Schizophrenia

[MMS]

When I first had a hallucinatory, abduction experience, at 17, I didn't talk about it. I didn't think about it but I didn't of course forget it.
I simply didn't have any place in my world view to put it.
I didn't want anyone to think I was crazy, but privately I thought, f, I'm schizo.
For me it was a time of incredible emotional upheaval and wild sometimes transformative intensity. With major depression, the separation was formative not immiadiate, happening painfully over a number of years.
The answer, of course, is to develop nous, something I've never heard of.
That I have the power to love, that I have the responsibility, faith, to protect myself.
And it is within this Christian faith, in the heart, that I see, not here, a type of schizophrenia that is like a fanatical scar tissue covering up, but not truly healing in response to waking up to the terror of the situation. Still, with all the rampant drug use and manufactured terror it's understandable.
But it isn't just in the fundies.
Lefty ideology hides it's hysteria in a divisive attempt to seek comfort in ideologic security. There's no healing from that.
But in all this there is the social fabric that does provide healing.
Families, children, laughter, security that is transformative whether unconscious and for me more and more learning and being conscious of.

Thank you for sharing your experience. Seems like you’ve gone through a scary and confusing ordeal at a very young age. I’ve been through abductions myself and as crazy as they make you feel, still feels very different from schizophrenia. I too have learned that there are so many beautiful things in this world to direct your attention to instead of dwelling on the circumstances imposed on us.

 

[Nathancat7]

That's such a beautiful thing to say because, well I feel like I have an opportunity to focus on that when I feel overwhelmed.
This rather than focus on egoistic aims and motivations in worldly and materialistic self endrandisement.
Piano, betrayal, hurt--That's going to happen in life.
It can be a moment of separation which I'm describing as a schizophrenic state, or it can be a moment personal growth and sharing of the soul, that which is pure and unwounded.
Ang knowing this leads me to the development of unity, effort and will.

 

[neonix]

Polish psychiatrist Antoni Kepinski (Antoni Kępiński) popularised theory of information metabolism. I believe that he noticed that people with mental illness has disrupted exchange of energy/information with outside world.

People with mental illness are often isolated from society, and those people cannot grow mentally and spiritually becouse they don't feed their soul and psyche with correct informations.

In modern times people who drink informations from poisened well are becoming mentally ill.


The so called targeted individuals suffers many mental illness becouse the goal is to isolate them and pacyfy their efforts. They cannot grow and they get stuck. The first step to get out from this is to realise that this is planned strategy and start to see what blocks us from interacting with outside world.

Information Metabolism (Kepinski)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=sznt3hHACsY

Information Metabolism: Introduction to Socionics #3
www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7SdL1ChHnI

 

[neonix]

Some people with ADHD (and sometimes with ADD) noticed that they have something called hyperfocus. If they want to solve the problem or read book that is essential for their development, they can focus their attention and solve the problem in more effective way than others.

From Wikipedia Hyperfocus article:

Psychiatrically, it is considered to be a trait of ADHD together with inattention, and it has been proposed as a trait of other conditions, such as schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

But there is a price for this superpower. There are many illness that are related with targeted individual phenomena. ADHD, autism, schizophrenia, depression, neurisis, eating disorders and many more. They are paying the price for using antenna (hyperfocus).

 

[neonix]

Co-administration of probiotic and vitamin D significantly improves cognitive function in schizophrenic patients: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial​

Co-administration of probiotic and vitamin D significantly improves cognitive function in schizophrenic patients: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial - PubMed

Co-administration of probiotics and vitamin D has beneficial effects on the improvement of cognitive function in schizophrenic patients.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

My comment (neonix): When you have healthy gut, vitamin K is produced in your gut. Vitamin B complex is also important to have healthy nervous system.
[Probiotics and vitamin D can improve cognitive functions in people with schizophrenia]

https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/probiotyki-i-witamina-d-moga-poprawiac-funkcje-poznawcze-u-osob-ze-schizofrenia

Polish and English version

Probiotyki i witamina D mogą poprawiać funkcje poznawcze u osób ze schizofrenią

Stosowanie suplementów z probiotykami i witaminą D może znacznie poprawiać funkcje poznawcze u pacjentów chorujących na schizofrenię – wskazuje badanie opublikowane na łamach czasopisma „Neuropsychopharmacology Reports”.

