6. Philosophical implications of QIT
Quantum information theory offers some attractive features as a story to tell
about quantum mechanics. It describes quantum measurement in terms of
quantum mechanics itself. It describes how classical correlations arise from
quantum entanglement. It provides an account of the (apparent) increase in
entropy in the measurement process that is consistent with entropy-conserving
unitary transformations. Most importantly, QIT completely explains the
"mystery" of spooky action at a distance by describing measurement in terms of
entanglement. The quantum-information-theoretical description of a pair of
measurements made on an EPR pair is exactly the same as a pair of measurements
made on a single particle. “Spooky action at a distance” ought to be no more
(and no less) mysterious than the “spooky action across time” which makes the
universe consistent with itself from one moment to the next.
Nonetheless, this story extracts a certain toll on our intuition because it insists
that we abandon our usual notions of physical reality.
The mathematics of
quantum information theory tell us unambiguously that particles are not real. To
quote Cerf and Adami:
... the particle-like behavior of quantum systems is an illusion
[emphasis in original] created by the incomplete observation of a
quantum (entangled) system with a macroscopic number of degrees
of freedom.
and
... randomness is not an essential cornerstone of quantum
measurement but rather an illusion created by it.
So Mermin was on the right track, but he didn’t get it quite right: not only is the
moon is not really there when nobody looks, but it isn't really there even when
you do look! "Physical reality" is not "real", but information-theoretical reality is.
We are not physical entities, but informational ones. We are made of, to quote
Mermin, "correlations without correlata." We are not made of atoms, we are made
of (quantum) bits.
At the risk of stretching a metaphor beyond its breaking point,
what we usually call reality is “really” a very high quality simulation running on a
quantum computer.
This is a very counterintuitive view of the world, but the mathematics of Quantum
Mechanics tell us unambiguously that it is correct, just as the mathematics of
relativity tell us that there is no absolute time and space. Entanglement, far from
being an obscure curiosity of QM, is in fact at its very heart. Entanglement is the
reason that measurement is possible, and thus the reason that the Universe is
comprehensible.
Enlightening as this new insight may be, it does leave us with the vexing question:
if what we perceive as reality is only an illusion, what is the "substrate" for this
illusion? To quote Joe Provenzano: If reality is an illusion, who (or what) is being
illused? If reality is a magic trick, who is the audience?
The best I can offer as an answer to that question is a Zen koan from Douglas
Hofstadter:
Two monks were arguing about a flag. One said, "The flag is
moving." The other said, "The wind is moving." The sixth
patriarch, Zeno, happened to be passing by. He told them, "Not the
wind, not the flag. Mind is moving."