This thread deals with The History of Black Peoples.
The search began with:
http://www.cassiopaea.org/forum/index.php?topic=3744
http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2004/11/27/2003212815 has:
The raceandhistory website makes more claims to the influence of Black People on China.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians :
Wikipedia have a short description about the Negritos, it gives some idea of where to meet them in todays world.
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From the story in the Taipei Times one gets the idea that a people may die out, but hand over remnants of their culture to those who take over.
Another discovery was that solid Ethnic cleansing and genocide is not exclusinvely a white-black issue:
http://www.republicanchina.org/Hun.html
Therefore if one wants to understand the history of ethnic groups it will be necessary also to keep a small file of the history of genocide, ethnic and cultural cleansing.
The search began with:
http://www.cassiopaea.org/forum/index.php?topic=3744
While looking for some evidence of links between China and South America I stumbled on: something else besides the standard version of Mongoloid migration to America which is mentioned in many places:In the thread "Notes to "The Mystic vs Hitler"" Laura said:One thing that I find fascinating is that very "mongoloid" type carved heads have been found in South America. Don't know if you have read "The Gods of the Cataclysm" where the author proposes a movement of peoples from Southeast Asia to South America and shows strong relationships between things South American and things Chinese. After reading it, I wondered if it was the other way around: a movement from South America to Southeast Asia and then up into China.
The above led to the question if there would be a link to Black People and China?THE GLOBAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY
H I S T O R Y N O T E S
AN AFRICAN PRESENCE IN PREHISTORIC AMERICA
By RUNOKO RASHIDI
Most modern scientists believe that the earliest immigrants to reach the Western Hemisphere were Asian Mongoloids. It would appear, however, that this general view ignores evidence that strongly suggests that the first people to arrive and settle in the Western Hemisphere were Black people of very ancient African ancestry.
European-American archaeologist Harold Sterling Gladwin (1883-1983) advanced that the first actual migrants to America were Afro-Australoids. The Afro-Australoid migrations to America probably began about 40,000 years ago and lasted for several millennia. These migrants are called "Australoids" because of their close physical and cultural relationships to the people who more than 50,000 years ago colonized much of Asia and Australia.
One of the most well-documented single pieces of evidence for the presence of Afro-Australoids in the prehistoric Americas during the period of Gladwin's writing was the Punin Skull: a female crania found in 1923, embedded in a stratum of volcanic ash near the small village of Punin in the Andean region of Ecuador. In addition to the skull itself, the stratum yielded the remains of a number of long extinct mammals; including an Andean horse--an animal known to have been extinct for more than 10,000 years. The Punin Skull's recovery by the American Museum of Natural History of New York created a sensation. It was, first of all, hailed as the earliest evidence of humans in the Americas, and, secondly, it was clearly of an Afro-Australoid type.
[...] Harvard anthropologist Earnest Hooton [...]:
"The Punin skull, found in 1923 in a fossiliferous bed in the Andean highlands of Ecuador...is a skull that any competent craniologist would identify as Australian in type. It is easier to find Australoid-looking dolichocephals in the more ancient burials in the New World than anything in the way of a skull that resembles a Mongoloid."
The second migration to the Americas, Asiatic-Africoids, began about 15,000 years ago. These migrants' physical appearance seems to have resembled the Melanesians--the proud Black Islanders of the South Pacific. After having first penetrated their way northward up the coasts of Asia, they began to gradually enter North America, where they ultimately developed the revolutionary and highly pivotal Clovis and Folsom fluted-point tool industries.
http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2004/11/27/2003212815 has:
Taipei Times also gives an idea of what the extinct tribe believed in:In honor of the Little Black People
The Saisiyat tribe of Hsinchu and Miaoli will perform a solemn rite this weekend to commemorate a race of people that they exterminated
By Jules Quartly
STAFF REPORTER
Saturday, Nov 27, 2004, Page 16
For the past 100 years or so, the Saisiyat tribe (賽夏族) has performed the songs and rites of the festival to bring good harvests, ward off bad luck and keep alive the spirit of a race of people who are said to have preceded all others in Taiwan.
