How Google & Facebook Censor Content & Demonetize Independent Media

:zzz::rolleyes:
Facebook has suspended the accounts of five Americans, including a prominent social media researcher, for allegedly running a Russian-style political disinformation campaign during the 2017 special Senate election in Alabama.

Billionaire LinkedIn cofounder Reid Hoffman funded the project, which cost an estimated $100,000, The New York Times previously reported.

Over the weekend, social media researcher Jonathon Morgan told The Washington Post that his Facebook account had been suspended. The company declined to identify the four other accounts it closed.

“We take a strong stand against people or organizations that create networks of accounts to mislead others about who they are or what they’re doing,” Facebook said in a statement to reporters. “We’ve removed thousands of Pages, Groups and accounts for this kind of behavior, as well as accounts that were violating our policies on spam and coordinated inauthentic behavior during the Alabama special election last year.”

In earlier articles published by the Times and Post, Morgan said he had participated in the project, which set up a fake Facebook page designed to appeal to conservative Alabama voters. Once the page had gathered an audience, it criticized Republican candidate Roy Moore, and urged followers to vote for a write-in candidate.

Morgan has sought to downplay any real-world impact the project had on the election, whose outcome was decided by roughly 22,000 votes and resulted a Democrat, Doug Jones, taking what had been a long-time Republican-held seat.

“My involvement in the project described in the New York Times was as a cyber-security researcher and expert with the intention to better understand and report on the tactics and effects of social media disinformation,” Morgan tweeted. “I did not participate in any campaign to influence the public and any characterization to the contrary misrepresents the research goals, methods and outcome of the project.”

Morgan’s research firm, New Knowledge, had previously been tasked with helping Senate lawmakers understand how Russian agents used Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and other platforms to sow disinformation among American voters.
 
Russia’s communication watchdog said on Monday it was opening administrative proceedings against Twitter (TWTR.N) and Facebook (FB.O) for failing to explain how they plan to comply with local data laws, the Interfax news agency reported.

January 21, 2019 - Russia opens Civil Cases against Facebook, Twitter: report
Russia opens civil cases against Facebook, Twitter: report | Reuters


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Facebook and Twitter logos are seen on a shop window in Malaga, Spain, June 4, 2018. REUTERS/Jon Nazca

Roskomnadzor, the watchdog, was quoted as saying that Twitter and Facebook had not explained how and when they would comply with legislation that requires all servers used to store Russians’ personal data to be located in Russia.

The agency’s head, Alexander Zharov, was quoted as saying the companies have a month to provide information or else action would be taken against them.

Russia has introduced tougher internet laws in the last five years, requiring search engines to delete some search results, messaging services to share encryption keys with security services and social networks to store Russian users’ personal data on servers within the country.


At the moment, the only tools Russia has to enforce its data rules are fines that typically only come to a few thousand dollars or blocking the offending online services, which is an option fraught with technical difficulties.

However, sources in November told Reuters that Moscow plans to impose stiffer fines on technology firms that fail to comply with Russian laws.



France's regulatory body dealing with data privacy has fined Google €50 million regarding advertisers’ access to users' personal data, it announced on Monday.

21/01/2019 - France fines Google €50 million using EU's transparency and consent law
France fines Google €50 million using EU's transparency and consent law

The National Commission on Informatics and Liberty (CNIL) said Google LLC received the financial penalty for a "lack of transparency, inadequate information and lack of valid consent regarding advert personalization."

It marks the first time the CNIL has used the EU's strict General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

The authority said Google did not take appropriate measures when asking users for their data.

"The restricted committee observes that the users’ consent is not sufficiently informed," the CNIL wrote in a statement.

It added that "the collected consent is neither 'specific' nor 'unambiguous',” because it was difficult for users to modify preferences on where their data was used, particularly concerning targeted ads.

"The user not only has to click on the button 'More options' to access the configuration, but the display of the ads personalization is moreover pre-ticked," the body wrote.

Two advocacy groups, None Of Your Business (NOYB) and La Quadrature du Net (LQDN), filed group complaints with the CNIL in May 2018. LQDN filed on behalf of 10,000 individuals.

The organizations "reproach GOOGLE for not having a valid legal basis to process the personal data of the users of its services, particularly for ads personalization purposes."

The CNIL launched an investigation "immediately" after these complaints were submitted.

