1520-1630 – Comets, Cassiopeia Supernova and build up to mini-Ice age – a century of portents, plague and earth changes

Michael B-C

The Living Force
FOTCM Member
“The bay-trees in our country are all withered,
And meteors fright the fixèd stars of heaven.
The pale-faced moon looks bloody on the earth,
And lean-looked prophets whisper fearful change.
Rich men look sad, and ruffians dance and leap;
The one in fear to lose what they enjoy,
The other to enjoy by rage and war.
These signs forerun the death or fall of kings.”
(Richard II, Act 2, Scene 4, 'Shake-speare')


Whilst researching the rise and subsequent disappearance of what I hypothesize was the most recent previous example to that of Gurdjieff and Laura of a 4th Way movement – namely the ‘Shake-speare’ project – I have become ever more acutely aware of the similarities in cosmic context to our time. Though it is likely that our transition into a new reality is going to be on a larger and even more seismic basis, the 100 years that surrounded the period of this ‘projects’ endeavors were extraordinary days of turmoil in the natural order of things and because we have a great deal more information on them than say the dark ages or medieval period disruptions, there is much I think we can learn by seeing what went on and how it impacts human life on earth.

Comets, supernova, strange natural phenomena, meteors, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, pestilence, plague – you name it happened. All as a precursor to what has become known as the mini-ice age that commenced around 1600 and went on until the 19th century. It was also a time of unprecedented political, religious, economic and social revolution with a backdrop of human malevolence, conspiracy, near constant warfare, and mass death culminating in the too oft forgotten 30 years war of 1618-1648 that many historians have described as being in reality the true first world war (in that it involved all the major players of the European old world) with over 8million fatalities.

For context, here’s a reconstructed temperature charts for the last 1000 years, several sources combined (most recent in red) with contemporary measurements (ignore the oft debunked hockey stick data running up to today).

Temperature Comparison

1000_Year_Temperature_Comparison.png


All around the globe, different data reveals a steady decline beginning somewhere in the mid to late 15th century that deepened throughout the mid 16th century and continued well into the 17th before a slow rise to the 20th century’s period of so called ‘global warming’ (i.e. a return to levels seen previously in the Medieval Warm Period).

These significant temperature anomalies are correspondent to a build up to what has become known as The Maunder Minimum (or the “prolonged sunspot minimum”) between 1645 and 1715, a 70 year period during which sunspots became exceedingly rare, as noted by contemporary solar observers.

Taking a look at the mainstream view (which does everything it can to down grade the significance of this event), we read:

Little Ice Age

Untitled12.jpg
Comparison of group sunspot numbers (top), Central England Temperature (CET) observations (middle) and reconstructions and modelling of Northern Hemisphere Temperatures (NHT). The CET in red are summer averages (for June, July and August) and in blue winter averages (for December of previous year, January and February). NHT in grey is the distribution from basket of paleoclimate reconstructions (darker grey showing higher probability values) and in red are from model simulations that account for solar and volcanic variations. By way of comparison, on the same scales the anomaly for modern data (after 31 December 1999) for summer CET is +0.65oC, for winter CET is +1.34oC, and for NHT is +1.08oC. Sunspot data are as in supplementary data to and Central England Temperature data are as published by the UK Met Office The NHT data are described in box TS.5, Figure 1 of the IPCC AR5 report of Working Group 1.​

The Maunder Minimum roughly coincided with the middle part of the Little Ice Age, during which Europe and North America experienced colder than average temperatures. Whether there is a causal relationship, however, is still under evaluation.

The current best hypothesis for the cause of the Little Ice Age is that it was the result of volcanic action. The onset of the Little Ice Age also occurred well before the beginning of the Maunder Minimum, and northern-hemisphere temperatures during the Maunder Minimum were not significantly different from the previous 80 years, suggesting a decline in solar activity was not the main causal driver of the Little Ice Age.

The correlation between low sunspot activity and cold winters in England has recently been analyzed using the longest existing surface temperature record, the Central England Temperature record. They emphasize that this is a regional and seasonal effect relating to European winters, and not a global effect. A potential explanation of this has been offered by observations by NASA's Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment, which suggest that solar UV output is more variable over the course of the solar cycle than scientists had previously thought. In 2011, an article was published in the Nature Geoscience journal that uses a climate model with stratospheric layers and the SORCE data to tie low solar activity to jet stream behavior and mild winters in some places (southern Europe and Canada/Greenland) and colder winters in others (northern Europe and the United States). In Europe, examples of very cold winters are 1683–84, 1694–95, and the winter of 1708–09.

The term "Little Ice Age" applied to the Maunder Minimum is something of a misnomer, as it implies a period of unremitting cold (and on a global scale), which was not the case. For example, the coldest winter in the Central England Temperature record is 1683–1684, but summers during the Maunder Minimum were not significantly different from those seen in subsequent years. The drop in global average temperatures in paleoclimate reconstructions at the start of the Little Ice Age was between about 1560 and 1600, whereas the Maunder Minimum began almost 50 years later.

Other observations


Carbon14_with_activity_labels.svg.png

Solar activity events recorded in radiocarbon.

Solar_Activity_Proxies.png
Graph showing proxies of solar activity, including changes in sunspot number and cosmogenic isotope production.​

Past solar activity may be recorded by various proxies, including carbon-14 and beryllium-10. These indicate lower solar activity during the Maunder Minimum. The scale of changes resulting in the production of carbon-14 in one cycle is small (about one percent of medium abundance) and can be taken into account when radiocarbon dating is used to determine the age of archaeological artifacts. The interpretation of the beryllium-10 and carbon-14 cosmogenic isotope abundance records stored in terrestrial reservoirs such as ice sheets and tree rings has been greatly aided by reconstructions of solar and heliospheric magnetic fields based on historic data on Geomagnetic storm activity, which bridge the time gap between the end of the usable cosmogenic isotope data and the start of modern spacecraft data.

Other historical sunspot minima have been detected either directly or by the analysis of the cosmogenic isotopes; these include the Spörer Minimum (1450–1540), and less markedly the Dalton Minimum (1790–1820). In a 2012 study, sunspot minima have been detected by analysis of carbon-14 in lake sediments. In total, there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the Sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.

A paper based on an analysis of a Flamsteed drawing suggests that the Sun's surface rotation slowed in the deep Maunder minimum (1684).