In fact, the short, black men the festival celebrates are one of the most ancient types of modern humans on this planet and their kin still survive in Asia today. They are said to be diminutive Africoids and are variously called Pygmies, Negritos and Aeta. They are found in the Philippines, northern Malaysia, Thailand, Sumatra in Indonesia and other places.
Chinese historians called them "black dwarfs" in the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220 to AD 280) and they were still to be found in China during the Qing dynasty (1644 to 1911). In Taiwan they were called the "Little Black People" and, apart from being diminutive, they were also said to be broad-nosed and dark-skinned with curly hair.
The story goes that the Little Black People taught the Saisiyat to farm by providing seeds and they used to party together. But one day, the Little Black People sexually harassed some Aboriginal women. So, the Saisiyat took revenge and killed them off by cutting a bridge over which they were all crossing. Just two Little Black People survived. Before departing eastward, they taught the Saisiyat about their culture and passed down some of their songs, saying if they did not remember their people they would be cursed and their crops would fail.
The Saisiyat kept their promise and have held the Ritual of the Little Black People every year, though they scaled down the ceremonies during the Japanese colonial period (1895 to 1945). Now the ritual is held every two years on the 10th full moon of the lunar calendar, with a big festival once every 10 years. At this time, the Saisiyat are not supposed to fight and they congregate in their ancestral areas of Miaoli and Hsinchu, in the mountains.
Another website has references on the history of the Little Black People in China:"I've seen it written of as a celebration, but to me it seemed quite a mournful affair, especially in the way the music came across, which was trancelike, a haunting kind of chant with a series of 10 to 15 songs," said long-term Taiwan resident Lynn Miles, who has been to the ritual three times and will be going again this year.
"There's nothing else quite like it in its tone and in its mood. I've been to other festivals but this is non-stop."
Miles said the dances were not set pieces but usually involved holding hands and moving around in a circle, chanting, with those who know the songs doing most of the singing and a shaman figure keeping order.
A spokeswoman at the Council of Indigenous Peoples (under the Executive Yuan) said that those who have "unclean thoughts" have their souls snatched by the spirits of the Little Black People and will pass out until the shaman revives them.
Miles said the shaman seemed to serve a public-order function by chasing off those who were too drunk or out of order.
H. Imbert, a French anthropoligist who lived in the Far East, says in "Les Negritos de la Chine".
"The Negroid races peopled at some time all the South of India, Indo-China and China. The South of Indo-China actually has now pure Negritos as the Semangs and mixed as the Malays and the Sakais..."
Similarly, this scholar declares:
"In the earliest Chinese history, several texts in classic books spoke of these diminutive blacks; thus the Tcheu-Li composed under the dynasty of Tcheu (1122-249 B. C.) gives a description of the inhabitants with black and oily skin...
The Prince Liu-Nan, who died in 122 B.C.,speaks of a kingdom of diminutive blacks in the southwest of China."
Moreover, he states:
"In the first epochs of Chinese history, the Negrito type peopled all the south of the country and even in the island of Hai-Nan, as we have attempted to prove in our study on the Negritos, on Black men of this island.
Chinese folklore speaks often of these Negroes, and mentions an Empress of China named Li (373-397A.D.), consort of the Emperor Hsiao Wn Wen, who is spoken of as being a Negro."
Professor Chang Hsing-Lang revealed in an article entitled, "The importation of Negro Slaves to China under the Tang Dynasty A.D. 618-907," that:
Even the sacred Manchu dynasty shows this Negro strain.. The lower part of the face of the Emperor Pu-yi of Manchukuo, direct descendant of the Manchu rulers of China, is most distinctly Negroid. "Chinese chroniclers report that a Negro Empire existed in the South of China at the dawn of that country's history."
Citing the works of Kwang-Chih Chang, The Archaeology of Ancient China, (Yale University Press) and Irwin Graham, Africans Abroad (Columbia University Press), R. Rashidi makes the point.
There is evidence of substantial populations of Blacks in early China. Archaeological studies have located a black substraum in the earliest periods of Chinese history, "and reports of major kingdom ruled by Blacks are frequently in Chinese documents.
Information about the relationship between Black Aboriginal and Chinese Mongoloid culture:Although the island nation of Japan is assumed by many to have been historically composed of an essentially homogenous population, the accumulated evidence places the matter in a vastly different light. A Japanese proverb states that: "For a Samurai to be brave, he must have a bit of Black blood." Another recording of the proverb is: "Half the blood in one's veins must be Black to make a good Samurai." Sakanouye Tamura Maro, a Black man, became the first Shogun of Japan.