"The amount decided and the publicity of the fine are justified by the severity of the infringements observed regarding the essential principles of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): transparency, information and consent," the regulatory organization said.

"Moreover, the violations are continuous breaches of the Regulation as they are still observed to date. It is not a one-off, time-limited, infringement."

Google said in a statement: "People expect high standards of transparency and control from us. We're deeply committed to meeting those expectations and the consent requirements of the GDPR.

"We're studying the decision to determine our next steps."
 
Israel has launched a cyber hotline, staffed mostly by veterans of military computing units, to enable businesses and private individuals to report suspected hacking and receive real-time solutions.

February 18, 2019 - Israeli cyber-hotline offers help for the hacked

Israeli cyber-hotline offers help for the hacked
Lavy Shtokhamer, director of Israel's Computer Emergency Response Centre (CERT) stands in front of screens displaying a world map and other data as employees work at a cyber hotline facility in Beersheba, southern Israel February 14, 2019.  REUTERS/Amir Cohen
Lavy Shtokhamer, director of Israel's Computer Emergency Response Centre (CERT) stands in front of screens displaying a world map and other data as employees work at a cyber hotline facility in Beersheba, southern Israel February 14, 2019. REUTERS/Amir Cohen

The 119 call-in number to the Computer Emergency Response Centre (CERT) is being billed by Israel and cyber experts as a world first.

“Our job is to mitigate the damage as quickly as possible, to learn about the threats and to spread the knowledge where relevant,” CERT director Lavy Shtokhamer told Reuters at the facility in the southern hi-tech hub city of Beersheba.

“A cyber-attack may not be limited only to property or financial damage. It can also threaten lives.”

In some cases, Shtokhamer said, CERT will dispatch teams of experts to affected computer users at a few hours’ notice.

At the center, 20 responder terminals face a bank of huge screens, one of which shows a world map with cyber-attacks rendered as meteor-like strikes on Israel and the country of origin of computer servers used by the hackers.

When Reuters viewed the facility, these were in the northeastern United States, western Europe and Indonesia - details Shtokhamer played down given hackers’ use of proxy servers to mask their true locations.

He declined to elaborate on this. Ahead of Israel’s April 9 election, its officials have been reticent about the possibility of online influence campaigns of the kind Russia has been accused of waging in the West, or about Chinese cyber-espionage.

Israeli cyber expertise is also widely believed to have been used in sabotage against Iran’s nuclear program and controversial surveillance software made available to foreign clients.

Since its launch three weeks ago, the hotline has received around 100 calls daily, Shtokhamer said.

Most complainants, he said, have been victims of cyber-criminals rather than nation-states, and less than one percent were hoax reports.

Around 15 percent of callers have been so-called “white hackers”, sleuths who find vulnerabilities in corporate or government systems and want them plugged before they can be hit.

CERT also runs a chat room that links up the technology officers of Israel’s major firms for candid but discreet information-sharing about data breaches.

Michael Levi, a Cardiff University criminology professor who has advised EU and U.N. agencies on cyber-security, described the Israeli hotline as unique and said it could catch on elsewhere.

“The keys are good advice and no leaks, and using patterns to build up good threat assessments and rapid responses,” he said. “The earlier you get reports the more you can prevent.”


Facebook says it is 'open to meaningful regulation'
Facebook is "open to meaningful regulation", it said on Monday after British lawmakers said that big technology companies should be subject to a compulsory code of ethics to tackle the spread of fake news and abuse of users' data.
 
RT Chief Editor Margarita Simonyan said earlier that Facebook had blocked a page related to one of the TV channel’s projects dubbed In the Now.

Feb. 18, 2019 - Corporate censorship: Kremlin blasts Facebook’s move to block page related to RT

Corporate censorship: Kremlin blasts Facebook’s move to block page related to RT

The situation concerning Facebook’s move to block a page belonging to one of the RT entities will be resolved, Russian Presidential Spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters.

"It is no secret that unfortunately, unfriendly countries have been using big companies that provide services in the social media area and on other digital platforms in order to put pressure on the Russian media. We have seen it many times," he said. According to Peskov, such actions "lead to a loss of credibility and seriously tarnish the image of these big and rather respected international companies."

While speaking about the recent incident, Peskov said there was no need to rush things. "First, an explanation must be provided. I believe that RT must certainly protect its rights and get an explanation from this company as to what was the reason [for blocking the page]," the Kremlin spokesman pointed out.