During the Maunder Minimum aurorae had been observed seemingly normally, with a regular decadal-scale cycle. This is somewhat surprising because the later, and less deep, Dalton sunspot minimum is clearly seen in auroral occurrence frequency, at least at lower geomagnetic latitudes. Because geomagnetic latitude is an important factor in auroral occurrence, (lower-latitude aurorae requiring higher levels of solar-terrestrial activity) it becomes important to allow for population migration and other factors that may have influenced the number of reliable auroral observers at a given magnetic latitude for the earlier dates. Decadal-scale cycles during the Maunder minimum can also be seen in the abundances of the beryllium-10 cosmogenic isotope (which unlike carbon-14 can be studied with annual resolution) but these appear to be in antiphase with any remnant sunspot activity. An explanation in terms of solar cycles in loss of solar magnetic flux was proposed in 2012.

The fundamental papers on the Maunder minimum have been published in Case studies on the Spörer, Maunder and Dalton Minima.


Despite the propaganda (nothing to see here folks!) there was something going on that in particular preceded the arrival full force of the mini-ice age taking place in the second half of the 16th century that may not have had that much to do with the sun cycles at that time – that the fall away of sun spots (suggestive of lower than normal sun activity) may have added to another set of unknown earlier cosmic causal links leading to a dramatic increase in violent earthquakes, volcanoes, tornados, floods, droughts, and other recurring anomalies.

We have significant reports of:

  • Extreme and large scale infection of mass populations – including regular outbreaks of plague.

  • Increasing cometary activity and meteorites.

  • Two significant supernovas including a pivotal event in Cassiopeia!

  • Extreme observations in the sky – including ‘UFO’ type activity – vividly portrayed in such landmark works as ‘The Book of Miracles’.

  • Human genetic mutation on a large enough scale that it became a source of widespread artistic and literary licence.

  • Sexual depravity and huge rise in alcohol consumption.

  • Widespread obsession and paranoia regarding witchcraft and demonology.

  • Communion with ‘angels’, ‘familiars’ and other ‘spirits’.

  • Apocalyptic writings and movements – end of time prophesies abounded, Etc.

All the above and more took place against seismic changes in human behaviour with perpetual war, realignment of state and religious authority, world wide imperial activity (including the decimation of indigenous peoples everywhere) banking, the dramatic rise of the sciences, the emergence of a new wave of esoteric/secret societies, and the true birth of the humanist philosophy and movement.

Something monumental took place regarding and impacting human consciousness – the rise to dominance of the left brain ego wrapped up as the humanist movement - and the ‘Shake-speare’ project was right at the heart of baring witness to it.

The data is fascinating. For example I’ve been stunned to learn of the ‘Social Distancing’ practices that authorities put in place – especially well documented in England – each time the plague ravished the population, especially London. Reading the accounts and research its clear that living and dealing with repeat waves of viral epidemic became inbuilt into the collective consciousness over many decades, with acceptance of terrifying spikes in death rates as the new norm as well as a break down in food supply and increases in inflation coinciding with wage cuts. The authorities struggled to keep order with a range of legislation designed to give some support to the needy whilst extraditing to Australia all those malcontents who could have caused trouble at home! It even reached a place where Elizabeth I decreed the extradition of all ‘blackamoors!’ in an effort to keep order (stranger-danger). Sound familiar?

Here for example is the data on plague spikes in London 1560-1670 showing no less than 7 significant events with deaths between 12-48,000 (total population of London at that time was between 100-150,000).

“Living standards and plague in London, 1560–1665 - Neil Cummins, Morgan Kelly and Cormac Ó Gráda”

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Also for comparison, see the following graph regarding the decimation of the Mexican population between 1500 and 1570 by what came to be known as the Cocoliztli epidemics. It is important to note that the blanket suggestion these new world diseases were a product of interaction with European conquistadors is not supported by the data.

Acuna-Soto_EID-v8n4p360_Fig1.png


Below I have sifted through a number of sources to accumulate the following data that paints a powerful picture that there was a backdrop of mounting change taking place across the entire planet.

I hope this might inspire other forum members to add more data and further comment to fill out this picture.
 

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SIGNS & PORTENTS – 1520-1630


DATESSIGNS OF THE TIMES
1520
Mexico - Smallpox- 5-8 million deaths (40% of population)
Syphilis spreads across Europe in a 30 year epidemic (source unknown)

The name "syphilis" was coined by the Italian physician and poet Girolamo Fracastoro in his pastoral noted poem, written in Latin, titled Syphilis sive morbus gallicus (Latin for "Syphilis or The French Disease") in 1530. The protagonist of the poem is a shepherd named Syphilus (a variant spelling of Sipylus, a character in Ovid's Metamorphoses). Syphilus is presented as the first man to contract the disease, sent by the god Apollo as punishment for the defiance that Syphilus and his followers had shown him. From this character Fracastoro derived a new name for the disease, which he also used in his medical text De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis (1546) ("On Contagion and Contagious Diseases").
1521
Bubonic Plague breaks out in Vienna
1525
Bubonic plague spreads in southern France.
The Navarre witch trials begin (1525-26).
1527
The Ming dynasty government of China greatly reduces the quotas for taking grain, severely diminishing the state's capacity to relieve famines through a previously successful granary system.
1528
Bubonic plague breaks out in England.
The fourth major outbreak of the sweating sickness occurs in England. This time the disease also spreads to northern Europe.
In Henan province, China, during the mid Ming dynasty, a vast drought deprives the region of harvests for the next two years, killing off half the people in some communities, due to starvation and cannibalism.
1529
July 30Continental outbreak of English sweating sickness reaches Lübeck, spreading from there into Schleswig-Holstein in the next few months.
1530
Oct 8A flood engulfs Rome.
Nov 5St. Felix's flood devastates Zeeland (Netherlands): a large part of the Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal is lost leading to decline of the city of Reimerswaal.
1531
Jan 26-28Great Earthquake (+Tsunami), Lisbon, Portugal – 6.9 - 30,000 deaths

