Recent Reading: Psychopaths, Alchemy, and Everything!

Approaching Infinity

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Thought I'd give an update as to what I've been reading over the past several months. First of all, in relation to alchemy, I've found Adam McLean's books to be a refreshing break from the garbage that pervades the topic. His analyses of the Mutus Liber and the Rosicrucian emblems of Daniel Cramer are clear, concise, and avoid any of the "reaching" that typically defines many works on the subject (e.g. Bridges and Weidner, Stavish, Hauk, etc). His book, The Alchemical Mandala is a collection of emblems with about a page or two of analysis each. For the most part he restricts himself to simply identifying the symbols used and their relationships within the space of the emblem. In such a way, associations can be made to the realms of cosmology, psychology, alchemical processes, etc. His CD lessons are also very good if you want to get an introduction into the library of symbols used by alchemists, and they way they compose their texts.

In psychopathy, I've been rereading James Blair's Psychopath: Emotion and the Brain, and it really is a great summary of the research to date (picks up where Hare's 1970 work left off), presenting the most cogent neurobiological account of psychopathy (genetics that lead to amydala and orbitofrontal cortext dysfunction, i.e. emotional deficit). He also gives the latest research into understanding what Lobaczewski called characteropathy, namely frontal lobe damage and "paranoia", both resulting increased reactive aggression. The two pathologies affect the executive regulation and the responsiveness of basic threat circuitry, respectively. Also, I've been reading three edited works: Chris Patrick's Handbook of Psychopathy, Millon's Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior, and the International Handbook on Psychopathic Disorders and the law. The last opens with a chapter by the German editors of the work, which describes the history of the concept of psychopathy over the last 200 years. Interestingly, there are correspondences between the German understanding and Lobaczewski's, i.e. psychopathic disorders as a range of personality disorders: asthenic, anankastic (obsessive-compulsive), histrionic, etc.

In psychology, I've noticed that William James and his colleagues really had something going, and that the rise of behaviorism stifled the direction in which science was headed. This had two effects: by focusing on behaviour to the exclusion of "nature", the understanding of psychopathy, which had previously been understood as constitutional, i.e. genetic, was now understood as socially created, i.e. sociopathy. Luckily Cleckley helped change that and the field hasn't suffered TOO much. But we can see the hands of "cosmic cointelpro" in this one. Not only did they block an adequate understanding of psychopathy (which still affects scientific opinions to this day), it blocked an understanding of the true nature of consciousness, cosmos, being. James and colleagues saw the brain as a filter of consciousness, not the source. The book by Edward and Emily Kelly The Irreducible Mind is a modern, scientific attempt to expand upon James and especially his colleague Frederick Myers, who was one of the founding members of the Society for Psychical Research, and a great influence on James. They give a theory of mind that takes into account psychic phenomena and other anomalies not accounted for by the prevailing computational theory of mind.

In the same vein, I've been reading Rupert Sheldrake's work, which accounts for the development of forms, and instinctive habits, of biological creatures. His hypothesis, summarized on his website, is that DNA cannot account for the development of 3D forms, only the specific building blocks, proteins, that must then grow into a form, determined by a morphogentic field. His hypothesis leaves open the possibility that these fields are effects of hyperdimensional influences. Just as we see the "effects" of gravity, which is a 4D influence (folding of spacetime), but no material or energetic cause for such an effect; we cannot "see" the influence of these fields, only their effects, namely the growth of forms and the development of species-specific habits. In such a framework, we can see how "rewiring" is changing one's frequency, vibrating with a NEW morphogenetic field. Perhaps psychopaths have their own archetypal morphogenetic field, lacking emotional experience, and this has the effect that their amygdala cannot respond to stimuli. They have the machinery, but it's not "plugged in", so to say. These morphogenetic influences can perhaps also explain why some humans have souls and others do not. If the archetype is such, it will have effects on its expression in the body. Thus some individuals will not have the ability to develop in the same way as others. Their options are more limited, just as a being with truncated DNA will not be able to grow into its final form because all the building blocks are not available.