"We know that on many occasions, efforts to protect one’s rights resulted in success. I hope this is what will happen this time and RT will succeed in protecting its rights. At least, this is what must be done," he added.

According to the presidential spokesman, the Russian media have recently been facing "unprecedentedly overt and rather blatant" pressure.

RT Chief Editor Margarita Simonyan said earlier that Facebook had blocked a page related to one of the TV channel’s projects dubbed In the Now. The project and several of its affiliates have collected more than 2.5 bln views, RT pointed out, adding that the pages could have been blocked at CNN’s request, which had claimed that they were concealing their links to the Kremlin.


Facebook’s move to block RT accounts is another example of pressure against Russian media, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said on Tuesday after talks with his Slovakian counterpart and OSCE Chairperson-in-Office Miroslav Lajcak.

Feb.19,2019 - Lavrov slams Facebook’s blocking of RT accounts as pressure on Russian media

Lavrov slams Facebook’s blocking of RT accounts as pressure on Russian media

"I think there is no doubt that this is another example of pressure against Russian media and the freedom of speech. This is regrettable," Lavrov said.
 
Some Facebook, Messenger, and Instagram users reported the services were down on Wednesday.
Facebook, messenger, and Instagram down across Europe and US
13/03/2019 - Facebook, messenger, and Instagram down across Europe and US
Facebook, messenger, and Instagram down across Europe and US

In a tweet, Facebook wrote it was aware "some people are currently having trouble accessing the Facebook family of apps" and that it was "working to resolve the issue as soon as possible".

Euronews has reached out to Facebook for comment but did not receive a reply at the time of publication.

[URL='https://twitter.com/facebook']Facebook @facebook
https://twitter.com/facebook/status/1105888649676111877
We’re aware that some people are currently having trouble accessing the Facebook family of apps. We’re working to resolve the issue as soon as possible. 1:49 PM - Mar 13, 2019send
https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/13...agram-down-across-europe-and-us#spotim-widget

According to tracking website Down Detector, the problems hit Facebook users in Europe and the US hardest. The website said it received more than 11,000 reports of issues at 18.00 CET, which included total blackouts, complaints of difficulties with the Facebook newsfeed, and trouble logging in.
808x371_cmsv2_9cc70428-8028-56ca-b1f4-b75587994121-3724070.jpg

Down Detector

One of Facebook's top executives and a close adviser to CEO Mark Zuckerberg is leaving the company, Zuckerberg said on Thursday.

14/03/2019 - One of Mark Zuckerberg's closest advisers is leaving Facebook

One of Mark Zuckerberg's closest advisers is leaving Facebook

Chris Cox has been Facebook's chief product officer since 2014, a job that most recently gave him oversight of all of the company's apps including Facebook and Instagram, and has been at the social networking company for more than a decade.

"For a few years, Chris has been discussing with me his desire to do something else," Zuckerberg said in a memo posted on a company website.

The memo did not say what Cox would do next, and it did not name someone to take on the full range of Cox's responsibilities.

Another Facebook executive, the chief of messaging service WhatsApp, will also leave the company, according to the memo. Chris Daniels became the head of the service less than a year ago in a management shake-up after Jan Koum, one of WhatsApp's co-founders, said he would leave.

Facebook posted Zuckerberg's memo as the stock market was closing for the day. Shares fell 2 percent in after-hours trading.

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The social network’s administration said that the owners of the specified accounts and pages aimed "to mislead others about who they were and what they were doing".

March 26, 2019 - Facebook removes over 2,600 pages "connected to Iran, Russia, Macedonia and Kosovo"

Facebook removes over 2,600 pages "connected to Iran, Russia, Macedonia and Kosovo"

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© AP Photo/Noah Berger

Facebook removed more than 2,600 pages, in particular those allegedly linked to Russia and Iran, according to a statement released by the social media on Tuesday.

"Today we removed 2,632 Pages, Groups and accounts that engaged in coordinated inauthentic behavior on Facebook and Instagram," the statement says. "The operations we found were connected to Iran, Russia, Macedonia and Kosovo."

The social media’s administration said that the owners of the specified accounts and pages aimed "to mislead others about who they were and what they were doing." Some information related to Ukraine was published on pages allegedly linked to Russia, the statement says.

"The individuals behind these activities used fake accounts primarily to operate Groups and Pages posting spam content," the social media’s administration stated, adding that some of the specified people published "content related to Ukrainian news and politics."