FROM BOOK OF MIRACLES
"In the year 1531, on the twenty-sixth and the twenty-eighth of January, bloody and fiery signs were seen at night in the sky in Lisbon in Portugal on the twenty-sixth day and then on the twenty-eighth a great whale was seen in the sky. This was followed by great earthquakes...”
Aug 26Halley's Comet - achieves its perihelion. German humanist and astronomer Petrus Apianus noted that a comet's tail always point away from the sun.
An enormous drought in Henan province, China, coupled with a gigantic swarm of locusts in the summer, forces many in destitute agricultural communities to turn to cannibalism instead of dying by starvation.
A witch-hunt is conducted in the town of Schiltach, Germany.
1531 – a further comet noted
1532
Nov/DecCOMET /1532 R1 - a bright appearance that lasted several weeks.
1533
COMET Apian - bright appearance that lasted several weeks.
Oct"In the year 1533, in October, flying dragons were seen in Bohemia and the Vogtland, as well as in the small area of Ascher [Aš, city in Czech Republic], a crest on their heads, a snout like a pig, and with two wings. This then lasted several days, such that more than four hundred of them flew together each day, both big and small, just as is painted here."
1534
April 5
(Easter Sunday)
Anabaptist Jan Matthys is killed by the Landsknechte, who lay siege to Münster on the day he predicted as The Second Coming of Christ. His follower John of Leiden takes control of the city.
1538
Sept 29 - Oct 6The last significant volcanic eruption in the Phlegraean Fields of Italy creates Monte Nuovo.
The first in a decade-long series of severe famines and epidemics sweep central and south-eastern China during the Ming dynasty, made worse by a decision of 1527 to cut back on the intake of grain quotas for granaries.
In China, a tsunami floods over the seawall in Haiyan County of Zhejiang province, inundating fields with saltwater, ruining many acres of crops. This drives up the price of foodstuffs, and many are forced to live off of tree bark and weeds (as Wang Wenlu stated in his writing of 1545).
Comet of 1538
1539
In Henan province, China, a severe drought with swarms of locusts is made worse, by a major epidemic outbreak of the plague.
Comet of 1539
1540
Europe is hit by a heat wave and drought lasting for about seven months. Rivers such as the Rhine and Seine dry up, and many people die from dysentery and other illnesses, caused by lack of safe drinking water.
1545
In China, a large failure of the harvest in Henan province occurs due to excessive rainfall, which drives up the price of wheat, and forces many to flee their rural counties; those who stay behind are forced to survive by eating leaves, bark, and human flesh.
Mexico - Cocoliztli epidemic 1 - 1545–1548 - Possibly Salmonella enterica played a role but likely source a hemorrhagic fever – 5-15 million dead (80% of population)
The Augsburg Book of Miracles (also known simply as The Book of Miracles), an illustrated manuscript made in Augsburg in Germany in the 16th century, (probably produced between 1545 and 1552). The manuscript consists of 123 surviving folios with 23 inserts. It provides a wide range of images of flaming comets, fire falling from the sky, dancing multiple suns, birth abnormalities, giant hail stones, demons, etc.
1548
May 11Start of the great fire in Brielle, Holland.
1549
The spire of Lincoln Cathedral in England is blown down, leaving St. Olaf's Church, Tallinn, in Estonia as the World's tallest structure.
1550
In Henan province, China, during the Ming Dynasty, a severe frost in the spring destroys the winter wheat crop. Torrential rains in mid summer cause massive flooding of farmland and villages (by some accounts submerged in a metre of water). In the fall, a large tornado demolishes houses and flattens much of the buckwheat in the fields. Famine victims either flee, starve, or resort to cannibalism. This follows a series of natural disasters in Henan in the years 1528, 1531, 1539, and 1545.
The fifth outbreak of sweating sickness occurs in England. John Caius of Shrewsbury writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.
1552
May 17BOOK OF MIRACLES

"In 1552 A.D., on 17 May, such a terrible storm with hail descended on Dordrecht in Holland, so that the people thought the Day of Judgement was coming. And it lasted about half an hour. Several of the stones weighed up to a few pounds and 8 lot. And where they fell, the smell they gave off was terribly bad.”
1554
Jan 5A great fire breaks out in Eindhoven, Netherlands, destroys 75% of the houses
March 23On Good Friday, another siege happened (at Nuremburg) and one broadsheet publisher described mock suns that prognosticated God's will wanted confession of sinful ways
JulyAnother sky apparition followed (at Nuremburg) in July of knights fighting each other with fiery swords, thus warning a coming Day of Judgment.
1556
Jan 23Deadliest earthquake on record - epicentre in Shaanxi province, China - 8.2-8.3.
830,000 dead.
Feb
March 5 (CV)
Great Comet (designated C/1556 D1 in modern nomenclature) was a comet that first appeared in February 1556, and which was observed throughout much of Europe. The comet appears to have been seen in some places before the end of February, but it was not generally observed until the middle of the first week in March. Its apparent diameter was equal to half that of the Moon, and the tail was said to resemble "the flame of a torch agitated by the wind." Cornelius Gemma (the son of Gemma Frisius) said that the head of the comet, when it first appeared, was as large as Jupiter, and that its colour resembled that of Mars.

The Great Comet of 1556 is called the comet of Charles V. When the Emperor first caught sight of it he stood aghast, and exclaimed: "By this dread sign my fates do summon me". Charles had long meditated about retiring from the world he had conquered and crushed. Regarding the comet as a sign of Heaven's command to do so, he hastened towards the peaceful monastery of St. Juste, Placentia.
1557
Following up his hugely successful 1552 publication of Julius Obsequens classical accounts, Conrad Lycosthenes's publishes:

Prodigiorum ac ostentorum chronicon -
Chronicle of Prodigies and Portents
(1557)

An exhaustive anthology of monsters, prodigies and portents from medieval and contemporary accounts.
1558
Comet Hesse-Gemma bright appearance that reached about magnitude -1
1560
Aug 21A total eclipse of the sun is observable in Europe.
Pierre Boaistuau publishes: Histoires prodigieuses (Paris, 1560) - A collection of extraordinary stories of monstrous births, demons, sea-monsters, serpents, creatures half-man and half-animal, precious stones, floods, comets, earthquakes and other natural phenomena.