And lastly, I just read Michael Cremo's and Richard Thompson's Hidden History of the Human Race which is a book-length summary of their Forbidden Archaeology. Very insightful and eye-opening. I look forward to reading Cremo's Human Devolution, which is his alternative to Darwinism, accounting for the evidence presented in his previous book, and more, that shows Darwinism cannot explain all observable phenomena. He also makes use of much of the same data presented in the Kellys' book and Sheldrake's.

Coming up: Burton Mack's new book just recently came out: The Cristian Nation: A Social Theory of Religion, in which he makes the case for his theory (used in his books but never fully elucidated until now) that religion can best be defined as a social phenomenon. That is, it serves primarily social purposes, NOT individual religious experiences. This makes perfect sense, as religion is used as a tool to keep people controlled. While I think there IS a religious experiential component, it's obvious this only applies to a particular segment of humanity, whereas "religion" can apply to all as a system of social programming.

More when I have it!
 
Approaching Infinity said:
And lastly, I just read Michael Cremo's and Richard Thompson's Hidden History of the Human Race which is a book-length summary of their Forbidden Archaeology. Very insightful and eye-opening. I look forward to reading Cremo's Human Devolution, which is his alternative to Darwinism, accounting for the evidence presented in his previous book, and more, that shows Darwinism cannot explain all observable phenomena. He also makes use of much of the same data presented in the Kellys' book and Sheldrake's.

That really was an eye opening book. I read it last year. There were several interesting points he made:
--Fossil record supports continuing coexistence of hominid types rather than sequential evolution
--Fossil evidence that "Lucy" was actually made up of two or three different species
--Evidence that humans were N. America 260-320 million years ago
--The Carnegie Institution was involved in evolution and Big Bang research and the Rockefeller Foundation funded research on evolution China (and we all know that these organizations have an agenda)

Really great book. Haven't read the others though.
 
chachachick said:
--The Carnegie Institution was involved in evolution and Big Bang research and the Rockefeller Foundation funded research on evolution China (and we all know that these organizations have an agenda)

Yep. In Hidden History they point out that the Chinese research was happening in concert with a general goal of mind control. Here's a quote from Warren Weaver, a Rockefeller Foundation official:

the tools are now available for discovering, on the most disciplined and precise level of molecular actions, how man's central nervous system really operates, how he thinks, learns, remembers, and forgets. . . . Apart from the fascination of gaining some knowledge of the nature of the mind-brain-body relationship, the practical values in such studies are potentially enormous. Only thus may we gain information about our behavior of the sort that can lead to wise and beneficial control.

Again, the same signature of cosmic cointelpro: mind-control via blocking of truthful semantic content with limiting concepts.
 
Approaching Infinity said:
Again, the same signature of cosmic cointelpro: mind-control via blocking of truthful semantic content with limiting concepts.

I've been encountering a problem which I think very closely matches "semantic blocking." I had a very painful conversation with someone about humanity. His viewpoint is basically that words such as conscience, good, altruism, benevolence, and so many others are just "drugs" that keep us in a happy and ignorant state. I reacted very aggressively towards this, I think I was projecting my shadow on to him. The whole debate became very self-defeating and unproductive in the end. I was exhausted because the things that learned by being in this group, about the "higher nature" of man so to speak, my beliefs that were formed from reading books like the Sociopath Next Door, were utterly decimated. I realised that I didn't really know or understand what these words actually meant. I couldn't defend them because he wanted "proof" that these things "exist," and sadly, I did not have any proof, because I was just a product of mass-mind control.

I think by reading the recommended books on psychopathy like Political Ponerology will help. Though thinking about my own character deficiencies really puts me down, and if there was anything that could be a "primer" or something that would help me further in understanding the meaning of these "higher" concepts, would make me really grateful.
 
beetlemaniac said:
I've been encountering a problem which I think very closely matches "semantic blocking." I had a very painful conversation with someone about humanity. His viewpoint is basically that words such as conscience, good, altruism, benevolence, and so many others are just "drugs" that keep us in a happy and ignorant state. I reacted very aggressively towards this, I think I was projecting my shadow on to him. The whole debate became very self-defeating and unproductive in the end. I was exhausted because the things that learned by being in this group, about the "higher nature" of man so to speak, my beliefs that were formed from reading books like the Sociopath Next Door, were utterly decimated. I realised that I didn't really know or understand what these words actually meant. I couldn't defend them because he wanted "proof" that these things "exist," and sadly, I did not have any proof, because I was just a product of mass-mind control.