The accounts allegedly linked to Iran were targeted at the audience in Egypt, Israel, India, Indonesia, Italy and Kazakhstan, Facebook said. Their owners said they were residents of the specified states and published reports that allegedly broadcast the position of the Iranian state-run media on issues like sanctions against Tehran, conflicts in Syria and Yemen and the Palestinian-Israeli issue.

Facebook repeatedly deleted fake pages which, it said, were operated from Russia and the owners of which allegedly tried to influence political and social processes in other countries, including the US. Facebook stated that its experts registered a campaign targeted at driving a wedge in the American society. Russia refuted these statements.
 
Everything's up for grabs when it comes to the demonization of independent media. No holds barred. Anything that threatens power or the financial income for certain individuals of the power elite.

We have this latest effort by the pro-vaccine crowd - who interestingly enough head for the hills and/or out the nearest exit door when asked to debate issues surrounding vaccines and science. The latest hysteric on this front is Dr Peter Hotez who describes antivaxxers as using 'hate speech', hints at Russian bots, and calls mothers of vaccine injured children 'useful idiots'. To their faces. A rather interesting character who's trying to get Amazon to censor books that don't agree with his stance (or his book). He claims to make no money from his position, but gets millions of dollars worth of funding from the Bill Gates Foundation.

 
Facebook tightens rules on political ads ahead of EU vote
FILE PHOTO: A 3D printed Facebook logo is placed on broken glass above a printed EU flag in this illustration taken January 28, 2019. REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/Illustration/File Photo

Facebook Inc toughened its rules on political advertising in Europe on Friday under pressure from EU regulators to do more to guard against foreign meddling in the bloc's upcoming legislative election. Chastened since Russia used the social media platform to influence polls that swept U.S. President Donald Trump to power, Facebook says it has ploughed resources and staff into safeguarding the ballot across 27 EU nations on May 26.

Facebook removes online network in Philippines over 'inauthentic behavior''A picture illustration shows a Facebook logo reflected in a person's eye, in Zenica, March 13, 2015. REUTERS/Dado Ruvic
Facebook Inc has removed a social media network in the Philippines for "coordinated inauthentic behavior", and took the unusual step of linking it to a businessman who said he had managed the president's online election campaign in 2016.
 
Facebook deletes accounts linked to India's Congress party, Pakistan military
FILE PHOTO: A worker pulls a roll of flags of India's main opposition Congress party kept for drying at a flag manufacturing factory, ahead of the 2019 general elections, in Ahmedabad, India, March 13, 2019. REUTERS/Amit Dave/File Photo

Facebook has deleted 712 accounts and 390 pages in India and Pakistan for "inauthentic behavior",
it said on Monday, many of them linked to India's opposition Congress party days before a general election, and others related to Pakistan's military.

Singapore seeks social media 'corrections' in proposed fake news law
FILE PHOTO: A view of the skyline of Singapore October 16, 2018. REUTERS/Edgar Su/File Photo

Singapore submitted new fake news legislation in parliament on Monday requiring social media to carry warnings on posts it deems false and remove comments against "public interest".
 
I believe we need a more active role for governments and regulators. By updating the rules for the Internet, we can preserve what's best about it - the freedom for people to express themselves and for entrepreneurs to build new things - while also protecting society from broader harms.

Mar 31, 2019 - The Internet needs new rules. Let's start in these four areas: Mark Zuckerberg
The Internet needs new rules. Let's start in these four areas: Mark Zuckerberg
Zuckerberg speaking at the annual F8 summit in San Jose, California in 2018.

Zuckerberg speaking at the annual F8 summit in San Jose, California in 2018.PHOTO: AFP

From what I've learned, I believe we need new regulation in four areas: harmful content, election integrity, privacy and data portability.

Facebook chief executive officer Mark Zuckerberg called for new global regulations governing the Internet on Saturday (March 30), recommending overarching rules on hateful and violent content, election integrity, privacy and data portability.

Mar 31, 2019 - Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg calls for new global Internet regulations

Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg calls for new global Internet regulations

In a statement that was also published as an op-ed in the Washington Post, Zuckerberg said the company is seeking regulations that would set baselines for prohibited content and require companies to build systems for keeping harmful content to a minimum.

"We have a responsibility to keep people safe on our services," he said.