Before public publication Boaistuau travels to England to personally deliver a special and original version he made for Queen Elizabeth with over 40 hand coloured original plates.
1561
April 14The citizens of Nuremberg see what appears to be an aerial battle, followed by the appearance of a large black triangular object and a large crash (with smoke) outside the city. A news notice (an early form of newspaper) is printed on April 14, describing the event.
Between 1561 and 1670, 3,229 alleged witches are executed in southwestern Germany, most by burning.
1563
1563–1564 - London plague - 20,100+ dead in London (1 in 4)
1566
July-Aug1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel. A series of events on 27–28 July and 7 August 1566 reported in a Flugblatt (an early form of newspaper) as occurred in Basel, where red and black spheres have led an apparent battle in the sky.
1570
Feb 8A magnitude 8.3 earthquake occurs in Concepción, Chile.
Feb 15Venus occults Jupiter; this will next happen in 1818
Nov 16-17The 1570 Ferrara earthquake struck the Italian city of Ferrara on November 16 and 17, 1570. The disaster destroyed half the city After the initial shocks, a sequence of aftershocks continued for four years, with over 2000 in the period from November 1570 to February 1571.
Volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins.
Tree ring data shows Northern European /Scandinavian summer temperatures were below the 1860-2004 AD average from 1570 onwards (to 1750).
1572
Nov 9Supernova SN 1572 is first observed in the constellation Cassiopeia, by Cornelius Gemma. Tycho Brahe, who notes it two days later, will use it to challenge the prevailing view that stars do not change. The supernova remnant remains visible through to 1574.
1573
The Cocoliztli epidemic 2 epidemic in 1576 occurred after a previous 2 year drought stretching from Venezuela to Canada.

At the same time, droughts plagued Central America, with tree-ring data showing that the outbreak occurred in the midst of a mega-drought.
1575
DecEarthquake - Valdivia, Chile - 8.5
The bubonic plague decimates Venice.
1576
Cocoliztli epidemic 3 – Mexico – 2 million dead. Went on to 1580.
1577
Nov 1The Great Comet of 1577
This comet passed to within 16.7 million miles (26.9 million kilometers) of the sun on Oct. 27, but was not sighted until five days later, when it was described in an account from Peru as an exceptionally brilliant object. Contemporary descriptions note that it was seen through the clouds like the moon.

By Nov. 8, it was reported by Japanese observers as a "broom star," appearing "as bright as the moon" with a white tail spanning over 60 degrees (your clenched fist held at arm's length measures 10 degrees).

The famous astronomer Tycho Brahe first saw the comet (Denmark) as a reflection in his garden fish pond on Nov. 13, and likened its brightness to Venus. The comet was still as bright as zero magnitude in December before it finally dropped below the limit of naked-eye visibility on Jan. 26, 1578. (Magnitude is a measure of a celestial object's brightness, with smaller numbers corresponding to brighter objects.)
Nov 12About a terrible and marvellous comet as appeared the Tuesday after St. Martin's Day (1577-11-12) on heaven. (Written by Peter Codicillus of Tulechova).
1578
The last outbreak of sweating sickness occurs in England.
1580
April 6
(Easter)
The Dover Straits earthquake occurs. … many Puritans blamed the emerging theatre scene of the time in London, which was seen as the work of the Devil, as a cause of the quake
1581
July 26A meteorite makes landfall in Thuringia, Holy Roman Empire.
Oct 4 of Julian calendar (Thursday)Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar. In Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain, October 4 of this year is followed directly by October 15.
The Trier witch trials begin.
1582
Comet - bright appearance that lasted several weeks. It reached a peak magnitude of about -3.
1584
This year, according to Italian heretic Jacopo Brocardo, is regarded as an apocalyptic inauguration of a major new cycle.
1589
Plague activity increasing on England's southern and eastern coasts throughout the late 1580s and early 1590s. Plague struck Newcastle in 1589, killing 1727 residents by January 1590. From 1590 to 1592, Plymouth and Devon were also affected by plague, with 997 people dying from plague at Totnes and Tiverton. Plague spread south and north in England's countryside in the early 1590s, contaminating reservoirs of rodents in farms and towns until eventually reaching London in the summer of 1592.
1590
Dec 7North Berwick witch trials: Agnes Sampson is questioned by King James VI of Scotland, and confesses to practising witchcraft.
1591
Aug–SeptDuring this year's Atlantic hurricane season, probably the most severe of the pre-1600 seasons, at least eight intense hurricanes occur.
1592
JuneJune 1592–Sept 1593 Malta plague epidemic. 3000 deaths, which amounted to about 11% of the population.
Aug1592–1593 London plague breaks out in England. 15,000 people died of plague within the City + 4,900 in the surrounding parishes
1593
Comet Ripensis bright appearance that reached about magnitude -4
c. 1593-1604 – According to John Warwick Montgomery, the Rosicrucian manifestos are initially composed by Tobias Hess, in anticipation of the opening of the vault in 1604, according to Simon Studion's apocalyptic timetable.
1595
Oct 15Attack of Mihai Viteazul on the city of Târgoviște, then under Ottoman occupation, it is mentioned the appearance of a bizarre "comet" that was targeted in the sky, above the mountain camp, for "an hour or two", for then disappear without trace.
1596
The Black Death hits parts of Europe. Spain-1596-1602 (6-700,000 dead)

South America 1600-1650
Elizabeth I decrees that all Africans should be removed from the British realm, in reaction to the food crisis.

Emily C. Bartels (April 2006). "Too Many Blackamoors: Deportation, Discrimination, and Elizabeth I". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. Rice University. 46 (2): 305–322. JSTOR 3844644. In 1596, Queen Elizabeth issued an 'open letter' to the Lord Mayor of London, announcing that 'there are of late divers black-moores brought into this realme, of which kinde of people there aire allready here to manie,' and ordering that they be deported from the country.
The fourth of a five year run of poor harvests, largely caused by the weather, a pattern typical of the last third of the century. This causes famine throughout Europe, which leads to food riots in Britain.
1598
Parliament passes the Vagabonds Act, allowing transportation of convicts to colonies.
1600
Feb 16(following earthquakes that began on the 15th) Huaynaputina volcano in Peru undergoes a catastrophic eruption, the worst to be recorded in South America.

Had a volcanic explosivity index of 6 and is considered to be the only major explosive eruption of the Andes in historical time and it was larger than the 1883 eruption of Krakatau in Indonesia. The eruption claimed 1,000–1,500 fatalities.
Anomalies in the sun were observed after the eruption in Europe and China, often described as a "dimming" or "reddening" "haze" that reduced the sun's luminosity in a cloudless sky and reduced the visibility of shadows. Vivid sunsets and sunrises as well as sunspots were also noted. A darkened lunar eclipse described from Graz, Austria, in 1601 may also have been the consequence of the Huaynaputina aerosols.