Autorzy pracy – naukowcy z Iranu – przypominają, że wcześniejsze badania sugerowały pozytywny wpływ probiotyków z witaminą D na zdrowie psychiczne. Może to wynikać z faktu, iż probiotyki przyczyniają się do wzrostu poziomu witaminy D w organizmie oraz liczebności jej receptorów w komórkach. Witamina D z kolei może korzystnie wpływać na zdrowie psychiczne, gdyż zwiększa biodostępność dopaminy w mózgu.

Zespół badaczy z University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences w Tehranie postanowił sprawdzić wpływ suplementu z probiotykami i witaminą D na sprawność poznawczą osób chorych na schizofrenię. W tym celu 70 dorosłych (18-65 lat) pacjentów z tym schorzeniem losowo przydzielono bądź do grupy zażywającej probiotyk z witaminą D (400 jednostek międzynarodowych), bądź do grupy otrzymującej placebo. Badanie trwało 12 tygodni.

W tym czasie przy pomocy standardowych testów oceniano u nich nasilenie objawów chorobowych (Skala Objawów Pozytywnych i Negatywnych PANSS) oraz zdolności poznawcze, czyli sprawność intelektualną (Montrealski Test do Oceny Funkcji Poznawczych - MoCA).

Badanie ukończyło 69 pacjentów. Wyniki w testach poznawczych wzrosły w grupie stosującej probiotyki z witaminą D średnio o blisko 2 jednostki (1,96), w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną stosującą placebo. Również odsetek osób, które uzyskały 26 i więcej punktów w teście MoCa (co wskazuje na prawidłowe zdolności poznawcze), wzrósł znacznie w grupie stosującej suplement.

Nie odnotowano różnic między grupami, jeśli chodzi o nasilenie objawów choroby. Zmniejszyły się natomiast: poziom białka C-reaktywnego, które jest wskaźnikiem procesów zapalnych, poziom całkowitego cholesterolu oraz poziom glukozy na czczo.

Zdaniem autorów pracy wyniki te wskazują, że podawanie probiotyków łącznie z witaminą D może przyczyniać się do poprawy zdolności poznawczych u osób chorujących na schizofrenię. Badacze spekulują, że dzieje się to m.in. poprzez wpływ na skład mikroflory jelitowej.

Jest to o tyle istotne, że – jak wynika z badań – zażywanie leków przeciwpsychotycznych przez pacjentów ze schizofrenią może powodować zmiany składu mikrobiomu jelitowego, a to z kolei może negatywnie oddziaływać na czynności mózgu. (PAP)

[translated by google translate]

Probiotics and vitamin D can improve cognitive functions in people with schizophrenia

The use of supplements with probiotics and vitamin D can significantly improve cognitive functions in patients suffering from schizophrenia - indicates a study published in the magazine "Neuropsychopharmacology Reports".

The authors of the work - scientists from Iran - remind you that earlier studies suggested a positive impact of probiotics with vitamin D on mental health. This may be due to the fact that probiotics contribute to the increase in the level of vitamin D in the body and the number of its receptors in cells. Vitamin D, in turn, can have a positive effect on mental health, because it increases the bioavailability of dopamine in the brain.

A team of researchers from the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences in Tehran decided to check the impact of a supplement with probiotics and vitamin D on cognitive efficiency of people with schizophrenia. To this end, 70 adults (18-65 years) patients with this disease were randomly assigned either to a group taking a probiotic with vitamin D (400 international units) or to a group receiving placebo. The study lasted 12 weeks.

At that time, with the help of standard tests, they were assessed by the severity of the disease symptoms (the scale of positive and negative symptoms PANSS) and cognitive abilities, i.e. intellectual efficiency (Montreal test to assess cognitive functions - MoCA).

69 patients completed the study. The results in cognitive tests increased in a group using probiotics with vitamin D by an average of nearly 2 units (1.96), compared to the placebo control group. Also, the percentage of people who obtained 26 and more points in the GD test (which indicates the correct cognitive abilities) increased significantly in the group using the supplement.