Don't be so hard on yourself. For a person who demands proof, there is no proof. It's a great lesson about when to keep your knowledge to yourself. There is a reason that Jesus said to not throw pearls before swine, lest they turn and rend you to pieces. No matter how much truth you speak to a person, if they can't hear it, it's 'lies' to them and railing against that is a pure waste of energy. It's a good lesson for you - not about what you don't know, but about learning when to speak truth and when to leave someone comfortable in their lies. Classic External Consideration. Walking between two worlds is a learned ability and we learn through suffering.

You reacted aggressively, so now you get to really think about that and think about how your self-importance was scratched and came out fighting when there was never any reason to - you forgot yourself. It won't be the last time, but the good thing is that it's the best way to learn about the reality of all of this - struggling with the parts of the self that act before you even think about it or can control it - an invaluable lesson really. :)

Not everyone can see the truth and you can't convince those who can't - trying to is insanity.
 
beetlemaniac said:
I've been encountering a problem which I think very closely matches "semantic blocking." I had a very painful conversation with someone about humanity. His viewpoint is basically that words such as conscience, good, altruism, benevolence, and so many others are just "drugs" that keep us in a happy and ignorant state. I reacted very aggressively towards this, I think I was projecting my shadow on to him. The whole debate became very self-defeating and unproductive in the end. I was exhausted because the things that learned by being in this group, about the "higher nature" of man so to speak, my beliefs that were formed from reading books like the Sociopath Next Door, were utterly decimated. I realised that I didn't really know or understand what these words actually meant. I couldn't defend them because he wanted "proof" that these things "exist," and sadly, I did not have any proof, because I was just a product of mass-mind control.

I think by reading the recommended books on psychopathy like Political Ponerology will help. Though thinking about my own character deficiencies really puts me down, and if there was anything that could be a "primer" or something that would help me further in understanding the meaning of these "higher" concepts, would make me really grateful.

I agree with anart. Don't be too hard on yourself here. If there was any 'semantic blocking' here, it came from your 'friend'. For a person with no conscience, no amount of proof will do and they will do their best to convince you it doesn't exist. But that's kind of like a colorblind person telling someone that purple doesn't exist.
 
anart said:
You reacted aggressively, so now you get to really think about that and think about how your self-importance was scratched and came out fighting when there was never any reason to - you forgot yourself. It won't be the last time, but the good thing is that it's the best way to learn about the reality of all of this - struggling with the parts of the self that act before you even think about it or can control it - an invaluable lesson really. :)

Yes, I need to figure out the self importance thing all over again. I'm just identified with ideals which are just words in the end. Is identifying somewhat equivalent to believing?

Not everyone can see the truth and you can't convince those who can't - trying to is insanity.

Yeah, something I need to learn. Also it seems that I really need to know what the boundaries are with regards to truth. I didn't realise that some things just cannot be reasoned out! It's a little mind-blowing in a way.
-----


I also realised one thing. Without this forum, I would have ended up as disordered as that person, who is my brother. He says he compartmentalises intellectual arguments versus "Platonic relationships." So we can get along just fine in our "Platonic relationship," I guess. I don't really understand what a "Platonic relationship" is though. Also, I don't really know if compartmentalising this way is a normal thing? Sounds a bit weird.

Thank you anart and AI.
 