It is known that volcanic eruptions alter worldwide climate by injecting ash and gases into the atmosphere, which reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth, often causing cold weather and crop failures. The Huaynaputina eruption decreased the amount on solar energy reaching Earth by about 1.94 W/m2. The summer of 1601 was among the coldest in the northern hemisphere during the last six centuries, and the impact may have been comparable to that of the 1815 Tambora eruption. Other volcanoes may have erupted alongside Huaynaputina and also contributed to the weather anomalies; a number of large volcanic eruptions took place in the decades preceding and following the Huaynaputina eruption.

The eruption had a noticeable impact on growth conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, which were the worst of the last 600 years, with summers being on average 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) colder than the mean. The climate impact has been noted in the growth rings of a centuries-old ocean quahog (a mollusc) individual that was found somewhere in Iceland, as well as in tree rings from Taiwan, eastern Tibet, the Urals and Yamal Peninsula in Russia, Canada, the Sierra Nevada and White Mountains both in California and Lake Zaysan in Kazakhstan.

Other climate effects attributed to the Huaynaputina eruption include:
  • In climate simulations, after the 1600 eruption a strengthening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is observed along with sea ice growth, followed after a delay by a phase of decreased strength.
  • An extraordinarily strong El Niño event in 1607–1608 and a concomitant northward shift of the Southern Hemisphere storm tracks have been attributed to the Huaynaputina eruption.
  • Manila galleons reportedly were faster when crossing the Pacific Ocean after 1600, perhaps owing to volcanically-induced wind
The 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina occurred at the tail end of a cluster of mid-sized volcanic eruptions, which in a climate simulation had a noticeable impact on Earth's energy balance and were accompanied by a 10% growth of Northern Hemisphere sea ice and a weakening of the subpolar gyre. Such a change in the ocean currents has been described as being characteristic for the Little Ice Age.
Little Ice Age from A.D. 1600 to 1880
Dendroclimatic Temperature Record Derived from Tree-Ring -Middle Qilian Mountains, China


There is strong evidence for inferred below-average temperature over the much of the 1580–1880 interval, which may be regarded as an expression of the Little Ice Age. The reconstructed climate data reveal that the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age were synchronous in China and the Northern Hemisphere
1601
A bad harvest occurs in the Tsardom of Russia, due to a rainy summer, causing the Russian famine of 1601–03 which kills about two million people.
English poor laws
A sharp rise in population a rapid rise in inflation led to great misery. Grain prices increased hugely in the C16th and wages fell by over 50%.

A series of poor harvests led to famine conditions and whereas people had, in the past, turned to the monasteries for help, since their dissolution, there was little charitable support to be had.

Parliament, fearing civil unrest, decided to make the parish responsible for administering a system of compulsory poor relief through the Poor Law Act of 1601.

The recipients of relief were mainly the elderly, widows with children and orphans.
1603
MarThe Fulda witch trials begin.
We find in particular that the London plagues of 1563, 1603, 1625, and 1665 were all of roughly equal relative magnitude, with burials running at 5.5 to 6 times the average level in the previous five years. Assuming a normal mortality rate of around 3.0–3.5 per cent, this implies that one-fifth of the city’s population died each time, within the space of a few months.
1604
Oct 9Kepler's Supernova (SN 1604) is first observed from the northern parts of the Italian Peninsula. From October 17, Johannes Kepler begins a year's observation of it from Prague. There won't be another "naked-eye" supernova to be seen until 1987. As of 2017, this is the last supernova to be observed in the Milky Way.
Nov 24Earthquake, Arica, Chile – 8.5
According to legend, the vault of Christian Rosenkreuz is discovered.
1605
Feb 3Earthquake (+Tsunami), Shikoku, Honshu, Japan – 7.9 – 1,000’s dead.
July 16Earthquake - Qiongshan, Hainan, China – 7.5 - 3,000 dead.
A storm buries the village of St Ismail near modern-day Kidwelly, Carmarthenshire, Wales.
1607
Jan 30A massive wave sweeps along the Bristol Channel, possibly a tsunami, killing 2,000 people. A chiselled mark remains showing that the maximum height of the water was 7.74 metres (25 feet 5 inches) above sea level.

The British Geological Survey has suggested that, as there is no evidence of a landslide off the continental shelf, a tsunami would most likely have been caused by an earthquake on a known unstable fault off the coast of southwest Ireland, causing the vertical displacement of the sea floor. One contemporary report describes an earth tremor on the morning of the flood; however, other sources date this earthquake to a few months after the event.

Haslett and Bryant's evidence for the tsunami hypothesis included massive boulders that had been displaced up the beach by enormous force; a layer up to 8 inches (20 cm) thick composed of sand, shells and stones within an otherwise constant deposit of mud that was found in boreholes from Devon to Gloucestershire and the Gower Peninsula; and rock erosion characteristic of high water velocities throughout the Severn Estuary.
Oct 27Halley's Comet - Shakespeare was writing 'Timon of Athens' when Halley's comet was in the skies.

Halley's Comet is seen by Johannes Kepler.
1608
JanAt Jamestown, Virginia, Christopher Newport returns in a ship with the First Supply and about 100 new settlers; he finds only 38 survivors from the freezing winter.
1609
JanThe Basque witch trials begin.
July 23A hurricane at sea separates the nine London Company's ships (600 more settlers) en route to relieve the Jamestown settlement; one ship sinks, and the Sea Venture is driven ashore at Bermuda on July 25, thus effectively first settling the colony.
SeptThe Thunderous Washbasin: Among the great treasures of academic literature are the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (Korea). These annual records chronicled Korean life for centuries… and among its pages is a startling account of a UFO which appeared in September 1609 in "clear and cloudless skies". It was described as looking like a "washbasin" but made a "thunderous sound" as it flew through the sky as swiftly as an arrow before disappearing into sparks.
Plague in Egypt – 1 million dead.
1610
May 23Jamestown, Virginia: Acting as temporary Governor, Thomas Gates, along with John Rolfe, Captain Ralph Hamor, Sir George Somers, and other survivors from the Sea Venture (wrecked at Bermuda) arrive at Jamestown; they find that 60 have survived the "starving time" (winter), the fort palisades and gates have been torn down, and empty houses have been used for firewood, in fear of attacks by natives outside the fort area.
Jakob Böhme experiences another inner vision, in which he believes that he further understands the unity of the cosmos, and that he has received a special vocation from God.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations in 1610 decreased for reasons unknown.
1611
Feb 27Sunspots are observed by telescope, by Frisian astronomers Johannes Fabricius and David Fabricius, and Johannes publishes the results of these observations, in De Maculis in Sole observatis in Wittenberg, later this year. Such early discoveries are overlooked, however, and the first sighting is claimed a few months later, by Galileo Galilei and Christoph Scheiner.
Famine in Ethiopia resulting from crop failure due to weather conditions and the outbreak of a plague.
1612
July 22Four women and one man are hanged, following the Northamptonshire witch trials in Northampton, England.
Aug 20Ten Pendle witches are hanged, having been found guilty of practising witchcraft in Lancashire, England.
1613
A locust swarm destroys La Camarque, France.
1614
The Rosicrucian Order is instituted in the Holy Roman Empire, according to Fraternitas Rosae Crucis.