There were no differences between groups when it comes to the severity of the symptoms of the disease. However, the level of C-reactive protein, which is an indicator of inflammatory processes, the level of total cholesterol and the level of fasting glucose.

According to the authors of the work, these results indicate that the administration of probiotics together with vitamin D may contribute to improving cognitive abilities in people with schizophrenia. Researchers speculate that this happens, among others through the influence on the composition of the intestinal microflora.This is important because - according to research - the use of antipsychotics by patients with schizophrenia can cause changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiome, which in turn may negatively affect brain function. (PAP)

 

[Mari]

Came across this post on X about how schizophrenia and it´s hallucinations feel like. It´s a simulator created by someone who has the condition.

https://twitter.com/x/status/1957137165361844354

This is so weird and creepy, and I remembered what Pierre wrote in his article:

For centuries, if not millennia, and right up until the 19th century, schizophrenia was considered a result of 'demon possession' or 'evil spirits'.35 The only remedy was exorcism. With the advent of modern psychiatry, schizophrenia has been attributed to more material causes such as genetics, biology and experience.

However, during the past few decades, a growing body of scientific literature36,37,38 has been re-exploring the explanation that prevailed for centuries, and serious consideration is being given to the idea that schizophrenia, at least in some cases, is just another word for actual demonic possession:

[schizophrenia] symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations [...] The most common delusion types are as follows: "My feelings and movements are controlled by others in a certain way" and "They put thoughts in my head that are not mine." Hallucinatory experiences are generally voices talking to the patient or among themselves. Hallucinations are a cardinal positive symptom of schizophrenia which deserves careful study in the hope it will give information about the pathophysiology of the disorder. We thought that many so-called hallucinations in schizophrenia are really illusions related to a real environmental stimulus. One approach to this hallucination problem is to consider the possibility of a demonic world. Demons are unseen creatures that are believed to exist in all major religions and have the power to possess humans and control their body. Demonic possession can manifest with a range of bizarre behaviors which could be interpreted as a number of different psychotic disorders with delusions and hallucinations. The hallucination in schizophrenia may therefore be an illusion - a false interpretation of a real sensory image formed by demons.39​

The boundary between schizophrenia and possession is so thin that some top psychiatrists now work hand in hand with exorcists40
...

All that being said, I just want to be clear that I think that being schizophrenic doesn´t immediately mean that the person is possessed - only that there is a thin line between the conditions, and I can now understand much better why people with schizophrenia would think that they are possessed.

 

[Theodor]

Schizophrenia – Is it all "just" a matter of diet?​

Hello everyone,

As part of my work and research on autism, I would also like to share some information about schizophrenia. I used the AI Copilot or Gemini to research and summarize the information.

I will first briefly discuss the "connection" between schizophrenia and autism before moving on to the main section, based on the contents of the book "Gut and Psychology Syndrome: Natural Treatment for Autism, Dyspraxia, A.D.D., Dyslexia, A.D.H.D., Depression, Schizophrenia, 2nd Edition" (Amazon-Link) by Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride to discusses the possible physiological and pathological causes and possible treatments. This section is also brief and intended to provide a quick overview for what you might want to explore in more detail.
Finally, I'll briefly discuss the physiological and pathological causes of depression and medications that cause it, as depression is considered the early symptom in the course of schizophrenia in the vast majority of cases.

Perhaps this post will be helpful. Feel free to comment here, share your experiences, or provide links to further studies or existing forum posts on this topic.

Schizophrenia and Autism​

"Autism and schizophrenia have only been considered separate disorders since the 1980s. Historically, autism was viewed as the childhood variant of schizophrenia."
"The children and siblings of patients with schizophrenia have an increased risk of developing an autism spectrum disorder. This is shown by three case-control studies in the Archives of General Psychiatry. There may also be a connection to bipolar disorder." (Link to the entire article and Link to the study)

Diagnostic Overlaps​

According to Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride, schizophrenia is the label psychiatrists tend to put all patients who are difficult to classify.
There is considerable overlap between depression, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dyslexia, and schizophrenia. It is not uncommon for a patient to be initially diagnosed with bipolar disorder, only to later be classified as schizophrenic.
Depression is often the only symptom a patient experiences before other symptoms of schizophrenia become apparent.