Thought I'd give an update as to what I've been reading over the past several months. First of all, in relation to alchemy, I've found Adam McLean's books to be a refreshing break from the garbage that pervades the topic. His analyses of the Mutus Liber and the Rosicrucian emblems of Daniel Cramer are clear, concise, and avoid any of the "reaching" that typically defines many works on the subject (e.g. Bridges and Weidner, Stavish, Hauk, etc). His book, The Alchemical Mandala is a collection of emblems with about a page or two of analysis each. For the most part he restricts himself to simply identifying the symbols used and their relationships within the space of the emblem. In such a way, associations can be made to the realms of cosmology, psychology, alchemical processes, etc. His CD lessons are also very good if you want to get an introduction into the library of symbols used by alchemists, and they way they compose their texts.

I stumbled upon his YT videos about alchemy, so I got interested in his work and decided to first go through his weblog, to see how much does he know about alchemy. And from his posts, I got the impression that he is a modern version of Uspensky. A brilliant mind, but not the true master of the art. In the end, he explains the alchemy as all the other modern scholars - alchemy is just a proto-chemistry.

2 May 2018

I have in the last few weeks been trying to read myself into the perspectives on consciousness recently developed in Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience. These provide rather engaging models of consciousness, attention and short-term memory processing, which are built upon the results of experiments rather than theorising in a vacuum. It seems likely that we no longer require a transcendental theory of consciousness, as this new approach prunes away the mysterious nature of our consciousness. Up until now, we have had no way of understanding consciousness from within the experience, without erecting a multitude of irreconcilable and mutually inconsistent 'spiritual' ways of looking at our conscious experience. We are probably approaching a breakthrough into a better understanding of this phenomenon, that each of us wakes up to each morning.

4 May 2018

Recently in discussions, on and off Facebook, I have been taken to task for my total rejection of Cartesian dualism. This is the way of looking at ourselves as being composed of two different, distinct and disjoint 'substances' - mind and body. This view, of course, predates Descartes, but he gave the modern era a clear analysis of this. Many people today still hold to a naive Cartesian view. I certainly did during my 20s and 30s. I suspect the Cartesian view is seductive as it posits the existence of 'soul' and further solves the existential problem of our facing up to the reality of our mortality. Thus our body can die but something remains, the 'soul', till eternity. A comforting idea, perhaps, but with no reality. It is only by facing up to one's mortality and extinction, that one can be free of all superstitious nonsense. I was able to do this during my late 40s and early 50s, and this remains with me as I enter my 70s. It is not easy but it does set something free within you.

5 May 2018

Some recent discussions made me think back about my own personal trajectory through alchemy. In the 1970s I was essentially living within a naive view of alchemy, influenced by various modern esoteric interpretations. In the early issues of my 'Hermetic Journal' I wrote articles primarily attempting to describe or explain some alchemical texts and images in this way, though I wanted to found my ideas on the source material, thus my Magnum Opus series from 1979-. By 1983 my view of alchemy had changed and I came to see that alchemists were at the leading edge of the science of their time.

I began to try to find links between the philosophical underpinning of 16-17-18th century alchemy and the leading ideas in science in the 1980s. Thus, in the first issue of the 'Hermetic Journal' in 1983, I wrote an article 'Fundamental Physics: Recapitulation of the Archetypes of the Ancient Alchemists', and there followed a number of articles in much the same vein. By the late 1980's I sensed that this view was itself flawed and I focussed instead on documenting alchemical texts and imagery.

I came to the idea that if we were to lift 16-17-18th century alchemists out of their time and land them (Dr Who style) in our own age, they would be drawn to the leading edge of the science of our time. Thus alchemists today should be physicists, chemists, molecular biochemists and neuroscientists. It seems perverse to try to return to use a 500 year old scientific paradigm, when human culture has evolved so far away from this. I know, modern mathematics, physics and molecular biochemistry are hard, but it is where the leading edge of ideas now lie. An alchemist should strongly embrace these new ideas instead of attempting to revive some long dead philosophy.

I now essentially study alchemy as an old tradition, but the real alchemy for me lies in the wonderful ideas that drive our scientific culture. I am happy to read and try to understand an old alchemical text in its own context, but my mind now takes as much, possibly more, delight in trying to understand the mathematics behind quantum mechanics and molecular biochemistry.