Between 1614 and 1617, three anonymous manifestos were published, first in Germany and later throughout Europe. These were the Fama Fraternitatis RC (The Fame of the Brotherhood of RC, 1614), the Confessio Fraternitatis (The Confession of the Brotherhood of RC, 1615), and the Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosicross anno 1459 (1617).
1616
Feb 19First recorded eruption of Mayon Volcano, the Philippines' most active volcano.
July 6First recorded eruption of Manam Volcano (erupting frequently since), forming a 10-km-wide island in the Bismarck Sea, 13 km (8.1 mi) off coast of Papua New Guinea, in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Dec 18A widely reported earthquake occurs in Leipzig, Germany (also dated December 22).
In England, louse-borne epidemic typhus ravages the poor and crowded.
A fatal disease of cattle, probably rinderpest, spreads through the Italian provinces of Padua, Udine, Treviso, and Vicenza, introduced most likely from Dalmatia or Hungary. Great numbers of cattle die in Italy, as they had in previous years (1559, 1562, 1566, 1590, 1598) in other European regions when harvest failure also drives people to the brink of starvation (for example, 1595–97 in Germany). The consumption of beef and veal is prohibited, and Pope Paul V issues an edict prohibiting the slaughter of draught oxen that were suitable for plowing. Calves are also not slaughtered for a some time afterwards, so that Italy's cattle herds can be replenished.
Witch trials:
  • John Cotta writes his influential book The Triall of Witch-craft.
  • Elizabeth Rutter is hanged as a witch in Middlesex, England, Agnes Berrye in Enfield, and nine women in Leicester on the testimony of a raving 13-year-old named John Smith, under the Witchcraft Act 1604. In Orkney, Elspeth Reoch is tried. In France Leger (first name unknown) is condemned for witchcraft on May 6, Sylvanie de la Plaine is burned at Pays de Labourde as a witch, and in Orléans eighteen witches are killed.
  • A second witch-hunt breaks out in Biscay, Spain. An Edict of Silence is issued by the Inquisition, but the king overturns the Edict, and 300 accused witches are burned alive.
1616 (to 1620) New England epidemic.

Southern New England, especially the Wampanoag people – death Unknown: estimated 30–90% of population.
1617
At least seven women are sentenced to death by burning for witchcraft, at the Finspång witch trial in Sweden.
1618
Sept 4Rodi avalanche: A rock- or snowslide buries the Alpine town of Piuro, claiming 2,427 victims.
Sept 6-25The Great Comet of 1618 is visible to the naked eye. This year brought a total of three bright comets.
The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. One of the most destructive conflicts in human history, it resulted in eight million fatalities not only from military engagements but also from violence, famine, and plague.
1620
A severe frost in England, freezes the River Thames for the first time; 13 continuous days of snow blanket Scotland. On Eskdale Moor, only 35 of a flock of 20,000 sheep survive.
Witch-hunts begin in Scotland.
1622
Rosicrucianism furor breaks out in Paris.
The Golden Horn - a major urban waterway and the primary inlet of the Bosphorus in Istanbul, Turkey - freezes.
1625
In England, a very high tide occurs, the highest ever known in the Thames, and the sea walls in Kent, Essex, and Lincolnshire are overthrown, thus great desolation is caused to the lands near the sea.
London plague of 1625.
1626
July 30The Naples earthquake causes severe damage, and may have killed up to 70,000.
The Würzburg witch trial, which will lead to the mass executions of hundreds of people until 1631, begins.
1627
July 27An earthquake destroys the cities of San Severo and Torremaggiore in southern Italy.
Habsburg Spain suffers an economic collapse.
1629
Feb 27‘1630’ Crete earthquake occurs.
OctItalian Plague of 1629–1631 the Great Plague of Milan, claimed 280,000 and possibly up to one million lives, or about 25% of the population.
1630
JulyThe Italian plague of 1629–31 reaches Venice.
The Deccan Famine of 1630–32 in India begins; it will kill some two million.
 
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I would like to share a link to a new interesting article "An overlooked symbol of the old civilization": An overlooked symbol of the old civilization

Since the medieval manuscript "Augsburg Book of Miracles" has been only mentioned twice, according to the forum's search, I am posting it here. This is the time frame, when the events described in the article, must have happened.

The author (hiding behind the alias Antique Lighthouse) has analyzed a lot of old illustrated books and other archaeological material, where the symbols of a crescent moon and 8-rayed star was present. He provides a lot of details and references from those sources. His conclusion is that this symbol was used by a perished global civilization. At some point, due to natural and, maybe, supernatural disasters, this civilization (aka Tartaria) was toppled. Later on, all its important state symbols (crescent moon or moons and 8- or 6-rayed stars) were replaced by the two-headed eagle. The significance of those symbols was obscured and erased from the common knowledge by the victors.

symbol.JPG
 
I would like to share a link to a new interesting article "An overlooked symbol of the old civilization": An overlooked symbol of the old civilization

I skimmed this hodgepodge of tenuously connected pictures put together into an incoherent article and it's pretty clear it was written by someone who doesn't have a clue and has no idea that they don't have a clue.

One example of what I mean is at the end of the article where the author states they think the moon is actually a Death Star-like space station and their supporting evidence for this is misinterpreted pictures of astronomic phenomena. :rolleyes:

The rest of the site is filled with more of the same flimsy evidence, connections, and thinking. All of it meant to support the theory that there was a recent Golden Age high society with free energy.

