Tectonic Summary
The October 30, 2020, M 7.0 earthquake offshore Samos Island, Greece, occurred as the result of normal faulting at a shallow crustal depth within the Eurasia tectonic plate in the eastern Aegean Sea. The focal mechanism solution indicates that the earthquake occurred on a moderately dipping normal fault striking either eastward or westward. This mechanism indicates north-south oriented extension that is common in the Aegean Sea. Tectonics in the region surrounding this earthquake are relatively complex; to the south, Africa (Nubia) lithosphere subducts northward beneath the Eurasia plate at the Hellenic Trench; to the east, the Anatolian microplate (part of Eurasia) moves in a general westward direction, driving right-lateral faulting along its northern boundary, the North Anatolian Fault, and left-lateral faulting in southeast Turkey. The Aegean Sea region, western Turkey, and southern Greece where the October 30 earthquake occurred overall experiences north-south extension that is driven by southward migration of the Hellenic Trench.
In western Turkey and the Aegean Sea region, historic earthquakes demonstrate a mixture of transtensional and extensional faulting focal mechanism solutions. The October 30, 2020 earthquake produced nearly pure normal faulting, and is broadly consistent with past earthquakes in the region. The location of the October 30, 2020 event is about 250 km north of the closest main plate boundary, where the Africa plate moves to the north at a rate of approximately 10 mm/yr with respect to Eurasia; this earthquake is thus considered an intraplate event.
While commonly plotted as points on maps, earthquakes of this size are more appropriately described as slip over a larger fault area. M7 normal faulting events typically have a fault area of 50 x 20 km.
The Aegean Sea frequently experiences moderate to large earthquakes, and the region within 250 km of the October 30, 2020 earthquake has hosted 29 other M 6+ events over the preceding 100 years. The largest instrumentally documented earthquake in the region was a M 7.7 earthquake in July 1956 between the islands of Naxos and Santorini (Thera), and southwest of the October 30, 2020 earthquake. The 1956 earthquake was the largest earthquake of the 20th century in Greece. As a result of this 1956 event, a M 7.2 aftershock occurred 13 minutes later with an accompanying large tsunami, 53 fatalities, 100 injuries, and extensive damage in Amorgos and nearby Santorini. More recently, on June 20 2017 a M 6.6 earthquake occurred southeast of the October 30, 2020 event near Bodrum, Turkey, and resulted in 2 fatalities and hundreds of injuries reported in Greece and Turkey.