Family Disposition​

Family members of a patient with schizophrenia often suffer from dyslexia, dyspraxia, depression, bipolar disorder, autism, ADHD, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride further notes from her experience that, just as with childhood learning disabilities, psychiatric patients don't fit neatly into the "diagnostic schema."
Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride asks directly: "Is this because we are failing to recognize an underlying problem that may be causing all these different clinical pictures in different people?"

Conventional Medical Treatment​

The only treatment modern psychiatry can offer patients with schizophrenia is antipsychotic medication. The use of these medications is often trial and error, with serious side effects.

Vitamin and mineral deficiencies​

Research confirms that deficiencies in vitamins such as nicotinic acid (vitamin B3), B6, B12, B1, folic acid, and vitamin C, as well as minerals such as magnesium, zinc, and manganese, are regularly found in patients with schizophrenia.

Treatment with supplements of B3, B12, folic acid, and vitamin C​

The late Canadian physician Abram Hoffer successfully treated thousands of patients with schizophrenia with supplements of B3, B12, folic acid, and vitamin C.
Carl Pfeiffer, an American physician, studied more than 20,000 cases and demonstrated that treating patients with nutritional supplements and diet can be far more effective than taking strong medications.

Connection with the digestive system​

Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride, based on her many years of practical experience, states: "We already know that the answer lies solely in the digestive system."
The French psychiatrist Philippe Pinel wrote almost 200 years ago that the primary seat of mental illness is usually found in the region of the stomach and the small and large intestines.
The US professor Dr. Curtis Dohan spent many years researching the connection between digestive disorders and mental health in patients with schizophrenia. He found that symptoms of schizophrenia could be significantly alleviated by eliminating grains from the diet.

Ireland – Highest Prevalence of Celiac Disease and Schizophrenia​

Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride cites Ireland as an example, where wheat products were not on the menu until the Great Famine of 1845. Prior to that, no cases of schizophrenia or celiac disease had been reported in Ireland. Since the introduction of wheat as a staple food, Ireland has had the highest prevalence of celiac disease and schizophrenia in the world.

Opiates in the Urine of Patients with Schizophrenia​

In the late 1970s, it was discovered that gluten from cereal grains and casein from milk can be converted into opiates in the digestive system. These opiates cross the blood-brain barrier and affect the brain. They have been detected in the urine of patients with schizophrenia, depression, and autoimmune diseases.

Connection to Autism​

Later, Dr. Reichelt in Norway and Dr. Shattock in Great Britain found the same compounds in the urine of autistic children. It was shown that schizophrenia and autism present with similar symptoms. Both patient groups are unable to digest gluten and casein.

Disturbed Gut Flora and Medical History​

The mothers of these patients almost invariably have a disturbed gut flora. A high percentage of patients with schizophrenia were not breastfed, which further compromises their gut flora and immune system.
Physical symptoms such as digestive problems, allergies, eczema, asthma, malnutrition, hyperactivity, dyspraxia, dyslexia, fatigue, irritability, and sleep disturbances appear as early as childhood. These symptoms indicate a disturbed gut flora with nutrient deficiencies and toxicity. According to Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride's experience, schizophrenia does not arise out of nowhere, but rather has its origin in GAP syndrome.

Pellagra​

Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride points out that there is a certain group of patients with schizophrenia who may not be schizophrenic but suffer from pellagra.
Pellagra is a disease caused by a deficiency of nicotinic acid (vitamin B3). The symptoms are similar to those of schizophrenia: delusions, hallucinations, confusion, depression, irritability, and physical complaints such as dermatitis and chronic diarrhea.
In the past, pellagra occurred primarily in poorer populations who ate a diet primarily consisting of corn.
The Canadian psychiatrist Dr. Abram Hoffer was able to cure many patients simply by administering high doses of nicotinic acid (2–4 g/day) and later supplemented with vitamin C and other nutrients.

