the day before he was exiled by decree of the commons, fell on its face with its limbs detached and its shoulders arms, and head broken; this foretold disaster to Cicero himself. Bronze tablets were torn by the tornado from the temple of Loyalty. The doors of the temple of Wealth were broken. Trees were torn up by the roots, and many roofs were overturned. A meteor in the sky was seen to travel towards the west. A conspicuous star blazed up for seven days. Three suns shone, and around the lowest sun a wreath like the wreath of heads of grain flashed into view surrounding it, and afterward when the sun had been reduced to a single orb, its light was sickly for many months. In the temple of Castor some letters were struck from the names of the consuls Antony and Dolabella, which meant that both would be estranged from the fatherland. The howling of dogs was heard by night before the residence of the Chief Pontiff, and the fact that the largest dog was torn by the others foretold unseemly disgrace to Lepidus. At Ostia a school of fish was stranded on dry land when a flooding sea in turn receded. The Po overflowed, and when it returned within its banks, left a great abundance of vipers. The civil wars between Caesar (Octavian) and Antony had their beginning. (Octavian, Pliny, Natural History II. 28 (98); Suetonius, Augustus 95; Orosius VI. xx. 5.; comet, Dio XLV. vii l; cf. Vergil, Georgis I. 463-497; Ovid, Metamorphoses XV. 782-98, 847-51; Lucan, Pharsalia I. 522-83; Lydus, On Signs 10b; other omens, Dio XLV. xvii; three suns, Jerome on Eusebius II, anno 1973 [Mai, col. 429 f.]. Cf. Summary CXVII)
In the above, "tornado" is "turbinis".
69. Consulship of Gaius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius BC 43
When distinctions and military authority against Antony were conferred by vote on Caesar (Octavian), double entrails appeared as he offered sacrifice. Success in his undertakings proceeded to attend him. A mounted statue of Consul Gaius Pansa collapsed at his home. (C. Pansae cos. statua equestris Antonii domi corruit. The name of Antony which appears in the Latin text is an intrusion for which no wholly satisfactory remedy has been proposed. Here, it has been translated without it in agreement with Dio's text.) A horse with trappings, while dashing along before his very eyes, fell dead. One of the populace slipped in the blood of the victims [of sacrifice] and gave Pansa, as he was setting out, a palm spattered with gore. These portents were deadly to the consul himself, for presently as he was fighting against Antony, he was mortally wounded. A vision of armour and weapons seemed to rise with a crash from earth to heaven. The standards of the legion which had been left by Pansa as a garrison for Rome were seen to be wrapped in spiderwebs spun over them, as though from long disuse. Several things were struck by lightning. In Caesar's camp at dawn an eagle lighted on the ridge of the headquarters above the awning, and then, being disturbed by smaller birds flying around it, disappeared from sight. At the oracle of Apollo a cry was heard, "Madness of wolves in the winter, in summer no reaping of grain." When the veterans demanded the consulship for Caesar, there was a dreadful disturbance at Rome. When Caesar was parading his forces on the Campus Martius, six vultures appeared. When thereafter he mounted the Rostra after his appointment as consul, again six vultures were seen and so, by the omen vouchsafed to a Romulus, gave the starting signal to the one who was about to found the city anew. After a reconciliation had been effected between Caesar, Antony, and Lepidus, there followed an atrocious proscription of the leading citizens. (Dio SLVI. xxxiii.; xlvi. 2; Suetonius, Augustus 95; Summary CXIX.)
In the proscription mentioned above, somebody finally had the good sense to get rid of that atrocious creature, Marcus Tullius Cicero, the most revolting human being ever to live.
70. Consulship of Marcus Lepidus and Munatius Plancus BC 42
A mule foaled in Rome by the Twelve Gates. The dead bitch of a sacristan was dragged off by a dog. Light shone so brightly at night that people got up to begin work as though day had dawned. In the neighbourhood of Mutina the memorial to the victory of Marius, which faced south, of its own accord turned towards the north at the fourth hour. While these omens were being averted by sacrifices, three suns were seen about the third hour of the day, which presently drew together into a single orb. At the Latin Festival on the Alban Mount, blood dripped from the shoulder and thumb of Jupiter while sacrifice was being offered. Campaigns were conducted under Cassius and Brutus in the provinces by plundering the allies. It was regarded as a portent that Publius Titius, as praetor, ejected a colleague from office because of disagreements; and before a year had passed, Titius died. It is known that no one who had deprived a colleague of office has lived for a year afterward. The following acted in this manner: Lucius Junius Brutus, as consul, with Tarquinius Collatinus, Tiberius Gracchus with Marcus Octavius, Gnaeus Octavius with Lucius Cinna, Gaius Cinna, as tribune of the commons, with Gaius Marullus, Tullius... [lacuna]
As Brutus and Cassius were strenuously preparing for battle against Caesar and Antony, a swarm of bees settled in the camp of Cassius. The place was cut off by drawing the rampart farther in, on the order of the soothsayers. A huge throng of vultures and other birds which feed on the carnage of battle few up to the army. A boy who was being carried in procession in the costume of Victory, fell from the barrow. At the purification, the lictor placed the laurel on the fasces when they were reversed. As Brutus' men marched out to battle an Ethiopian met them at the gate and was stabbed by the soldiers. Cassius and Brutus perished. (Omens in Italy, Dio XLVII.xl; Titius, Dio XLVI. ilix.l f. [43 BC]; Collatinus, II.ii; Octavius, Summary LVIII; Lucius Cinna, Summary LXXIX (this instance is included neither in Dio nor the Obsequens MS.); Marullus, Dio XLIV. ix 3-x. 3; Tullius is not identifiable; omens at Philippi, Plutarch, Brutus xxxix. 1-3; xlviii; Appian, Civil Wars IV. xvii. 134; Florus II. svii. 7. Cf. Summary CXXIV.)
What seems fairly obvious is that things became very, very unsettled at the time of the assassination of Julius Caesar and continued so for the couple of years following, at least.
After the entry for 42 BC, there is nothing until 17 BC, a gap of 25 years. Considering what was going on from 44 to 42, it is unlikely, I think, for there to have been nothing in the way of portents for the following 25 years so the gap is probably due to the destruction of the records. I'll keep looking, of course, to see if there is anything to fill in that gap.