"That means deciding what counts as terrorist propaganda, hate speech and more. We continually review our policies with experts, but at our scale we'll always make mistakes and decisions that people disagree with."

Facebook built a content scanning system that over the years has added rules based on reactions to changes in user behavior or public uproar after an incident such as the New Zealand mass shooting.

When the website's users or computer systems report posts as problematic, they are sent to one of the company's 15,000 content moderators around the world, who are allowed to take content down only if it violates a rule.

Facebook would like common standards for verifying political actors, citing practices deployed by advertisers in many countries of verifying identities before buying political ads.

Zuckerberg also suggested updating laws to include "divisive political issues" in addition to candidates and elections.

The billionaire said it'd be good for the Internet if more countries adopted rules such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation as a common framework.

Privacy regulations "should protect your right to choose how your information is used - while enabling companies to use information for safety purposes and to provide services," he said.

"It shouldn't require data to be stored locally, which would make it more vulnerable to unwarranted access."

There should also be rules guaranteeing portability of data that also protects information when it moves between services, he said.

Facebook promises crackdown on fake news in Australia
FILE PHOTO: Silhouettes of mobile users are seen next to a screen projection of the Facebook logo in this picture illustration taken March 28, 2018.  REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/Illustration/File Photo

Social media giant Facebook Inc said on Friday it would strengthen measures to fight fake news in Australia and briefly block foreigners from buying political advertisements in the lead-up to a national election due in a few weeks.

Tech firms face fines, jail over violent content under new Australian laws
FILE PHOTO - The Facebook logo is displayed on their website in an illustration photo taken in Bordeaux, France, February 1, 2017. REUTERS/Regis Duvignau

Australia will fine social media and web hosting companies up to 10 percent of their annual global turnover and imprison executives for up to three years if violent content is not removed "expeditiously" under a new law.

The 'growth team' charged with getting more users onto Facebook, and spending time there, is now tasked with cleaning it up.

Mar 31, 2019 - How Facebook grew too big to handle

How Facebook grew too big to handle

If you joined Facebook at any time over the past decade, Mr Alex Schultz probably had something to do with it. The 36-year-old from London, a Cambridge physics graduate and self-taught specialist in online marketing, moved to Silicon Valley in 2004. After three years at eBay, he was appointed to Facebook's newly formed "growth team" in 2007.

A nondescript red brick building tucked away beside a pub near a park in central London was revealed on Friday to have been the base of one of the world's most sophisticated spy services - Britain's GCHQ eavesdropping agency.

See us if you can? GCHQ surveillance agency reveals London base
The former headquarters of Intelligence, Cyber and Security Agency GCHQ, is seen in Palmer Street, after the agency revealed the location, following its departure to new undisclosed offices, in London, Britain April 4, 2019. Picture taken April 4, 2019.   REUTERS/Henry Nicholls

GCHQ, which gathers communications from around the world to identify and disrupt threats to Britain, only revealed the Palmer Street address, its London home for 66 years, after moving out.


“As we depart our Palmer Street site after 66 years, we look back on a history full of amazing intelligence, world-leading innovation, and the ingenious people who passed through those secret doors,” GCHQ Director Jeremy Fleming said.

“Then, as now, it’s a history defined by the belief that with the right mix of minds, anything is possible.”

He did not, however, say to where in London the secretive spy agency had moved.

The eavesdropping agency traces its history back to 1919 and is best known for breaking Germany’s Enigma code during World War Two. It works closely with the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) and the MI5 Security Service.

Government Communications Headquarters’ futuristic “doughnut” headquarters is in the English city of Cheltenham but it moved into its London Palmer Street office in 1953.

“The Palmer Street hub has played its part in significant events over the years, such as the 2012 London Olympics,” GCHQ said.

The National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), which is part of GCHQ, opened its new headquarters near Victoria in London in 2017.

GCHQ, which was formed in 1919 under the original name of the Government Code and Cypher School, has other offices in Cornwall, Scarborough, Lincolnshire and Harrogate.

In February, Queen Elizabeth unveiled a plaque with a secret message when she toured GCHQ’s original top-secret London home until 1921 - Watergate House in Charing Cross - before it moved to Queen’s Gate in Kensington and then to Bletchley Park, north of the capital.

GCHQ has a close relationship with the U.S. National Security Agency as well as with the eavesdropping agencies of Australia, Canada and New Zealand in a consortium called “Five Eyes”.