In China, an Africoid presence in visible from remote antiquity. The Shang, for example, China's first dynasts, are described as having "black and oily skin." The famous Chinese sage Lao-Tze was "black in complexion."
For more on the languages in Africa and Asia see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languagesWe know very little about the sounds of ancient Chinese because Ancient Chinese was different from Old Chinese and Middle Chinese and the modern Chinese dialects. (Ramsey 1987, pp.137-138) This results from the fact that the Chinese dynasties were founded by diverse ethnic groups e.g., Xia and Shang li (i.e., Black Shang) were founded by Dravidian and Manding speakers. Shang-Yin was founded by classical mongoloids, and the Zhou by the contemporary Chinese. ) This explains the difference in pronunciation for Ancient Chinese spoken by the Xia and Shang peoples and Old and Middle Chinese or a variant there of, which was probably spoken by the Zhou people.
The Shang characters compare favorably to the ancient Proto- Saharan script used by the Harappans in the Indus Valley and the Manding script used in the ancient Sahara and Crete . Winters (1985c) outlined the spread of the Proto-Saharan script to Harappa, and throughout Saharan Africa and Asia by the Dravidians and Manding.
Oraclebone Writing
Evidence of Chinese writing first appears around 2000 B.C. as pottery marks. The shell-and-bone characters represented writing they were not pictures. The Shang symbols compare favorably with ancient Manding symbols. Although their are different contemporary pronunciations for these symbols they have the same meaning and shape. This suggest a genetic relationship between these scripts because we know that the present pronunciation of the Chinese symbols probably has little relationship to the ancient pronunciation of Chinese spoken in Xia and Shang times when these characters were first used. This cognation of scripts supports the proposed Dravidian and Manding migration and settlement of ancient China during Xia times.
The identification of the first hero of China, Hu Nak Kunte as a member of the Kunte clan of the Manding speakers of Africa is supported by the close relationship between the Manding languages and Chinese. Even though we do not know the ancient pronunciation of many Chinese signs many Chinese and Manding words share analogy and suggest a Manding substratum for Chinese.
The raceandhistory website makes more claims to the influence of Black People on China.
What I am missing in the above are references. About Buddha there is onThe original, first, native, primitive inhabitants of China were black Africans who arrived there about 100,000 years ago and dominated the region until a few thousand years ago when the Mongol advance into that region began. These Africans who fled the Mongol onslaught can still be found in South East Asia and the Pacific Islands misnomered Nigritos or "small black men." The Agta of the Philippines is one such example. Indeed archeology, forensic and otherwise confirm that China's first two dynasties, the Xia and the Ch'ang/Sh'ang, were largely Black African with an Australoid, called "Madras Indian" or "Chamar" in Trinidad, present in small percentages. These Africans would carry an art of fighting developed in the Horn of Africa into China which today we call martial arts: Tai Chi, Kung fu and Tae Kwon Do. Even the oracle of the I-Ching came with a later African group, the Akkadians of Babylon.
Around 500 BCE an African living in India called Gautama would establish a religion called Buddhism which would come to dominate Chinese thought. Any one who is in doubt should consult Geoffrey Higgins's Anacalypsis, Albert Churchward's Origin and development of Religions, Gerald Massey's Egypt the Light of the World, Riunoko Rashidi's African Presence in Early Asia and J A Roger's Sex and Race Vol 1. Many Africans survived the Mongol invasion into the twentieth century only to be exterminated by Chairman Mao's programme of Cultural cleansing. Under this programme millions of Africans and Afro-Asians were killed from 1951-1956. Contribute we still did, giving the People's Republic of China its first Chief Minister in the name of Eugene Chen, a Trinidadian of George Street, Port-of-Spain, who was of an African mother and a Chinese father.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians :
A compromise would be that he had a family background that was mixed, but that does not mean he was.Although the Shakas had a reputation as fierce and war-like, one of the greatest sages of peace, the Buddha, descended from this tribe: he had the Pali title Sakyamuni which means "Scythian sage (muni)".