13 May 2018

One day some four years ago I suddenly had the impulse to understand, in full detail, the mechanisms through which DNA worked. This took me on an extensive journey over the last few years into molecular biochemistry and led me to study the wider subject of the ways that cells in the body become triggered through the various receptors in their membranes to initiate a cascade of complex biochemical processes within the cell which lead to it expressing its activities. I was astounded at how molecular biochemists have been able to work out and describe in so much detail how the processes in our bodies work.

These discoveries over the last few decades push vitalism into the trash can of history. Vitalism is the belief that life is fundamentally different from a bundle of purely chemical and physical forces, and contains some supposed vital force, essence, etheric body, soul or whatever.

Vitalism lies behind many esoterically driven philosophies, and much of alternative healing. The idea goes back to ancient Greece, and can be seen as a classic Cartesian dualism, being one pole of the dual, 'mysterious vital force in living things' as opposed to 'integrated bundle of biochemical processes'.

I suspect few people today have the impulse to attempt to understand molecular biochemistry, but it is actually one of the most exciting areas of modern science. I am lucky to have studied chemistry to a sufficient level to be able to grasp the mechanisms now being explored and documented. I would urge others to attempt this, as molecular biochemistry will inevitably shape our future and our ways of looking at ourselves. If we are intellectually honest, the implications of molecular biochemistry are that we have to abandon any belief in an indwelling life force.

14 May 2018

I seem to have offended a number of people by my rigorous analysis of certain ideas. I am blessed with an analytical mind and have a considerable grounding in logic, as I read my way through the first book of Russell and Whitehead's 'Principia Mathematica' when I was 15-16, some fifty years ago. I have always applied this logic to my exploration of the various idea systems I came across. When I investigated alchemy, I decided that I would have to return to the source texts, rather than rely on modern interpretations. I myself was drawn to make such interpretations during the early 1980's but I eventually realised the error and futility of so doing. Since then I have become even more grounded in logic and, in particular, have come to see that any set of ideas founded on a belief system is ultimately unstable and self-contradictory.

Few people want to go there. They prefer the comfort of a naive belief system against the solidity of logic and a rigorous examination of ideas. I am enthused by recent developments in various domains, such as cognitive neuroscience and molecular biochemistry. I thought I might share my enthusiasm with others. These developments do challenge people who cling to beliefs that belong to and were shaped centuries, even millennia ago. These beliefs were relevant to those times and cultures. I would prefer that people sought to base their philosophies on the intellectual driving forces of our own times, logic, abstract mathematics, and the sciences that flow from using these tools of thought.

Alchemy is a fascinating subject when explored rigorously in a historical way. It has many gems in its literature and imagery. Alchemy shows us the ways in which, primarily in Europe, people sought to understand the material nature of the world, through investigating the ways in materials behaved. Unfortunately, these investigators were often held back through their being unable to disentangle their discoveries from religious ideas forged in a past age. It was not until the 18th century, when certain philosophical critiques of belief systems had emerged, that thinkers gradually became free from the religious straight-jacket that limited and falsely focussed their enquiry.

In a strange way, I find there are many people today, who reject logic and thought free of belief driven systems. As always, I am a bit of a rebel, pushing against ill-thought-out, irrational ideas. I may irritate and offend some people, but there is a solidity in what I say.

15 May 2018

In the recent discussion in which I raised the philosophical problems of Descartian dualism and the idea of the soul, we mentioned Descartes' siting of the soul in the pineal gland. He probably did this because the pineal gland was the only component seen in the crude anatomy of his time that was an integral whole and did not appear in both hemispheres of the brain.

During the theosophical period in the late 19th century, people took up this idea and ran with it so much so that it became seen as the ‘third eye’ the focus of our ‘soul’. Manly Palmer Hall especially promoted this idea in the 1930s.

These ideas are now so pervasive that on a Google search for ‘pineal gland’ one is led onto a mass of pages repeating this idea. ‘Pineal gland’ on Youtube brings a mass of videos extolling the pineal gland as being the source of our inner being and so on. It is difficult to drill down into solid science videos.