Studies on the connection between schizophrenia and the gut microbiome​

Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with Schizophrenia (2024) Shows dysbiosis in schizophrenia patients with a decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria and an increase in pro-inflammatory microbes. Link Frontiers in Psychiatry

The Gut Microbiome and Schizophrenia: The Current State of the Field (2020) Overview of the current state of research on the gut-brain axis in schizophrenia. Link Frontiers in Psychiatry

Integrated Analysis of Gut Microbiome, Inflammation, and Neuroimaging (2024) Links gut microbiome changes to inflammatory markers and brain structural changes in schizophrenia. Link1 or Link2

Meta-analysis on the efficacy of probiotics in schizophrenia (2024) Demonstrates significant improvement in PANSS scores with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Link Springer – European Archives of Psychiatry

Brief profiles of the people mentioned in the book Gut and Psychology Syndrome by Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride in the chapter on Schizophrenia​

Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride
Born: 1961 (Russia) / Education: Bashkiria Medical University (Neurology), later specializing in nutrition
Books: Gut and Psychology Syndrome (2004) – Amazon link, Gut and Physiology Syndrome (2020), Vegetarianism Explained (2017), Put Your Heart in Your Mouth (2016)
Official website (HOME | GAPS )

Dr. Abram Hoffer
Born: November 11, 1917 / Died: May 27, 2009 (Victoria, Canada) / Education: PhD in Biochemistry (University of Minnesota), MD (University of Toronto)
Books: Orthomolecular Medicine for Physicians / Healing Schizophrenia: Complementary Vitamin & Drug Treatments / Niacin: The Real Story (with Andrew W. Saul) / Adventures in Psychiatry
Biography: Wikipedia entry (Abram Hoffer - Wikipedia )
Collection of his works: Orthomolecular.org (https://www.orthomolecular.org/history/hoffer/index.shtml )

Dr. Carl Curt Pfeiffer
Born: March 19, 1908 / Died: November 18, 1988 (Princeton, USA) / Education: PhD in Pharmacology (University of Wisconsin), MD (University of Chicago)
Books: Nutrition and Mental Illness: An Orthomolecular Approach to Balancing Body Chemistry (1988) / Mental and Elemental Nutrients (1976) / The Healing Nutrients Within / Twenty-Nine Medical Causes of Schizophrenia
Biography: Wikipedia entry (Carl Pfeiffer (pharmacologist) - Wikipedia )
Archive of his works: DoctorYourself.com: Andrew Saul's Natural Health Website

Commonly used medications for schizophrenia and their possible side effects​

• Risperidone - Atypical antipsychotic - Weight gain, sedation, elevated prolactin. Increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
• Olanzapine - Atypical antipsychotic - Severe weight gain, drowsiness, metabolic disorders. Metabolic syndrome, elevated lipid levels.
• Clozapine - Atypical antipsychotic - Agranulocytosis (life-threatening deficiency of white blood cells), seizures. Regular blood count monitoring required.
• Haloperidol - Typical antipsychotic - Extrapyramidal symptoms (tremors, muscle stiffness), sedation. Tardive dyskinesia (irreversible movement disorders).
• Quetiapine - Atypical antipsychotic - Sedation, weight gain, dizziness. Increased risk of falls.
• Aripiprazole - Atypical antipsychotic - Insomnia, restlessness, headache. Impulse control disorders may occur.

Physical illnesses that can trigger depression​

Not every depressive mood is purely psychological. There are a number of physical illnesses that either trigger genuine depression or whose symptoms are deceptively similar.

Hormonal Disorders​

Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid): Fatigue, listlessness, weight gain, depressed mood
Cushing's Syndrome: Too much cortisol can cause anxiety, irritability, and depression
Diabetes Mellitus: Blood sugar fluctuations affect mood and energy

Neurological Disorders​

Parkinson's Disease: Depression is often an early symptom
Multiple Sclerosis: Inflammation in the CNS can trigger depressive symptoms
Epilepsy: Temporal lobe epilepsy, in particular, can be associated with depressive episodes
Dementia: Early stages can be confused with depressive symptoms

Infections and Inflammations​

Mononucleosis (Infectious Mononucleosis): Can cause weeks of exhaustion and depressed mood
HIV/AIDS: Direct effect on the CNS and psychosocial stress
Post-COVID Syndrome: Many affected individuals report depressive symptoms