Wikipedia have a short description about the Negritos, it gives some idea of where to meet them in todays world.
The following is a list of alleged African civilisations. I think it is quite intersting to consider. The community-2.webtv webpage has a mission-statement and I include it so that the reader can get the sentiment behind it and probably a few of the already quoted too:The Negritos include the Aeta (Ati) and at least 25 other tribes of the Philippines, the Semang of the Malay peninsula, the Mani of Thailand and 12 Andamanese tribes of the Andaman Islands. The Malay term for them is orang asli, or original people. They are likely the indigenous people of south-east Asia, including New Guinea. Pygmy-sized, they are numerically and physically among the smallest as well as among the least-known of all living human races. The Negrito peoples have one of the purest genetic pools of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) among anyone in humankind so their mtDNA serves as a baseline in studying Genetic Drift.[1]
AFRICAN IDEAS ARE AS GOOD AS ANY. AFRICAN CULTURE MUST LIVE ON.
AFRICANS, AFRICANS OF THE AMERICAS, INDO-NEGROIDS, NEGRO-AUSTRALOIDS, MELANESIANS, AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINALS AND OTHER BLACKS WORLDWIDE MUST UNITE TO FIGHT RACISM, STOP GENOCIDE AGAINST BLACKS AND WORK FOR ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, TECHNOLOGIAL AND SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT.
MAP OF AFRICA SHOWING ANCIENT AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS, KINGDOMS AND EMPIRES
The next website defines the characteristics of what they call The Sudroid (Indo-African) Race with a special focus on links between groups in Africa and India. Besides the linguistic parallels which are close, there are also some etnographical and genetical:Here are the facts, based on African tradition and writings, as well as recent discoveries, (not the dates given by the foreign historians)
1. Semlike River Valley, Congo: First sophisticated, polished tools, weapons and culture dates back to about 100,000 to 70,000 years ago.
2. Blombos Cave, South Africa: Sophisticated, polished Tools of stone and bone and geometric markings found dating back to about 70,000 years ago
Later on, paintings of identical style and "school," found from South Africa to France, drawn and painted by the same people.
3. The Zingh Empire; (in the area of Sahara, Mauritania, Mali, Ghana, Burkina Faso) 15,000 B.C.
4. Nile Corridor: 17000 B.C. (Sphinx is said to be about 10,000 years old
5. Upper Nile: (Nagau, Punt) 20,000 B.C.
6. Ta Seti (Prehistoric Nubia) civilization exists (article in Times Magazine, 1999; pottery, glassware, artwork)
Prehistoric Cushite Empire, founded by Descendnts of Cush, stretches from Sudan to Cambodia. Civilizations in Africa and Asia founded by Cushites between 10,000 B.C. to 1000 A.D. are; Africa: Cush (Sudan),Sabea (Ethiopia, South Arabia). in Asia: Elam, Susia, Sumer, Indus Valley (Cushites and Dravidians), Cambodia, Shia and Shang China. (See this site for more information http://www.cwo.com/lucumi/runoko.html
7. Huge astronomical observatory made of stone, found in Sudan; date; approx. 7000 B.C.
8. Natufian and Badarian Cultures begin in Lower Egypt about 5000 to 6000 B.C. (Delta was previously covered with water and swampland according to ancient Egyptian sources).
9. First series of Nubian rulers begin. Kingship that later spreads to Egypt, begins in Nubia.
COMMONLY PRESENTED AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS: (European Version)
9. Egyptian -- 3500 B.C.
10. Nubia-Kush --1000 B.C. to 300 A.D.
11. Aksum -- 1 A.D. to 800 A.D.
12. Ghana -- 800's A.D. to 1000's A.D.
13. Songhai --700 to 1800 A.D.
14. Kanem Bornu --800's to 1800's A.D.
15. Mali 1200's to 1800's
16, Zanj (Swahili) 1000 A.D. to 1700's A.D.