The truth is, as I earlier pointed out, that the pineal gland secretes the messenger ligand melatonin, which mediates sleep and the diurnal rhythm.

I recently looked into this a little deeper and found that a number of people in recent times, when deep brain surgery became possible, have had pinealectomies in response to life-threatening cysts growing in their pineal gland.

So when they have their pineal gland removed, do they lose their soul?

They do lose their ability to easily fall asleep at night and usually have to be given some medications to help. Their personalities are unchanged. They live out a life as before. They do not report any loss of ‘soul’.

22 September 2018

During the last couple of months, when I was scanning and converting the issues of the Hermetic Journal in order to get them back in print again, I found myself reading over some of my articles. I became quite amused at how naive I was back in the 1970's and early 1980's. I realise how I then believed in many of the esoteric ideas I was articulating - particularly during 1978- 1982, after which I gradually cast off such beliefs and migrated to the perspective I have today.

In our present time, it seems that many people have the same naive view of alchemy and esotericism as I had back in that earlier time. They have not walked my path. As I researched and discovered more and more about alchemy and esotericism in general, my perspective became more scholarly and disconnected from naive assumptions and beliefs.

I also find that many people of my own generation, with whom I still have contact, still hold to that naive view and have not reconstructed themselves as I did. My journey of exploration of alchemy was perhaps more an in-depth one, not relying on late twentieth century belief-driven teachings and popular books. I was lucky to have been able to penetrate somewhat deeper than most people into the source material. The Hermetic Journal, for me, documents my journey away from belief to a more solid view of alchemy as a cultural phenomenon. Perhaps it was, that from the earliest time, I always looked to the source material for insight rather than the interpretations and opinions of others.

During 1983-88 I was trying to create parallels between the ancient alchemical and esoteric ideas and the discoveries of modern physics. In one of these early articles, I even reference the Higgs field, paralleling it with the Kabbalistic 'breaking of the vessels'. By the 1990's I had realised these parallels were vacuous.

The Hermetic Journal documents the way in which alchemy was viewed in the last quarter of the Twentieth century. It also documents my own personal journey away from naive beliefs to my more mature perspective.

I regret that few have taken my journey, preferring to remain tied to beliefs that were long ago shown to be false and delusory.

To me, alchemy should be seen and explored as an important cultural component in the evolution of our modern perspective on matter.

25 September 2018

I am now 70 years old and have lived through the mid to late 20th-century emergence of many spiritual-esoteric interpretations of alchemy. During that time I came to see these as being incompatible with each other, as they were founded on different belief systems.

Some people arguing against a rational and materialist perspective, say that it lacks certainty, as science is constantly changing as it continually discovers new facts or elaborates new theories and has no firm underlying basis. However, I came to see that there is absolutely no certainty in a spiritual-esoteric worldview, indeed, esotericism is culturally relative. Thus such views cannot claim a universal significance, but they necessitate buying into some belief system. If one becomes sucked into a belief system then ones freedom of thought is lost. One has to downplay one's rationality in order to tailor one's ideas to the underlying set of beliefs. I was not willing to do that. I want to remain intellectually honest with myself.

I became free from belief systems around about 1990 when I finally faced the reality that there was no afterlife or spiritual state after death and that when I die, that is the end of me. That freed me to think more clearly, unencumbered by irrational beliefs. The existential human need for survival is totally understandable but leads to irrationality. These irrationalities express themselves in beliefs, which become codified by cultural, political and societal pressures, to become religions or other belief systems. I am lucky to live in Scotland, which appears to me to be an atheistic society - most people here do not find atheism to be a problem and indeed live their lives without the need of a God.

While people adhere to irrational beliefs they will not be free in their thoughts. My apostacy from esotericism is a result of my putting away childish things, fancy glittering baubles and growing up. No doubt this may offend others, but this offence, I suspect, arises from their inner conflicts about basing their life on some almost arbitrary belief system - a magical one, kabbalah, anthroposophical, Christian, gnostic, Golden Dawn, Jungian, tarotic...... one can go on and on listing the different belief systems. I have always been a gentle rebel intellectually, an enfant terrible perhaps.