Metabolic and Autoimmune Diseases​

Anemia (Anemia): Fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and depression
Lupus erythematosus: Autoimmune processes can affect the brain
Liver or kidney failure: Toxins in the blood affect the brain

What else should you consider when experiencing depression?​

If depressive symptoms persist for weeks or months, it's unclear why and how they arose, and networking in a forum, relaxation exercises, meditation, and self-improvement work don't bring about any change, then you should:

Run out physical causes​

A thorough examination with laboratory tests (e.g., thyroid, blood count, vitamin D, B12) can help identify physical triggers. A deficiency or malfunction – such as that of the thyroid – can directly impact mood and cause depressive symptoms.

Check for neurological disorders​

If concentration, memory, or behavior change, there may be a neurological cause behind it – e.g., early dementia, Parkinson's disease, or other brain dysfunctions that initially manifest as depression.

Take sleep disorders seriously​

Chronic sleep deprivation or non-restorative sleep (e.g., due to sleep apnea) can massively reduce mental resilience. People who consistently sleep poorly are more susceptible to depression, irritability, and exhaustion.

Have your medications checked​

Some medications negatively affect mood – such as beta-blockers, cortisone, certain painkillers, or hormonal medications. A targeted medication history can clarify whether depression might be a side effect.

Consider hormonal changes – especially during sensitive phases of life:​

For women:​

Menopause (perimenopause and menopause): Estrogen dominance and the drop in progesterone can promote mood swings, sleep disorders, and depressive moods.
Postpartum period: After birth, an abrupt drop in hormones can lead to postnatal depression.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and PMDD: Cycle-related hormonal fluctuations can regularly trigger depressive symptoms.

Perhaps you know of contact points and platforms such as www.femna.de , which specialize in holistic women's health – particularly in the areas of hormone balance, menstrual problems, menopause, and intestinal health – and would like to share alternative platforms or your experiences.
According to its website, femna.de offers, among other things, for the German-speaking market:

• Laboratory tests for home use: e.g. E.g., hormone status, cortisol profile, intestinal flora – without a doctor's visit
• Individual consultation: Online consultations with health advisors to evaluate test results and create a personalized treatment plan
• Women-specific micronutrients: Dietary supplements tailored to women's specific needs
• Knowledge transfer & education: Blog articles, information materials, and self-help programs for symptoms such as PMS, hormonal acne, or menopausal issues

For men:​

• Andropause (testosterone deficiency "in old age"): A gradual decline in testosterone levels can lead to listlessness, irritability, and depressive moods.
• Stress-related cortisol dysregulation: Chronic stress can disrupt hormonal balance and worsen depressive symptoms.

Medications that can trigger depression and depressive moods.​

• Antihypertensives: β-blockers, clonidine, α-methyldopa, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers.
• Hormones: Glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisolone), progestins, danazol.
• Pain relievers & anti-rheumatic drugs: Indomethacin, ibuprofen, methysergide, gold salts.
• Antibiotics & antituberculosis drugs: INH, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin.
• Antiepileptics: Phenytoin. Clonazepam, hydantoins
• Psychotropic drugs: barbiturates, neuroleptics (in certain cases), amphetamine withdrawal
• Interferons & immunosuppressants: interferon-α, azathioprine
• Contraceptives (the pill)

Medications that can trigger anxiety​

• Sympathomimetics (e.g., ephedrine, pseudoephedrine)
• Thyroid hormones (in case of overdose)
• Cortisone preparations (especially at high doses)
• Withdrawal from benzodiazepines – the group of medications that act on the central nervous system and are primarily known for their sedative, anxiolytic, muscle-relaxing, and sleep-inducing effects – can cause severe anxiety.

Medications that can trigger psychosis​

• Corticosteroids: can trigger manic or psychotic episodes
• Parkinson's medications: e.g., L-dopa, amantadine
• Antibiotics: e.g., ciprofloxacin, metronidazole
• Interferon therapy: e.g., for hepatitis or MS
• Anticholinergics: can cause delirious states
• Withdrawal from psychotropic drugs: e.g., B. abrupt discontinuation of neuroleptics or benzodiazepines