Not sure where this theory came from, but it's like someone liked steampunk cosplay a little too much and now they've decided to reinterpret history to make it real. Never mind that there's nothing actually there to support it.
 
All in all - was this some type of "RESET" event in recent history such as we are now entering? There was a physical reset due to the earth changes, climate and plagues but was there also some type of intervention by the 4d STS in this time frame? I wonder.
 
Thanks heartily for the recommendation Altair; no I hadn't come across the work before. Looks really interesting - I've ordered the original 2013 publication as its clearly got more substantive evidence than the abridged later edition. Here's the Amazon puff for that version.

First published in 2013, Geoffrey Parker’s prize-winning best seller Global Crisis analyzes the unprecedented calamities―revolutions, droughts, famines, invasions, wars, and regicides―that befell the mid-seventeenth-century world and wiped out as much as one-third of the global population, and reveals climate change to be the root cause. Examining firsthand accounts of the crises and scrutinizing the prevailing weather patterns during the 1640s and 1650s―longer and harsher winters, and cooler and wetter summers―Parker reveals evidence of disrupted growing seasons causing malnutrition, disease, a higher death toll, and fewer births.

This new abridged edition distills the original book’s prodigious research for a broader audience while retaining and indeed emphasizing Parker’s extraordinary historical achievement: his dazzling demonstration of the link between climate change and worldwide catastrophe 350 years ago. Yet, the contemporary implications of his study are equally important: are we prepared today for the catastrophes that climate change could bring tomorrow? At half the original length, this user-friendly abridgment is ideal for students and general readers seeking a rapid handle on the key issues.

I'll add to my reading list and share here what I find of additional interest. But great find.
 
Not sure if this article of a WindowFaller (back in the day) would be part of your research.


Revisiting the French Werewolf Epidemic and the Beast of Gévaudan
The period between roughly 1520 and 1630 saw “France’s version of Europe’s witch trials and executions, but with werewolves
4-5 minute read

By Josh Jones on September 15, 2020

beast-3-1200x796.jpg
 
Thank you Michael B-C, interesting connective events in time, and yes, remembered to "ignore the oft debunked hockey stick data running up to today".

As an brief aside, a focus to the Werewolf link c.a. posted, and not the 1520 reference, but the 1760's:

“There’d been sightings of werewolves in New France since the 1600s,” Canadiana explains. “the creatures must have come over from France… or, at the very least, the stories about them did.” French settlers brought the werewolf with them to “the edges of their empire.” In the 1760s, newspapers warned of a werewolf disguised as a beggar, possibly making his way to Montreal. “It is recommended to the Public to be cautious of him,” the editors of the Gazette de Québec warned, “as it would be of a ravenous Wolf.”

Could not help being reminded that from this same newspaper, during that same time period (publish Montreal and Quebec), it was owned by the:

French republican named Fleury Mesplat recruited by Franklin [Benjamin Franklin] in order to help counteract the destructive effects the French feudal system had on the cognitive powers of the Quebec colonists whose rampant illiteracy dovetailed their non-existent appetites for representative government or freedom. In this feudal culture, blind obedience to authority (whether political or religious) was seen as preferable to thinking for oneself.
(Fleury Mesplat founded the Quebec Gazette in 1764).

So don't know, even 50% would be just a guess, yet perhaps given the times and the message (often in satire and symbolized), was that those particular Werewolves in New France were suggestive of the French authorities (including religious) over the common people, the struggle against evil. Just the sort of thing republican minded publishing houses might do, especially with the likes of Franklin who was known to create hidden narratives that would push against the French/English authorities in a bid that recognize English and French colonists as one (or generally exposed corruption and lies).

From here in the The Symbology of Werewolves:

Often associated with untamed energies, trickery or deceit, and the underbelly of primal human instincts, the werewolf can be interpreted as the struggle between (and the integration of) both "good" and "evil" within a human being - the inescapable and uncontrollable nature of our raw emotional urges, whether sexual, violent, or destructive.
 
Thank you Michael B-C, interesting connective events in time, and yes, remembered to "ignore the oft debunked hockey stick data running up to today".

As an brief aside, a focus to the Werewolf link c.a. posted, and not the 1520 reference, but the 1760's:




Could not help being reminded that from this same newspaper, during that same time period (publish Montreal and Quebec), it was owned by the:


(Fleury Mesplat founded the Quebec Gazette in 1764).

So don't know, even 50% would be just a guess, yet perhaps given the times and the message (often in satire and symbolized), was that those particular Werewolves in New France were suggestive of the French authorities (including religious) over the common people, the struggle against evil. Just the sort of thing republican minded publishing houses might do, especially with the likes of Franklin who was known to create hidden narratives that would push against the French/English authorities in a bid that recognize English and French colonists as one (or generally exposed corruption and lies).

From here in the The Symbology of Werewolves:
Gevaudan beast is attested by a lot more papers and documents. And not necessarily linked to werewolves. It even became a strong archetype in France whenever some strange beasts or wolfs are concerned. We have some movies about it too ;-)

And as far as I remember Laura talked about it in some volume of the Wave, but don't really remember the content, sorry...
 
Gevaudan beast is attested by a lot more papers and documents. And not necessarily linked to werewolves. It even became a strong archetype in France whenever some strange beasts or wolfs are concerned. We have some movies about it too
Wasn't the the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood (Le Petit Chaperon rouge) based on the story of Gevaudan beast?

800px-Little_Red_Riding_Hood_-_J._W._Smith.jpg
 
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It can't. The fairy tale already existed before the Gevaudan beast in particular. Wiki says the first publication is 1697, whereas the first mention of the beast is 1764.
 
It can't. The fairy tale already existed before the Gevaudan beast in particular. Wiki says the first publication is 1697, whereas the first mention of the beast is 1764.
Yes, it looks like though the Little Red Riding Hood tale and the tales about "Big Bad Wolf" both seem to be much older. From Wiki:

"Little Red Riding Hood" is a European fairy tale about a young girl and a Big Bad Wolf.[1] Its origins can be traced back to the 10th century to several European folk tales, including one from Italy called The False Grandmother. The best known version was written by Charles Perrault.