 
I became free from belief systems around about 1990 when I finally faced the reality that there was no afterlife or spiritual state after death and that when I die, that is the end of me.

Each to his own, but to get to the grand old age of 70 just to find no life after death seems to indicate a very sterile life.
 
" I became free from belief systems around about 1990 when I finally faced the reality that there was no afterlife or spiritual state after death and that when I die, that is the end of me. " agreed Tuatha , those are words from a hollow thing , at best. Anyone that has struggled to read Fulcanelli can't write such nonsense.
 
This part is also interesting:

22 August 2018

There is an interesting metaphor for the way in which I have studied alchemy and indeed the esoteric traditions, adopted from archaeological practice. When archaeologists investigate a site, their main tool is to expose the stratification, or the layering over time, of the various phases of the site they are investigating. They peel away the top modern layer, then gradually reveal the structures which preceded them, dating each layer by items they discover sealed in that stratum.

Translating this into terms of alchemical and esoteric ideas, we have our contemporary period in which a mass of material is found in all sorts of media. Underlying this is a period in the mid-twentieth century, during which a number of popular books appeared, which articulated a syncretic view, often drawing on diversely separated cultural perspectives. This is essentially a reworking, often with little scholarly foundation, of earlier material.

Beneath this lies the layer of late 19th early 20th century ideas, where we find various strong, charismatic characters, Levi, Blavatsky, Mathers, Steiner, Crowley, Gurdjieff et al. These figures often felt, or at least indicated, that they were inspired by spiritual forces and created belief systems, attracting a core of devoted followers.

This phase, drew from the eighteenth-century synthesis and documenting of such ideas - the period of the Rosy and Golden Cross, Martinism and many others.

Underlying this was the period of the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which widespread publication of alchemical and esoteric ideas was disseminated through printed books.

This, in turn, lay atop the period, from the twelfth through sixteenth centuries, of manuscripts. These hand-written texts were often merely individual explorations, though some circulated a little more widely through a small group of contacts.

We can go even further back, through the dark ages in Europe, and the centuries of the Islamic reworking of classical material. Then to the Roman Empire and its dissemination of classical ideas throughout Europe. This was founded on the earlier layer of classical Greek science and mythology, and the period of Egyptian temple priesthood. Before that were a series of layers, leading back through the Bronze Age, the time of the megalith builders, and the Neolithic period.

Each of these strata reflect the culture of the time in which it was laid down.

In archaeological investigations this sequence can be disturbed by various disruptions, treasure hunters, the previous unscientific excavations of antiquarians, natural movements of the earth, even modern deep ploughing, can pull material up from lower layers and jumble together the different phases.

The same is happening today with the investigation of alchemy and related esoteric traditions. Material created in the present or late 20th century is mixed up with the sources in manuscripts and printed books of previous centuries, so much so that modern ideas then become projected into the past and people then read ancient material ahistorically. Images become disconnected from their original context and interpreted through a modern filter.

I am more and more concerned that an understanding of the nature of alchemy is becoming increasingly difficult, certainly outside a small and diminishing group of experienced scholars. Indeed, it may already be lost, as the strata are jumbled and confused.

He criticizes the approach when modern ideas are projected into the past and interpreted through a modern filter, while at the same time he does the very same thing. He projects his atheism into the alchemy, even though alchemists were not atheist.
 
Here is his take on Fulcanelli:

15 October 2008
Recently one of my correspondents gently took me to task, making the point that the wacky theories that seem so absurd to me are the brain-children and cherished ideas of the questioner and that this kind of questioner perhaps deserved some compassion. To this I could only reply that it is also compassionate to reveal to someone that they are basing their view on a falsehood, otherwise they are believing in a fantasy. This led me to recall a recent communication I had from an anonymous correspondent who wrote to me asking why I did not believe in the "phonetic cabala". I had replied:

It is not a matter of belief. If one studies the writings of the original alchemists you do not find such a phonetic cabala. This is entirely invented by the person who wrote under the name of Fulcanelli in the 1930's.
 
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