Slideshow (5 Images)

See us if you can? GCHQ surveillance agency reveals London base
 
I think this can also enter in this thread, a few days ago informationclearinghouse.info was blocked.

https://www.facebook.com/pepe.escobar.77377 said:
VERY IMPORTANT MESSAGE FROM TOM AT ICH:
URGENT NOTE

Good Morning,
At 6am Pacific Standard Time this morning I went to our website at http://www.informationclearinghouse.info and found a notice which states "This Account Has Been Suspended." ----today, it just appears with the 404 Not Found nginx/1.10.3

I have since, sent numerous emails to the company who hosts the website and made phone calls to related parties and 4 hours later I still don't know why it has been suspended or by whom.


As long time ICH readers are aware, this is not the first time that we have encountered these problems and yes, it normally occurs when we are raising funds during our monthly appeal.

I want to reassure our readers and supporters that nothing will keep me from providing valid information, which other news sources refuse to publish. At worst, It will take me 2 or 3 days to find another website hosting company, who can provide a secure place for our service to better inform our readers.

We could use some help from someone tech savvy, who could assist us in migrating our website and help us with improving security and preventing DNS and other attacks. Please email me at ichnewseditor@outlook.com if you can help in this regard.

You can help us restore and continue service by clicking one of the links below.
To send using your credit/debit card click here.
https://informationclearinghouse.webconnex.com/donate.htm
To send $ via PayPal
https://www.paypal.com/donate/…
I will continue to keep you updated as we progress.
Thank you for your time and your support.
Peace and Joy
Tom Feeley
 
I think this can also enter in this thread, a few days ago informationclearinghouse.info was blocked.

I suspect, there will be more of this activity? This is on their site now ...

Please forgive the interruption in service. It has been necessary to relocate our website to a more secure hosting provider.
The migration may take a couple of days and I ask for your patience as we strive to restore service.
 
Twitter launched on Wednesday an emoji for the European Parliament elections in May, seeking to provide a visual link to channel conversations around a vote set to affect the European Union in the coming years.

April 10, 2019 - Twitter launches emoji for EU election in May
FILE PHOTO: The Twitter application is seen on a phone screen August 3, 2017.   REUTERS/Thomas White

Together with Facebook and Google, Twitter has come under pressure to do more to combat disinformation about the elections.

All three companies have pledged to the European Commission to crack down on fake news to avoid heavy-handed legislation.

The emoji features a ballot box and a ballot paper in EU navy blue, with a tick mark on the ballot paper in EU yellow, all surrounded by the iconic ring of stars, which is triggered when the hashtags #EUElections2019 and #EP2019 are used.

“This emoji will encourage more voters to easily connect with the conversation, find out what’s happening and participate in the democratic process,” Karen White, Twitter’s public policy director, said in a statement.

The European Commission is keen to address the threat of fake news and foreign interference during campaigning for the parliament elections, as well as for national elections in Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Poland and Portugal.
 
Facebook more than doubled the money it spent on chief executive officer Mark Zuckerberg's security in 2018 to US$22.6 million (S$31 million), a regulatory filing showed on Friday (April 12).

April 13, 2019 - Facebook spends $31 million to keep Mark Zuckerberg safe

Facebook spends $31 million to keep Mark Zuckerberg safe

Zuckerberg has drawn a base salary of US$1 for the past three years, and his "other" compensation was listed at US$22.6 million, most of which was for his personal security.

Nearly US$20 million went towards security for Zuckerberg and his family, up from about US$9 million the year prior. Zuckerberg also received US$2.6 million for personal use of private jets, which the company said was part of his overall security programme.

Facebook has in the past few years faced public outcry over its role in Russia's alleged influence on the 2016 US presidential election and has come under fire following revelations that Cambridge Analytica obtained personal data from millions of Facebook profiles without consent.

Chief operating officer Sheryl Sandberg took home US$23.7 million in 2018 compared to US$25.2 million the year before.

Separately, Facebook said Netflix chief executive officer Reed Hastings would vacate his seat on the social media company's board and not be nominated for re-election.

Hastings' departure comes as the Menlo Park-based company beefs up its push into videos. Hastings has served on Facebook's board since 2011.

The company also said it would nominate PayPal's senior vice-president of core markets, Peggy Alford, to its board in place of University of North Carolina president emeritus Erskine Bowles, who will also not be renominated.
 
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