17. Lake Kingdoms 1400's to the present
18. Benin -- 1100's to 1800's
19. Oyo -- 1200's to 1800's
20. Ashanti 1600's to present
21. Dahomey 1600's to 1900's
22. Kongo 1400's to 1700's
23. Mwene Mutapa (Zimbabwe) 1500'S TO 1600'S
24. Hova (Madagascar) 1700's to 1900's
Note that all the above dates in regards to the time these African kingsoms/empires existed began with the time the Europeans first encountered them. African sources place the existance of kingdoms in Benin and parts of West Africa hundreds of years Before Christ. Ghana also existed hundreds of years before Christ but was first seen by Arabs in the 700's A.D. The Zanj states of East Africa existed back to the time of Queen Hatshepsut (1500 B.C.) and one of their queens was Ati, whose likeness is painted on Hatshepsut's temple's walls. The age of Zimbabwe extens to before 300 B.C.
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An intersting remark on Lemuria or is it Atlantis?2. Ethnographic Evidence
[...]
2.2 Theological
Both Africans and Dravidians held a common interest in teh cult of the Serpent and believed tn a Supreme God, who lived in aplace of peace and tranqulity. Murugan the Dravidian god of the mounatins parallels a common god in East Africa worshipped by 25 ethnic groups called Murungu, the god who resides in the mountains [ Win.gen ]
2.3 Burial & Death Rites
Burning of the dead body is a characteristic of Indo-Aryans, while burial of the dead was common to Indo-Africans. In both South India and the Western Sudan and Senegambia the dead were buried and interned in terra cotta jars [ Singh ] [ Win.gen ]
2.4 Circumcision & Initiation Rites
Circumcision, both male and female, was practiced by Dravidians and is still widely practiced in Africa. "
[...]
5. Genetic
The Sudroid and Africoid peoples are also genetically closely related. The genetic similarities between Africans and Sudrics include:
Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Gene for sickle-cell anemia is common
Enzymes providing malaria resistance are present
The Kolarians (Indo-Australoids) share many genetic similarities with the Australoids and Oceanic Negroids. Genetic similarities of the Kolarians with the Australoids and Oceanic Negroids include :
Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and alcohol intolerance
A large ratio of B type blood
Rarity of Rhesus negative
Rarity of P2 gene
Rarity of A type, and especially A2
Shovel-shaped incisors are common
Low bi-zygomatic diameter
In addition, the hair is frequently reddish to blonde in childhood in the case of Australoid Blackfellows, Dravidians and Kolarians.
Genetic Studies of mtDNA of Dravidians in Andhra displayed a close similarity with African populations [ Bam ].
The conclusion of the search for any links between South America and China is that Black Peoples have a richer history than comonly known. And since they have been a strong force on the Southern Hemisphere it can not be ruled out that they have been a connecting link between cultures in South America, Australia, South-East Asia, India, The Middle East and Africa.Apendix V - Lemuria
Dravidian legends mention an ancient landmass which disappeared into the Ocean. The Tamils say that it was highly populated and included large cities, now buried beneath the sea. Tamil historians have discussed this land mass in detail throughout history; eg. Ariyarkkunallar in the 12th century. Linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians are related to the C-group Nubians of the Western Sahara who built the Kerma empire. Since Egypt was often at war with Kerma, the connection across Lemuria seems more plausible. [Winters:Agri]
The English zoologost Philip Sclater propsed the theory of the continent of Lemuria in the mid-1800s [ 3 Oc. 127 ]
From the story in the Taipei Times one gets the idea that a people may die out, but hand over remnants of their culture to those who take over.
Another discovery was that solid Ethnic cleansing and genocide is not exclusinvely a white-black issue:
http://www.republicanchina.org/Hun.html
Ah Xiang writes pages of history but not much is there on the Little Black People. I am not convinced the above 200000 were black hybrids, it does give one the idea that being different was not in fashion.Ah Xiang said:As to the Jiehu, i.e., one of the five troubal groups which pillaged China, they were said to have possessed higher nose bridge than the other nomadic groups. Shi Min, an adopted son of Jiehu's Posterior Zhao, had at one time killed about 200,000 Jiehu nomads. Jiehu was an alternative race of the Huns, but they must have looked the same to other Huns and Chinese except for the high nose bridge. History recorded that the criteria used for sorting out Jiehu was the nose bridge, only. History said that Shi Min's armies killed those people who looked like Jiehu because of high nose bridge.
Therefore if one wants to understand the history of ethnic groups it will be necessary also to keep a small file of the history of genocide, ethnic and cultural cleansing.