The Big Bad Wolf is a fictional wolf appearing in several cautionary tales that include some of Aesop's Fables (c. 600 BC) and Grimms' Fairy Tales. Versions of this character have appeared in numerous works, and it has become a generic archetype of a menacing predatory antagonist.

Besides, the parallels between the Wolf from the Little Red Riding Hood and shapeshifting wolf-like creatures (like the Gevaudan beast) are really striking:

A Big Bad Wolf wants to eat the girl and the food in the basket. He secretly stalks her behind trees, bushes, shrubs, and patches of little and tall grass. He approaches Little Red Riding Hood, who naively tells him where she is going. He suggests that the girl pick some flowers as a present for her grandmother, which she does. In the meantime, he goes to the grandmother's house and gains entry by pretending to be her. He swallows the grandmother whole (in some stories, he locks her in the closet) and waits for the girl, disguised as the grandma.

And there is also The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats and probably some other similar folk tales.
 
Gevaudan beast is attested by a lot more papers and documents. And not necessarily linked to werewolves. It even became a strong archetype in France whenever some strange beasts or wolfs are concerned. We have some movies about it too ;-)

And as far as I remember Laura talked about it in some volume of the Wave, but don't really remember the content, sorry...
Yes, also ... As mentioned by c.a a little above, it seems to me that it was related to windowfaller by the C's.
 
Not sure if this article of a WindowFaller (back in the day) would be part of your research.

Revisiting the French Werewolf Epidemic and the Beast of Gévaudan
The period between roughly 1520 and 1630 saw “France’s version of Europe’s witch trials and executions, but with werewolves
4-5 minute read

By Josh Jones on September 15, 2020
An interesting find c.a. though the article is somewhat disingenuous in its headline as it quickly skips the period in question and indeed focuses on the much later Beast of Gévaudan window faller phenomenon that Laura writes off in Vol 2, Ch 9 of The Wave (Vol 1 online). It also parrots the oft repeated online statement:

...the period between roughly 1520 and 1630 saw “France’s version of Europe’s witch trials and executions, but with werewolves. For 110 years, 30,000 people were accused of being werewolves, tortured in exchange for their confessions, or lack of admission of guilt, and died at the stake.”

... but no one has a source for such a high number of werewolf related trials.

Having said that it was clearly a notable element of the hundred plus years or paranoia around devil worship and witch craft. From wiki:

Werewolf witch trials​

Werewolf witch trials were witch trials combined with werewolf trials. Belief in werewolves developed parallel to the belief in European witches, in the course of the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. Like the witchcraft trials as a whole, the trial of supposed werewolves emerged in what is now Switzerland (especially the Valais and Vaud) during the Valais witch trials in the early 15th century and spread throughout Europe in the 16th, peaking in the 17th and subsiding by the 18th century. The persecution of werewolves and the associated folklore is an integral part of the "witch-hunt" phenomenon, albeit a marginal one, accusations of werewolfery being involved in only a small fraction of witchcraft trials.

During the early period, accusations of lycanthropy (transformation into a wolf) were mixed with accusations of wolf-riding or wolf-charming. The 1598 case of Peter Stumpp led to a significant peak in both interest in and persecution of supposed werewolves, primarily in French-speaking and German-speaking Europe. Werewolf trials reached Livonia in the 17th century, and would become the most common form of witch-trial in that country. The phenomenon persisted longest in Bavaria and Austria, with persecution of wolf-charmers persisting until well after 1650, the final cases being recorded in the early 18th century in Carinthia and Styria.

From a 2007 Paper in Folklore:
A geographical approach to werewolf legends results in the identification of a major werewolf area, stretching from mid-Germany into the Netherlands and Belgium-despite profound differences in the intensity of collecting the legends. Within this area there were people who were experiencing nightly encounters, especially with back-riding werewolves, and they advised each other about how best to overcome the beasts. Migratory legends, such as the Werewolf Lover/Husband and the Hungry Farmhand, show a different distribution: they exceed the boundaries of the core area but adhere to the national border between Germany and the Netherlands. As is the case with the nightmare, the meaning of the werewolf metaphor turns out to be sexual: "werewolf" denotes a sexually deviant man.

What is interesting is that whatever the source of the phenomenon (and it may have been part paranormal, part psycholigical, part constructed as myth to deal with a genuine terror of perhaps highly sexually predatory men/psychopaths roaming the lands) it became mentally contagious, which reminds me also of that other bizarre outbreak of Dionysian madness, Dancing Mania or "St. Vitus' dance", which though began earlier than this 100 year period reached its peak between 1550s and 1650s.

Dancing mania (also known as dancing plague, choreomania, St. John's Dance and St. Vitus' Dance) was a social phenomenon that occurred primarily in mainland Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries. It involved groups of people dancing erratically, sometimes thousands at a time. The mania affected men, women, and children who danced until they collapsed from exhaustion. One of the first major outbreaks was in Aachen, in the Holy Roman Empire (in modern-day Germany), in 1374, and it quickly spread throughout Europe; one particularly notable outbreak occurred in Strasbourg in 1518 in Alsace, also in the Holy Roman Empire (now France).

Affecting thousands of people across several centuries, dancing mania was not an isolated event, and was well documented in contemporary reports. It was nevertheless poorly understood, and remedies were based on guesswork. Often musicians accompanied dancers, due to a belief that music would treat the mania, but this tactic sometimes backfired by encouraging more to join in. There is no consensus among modern-day scholars as to the cause of dancing mania.

The several theories proposed range from religious cults being behind the processions to people dancing to relieve themselves of stress and put the poverty of the period out of their minds. It is speculated to have been a mass psychogenic illness, in which physical symptoms with no known physical cause are observed to affect a group of people, as a form of social influence.
Another of the biggest outbreaks occurred in July 1518, in Strasbourg, where a woman began dancing in the street and between 50 and 400 people joined her. Further incidents occurred during the 16th century, when the mania was at its peak: in 1536 in Basel, involving a group of children; and in 1551 in Anhalt, involving just one man. In the 17th century, incidents of recurrent dancing were recorded by professor of medicine Gregor Horst, who noted:

Several women who annually visit the chapel of St. Vitus in Drefelhausen... dance madly all day and all night until they collapse in ecstasy. In this way they come to themselves again and feel little or nothing until the next May, when they are again... forced around St. Vitus' Day to betake themselves to that place... [o]ne of these women is said to have danced every year for the past twenty years, another for a full thirty-two.

Dancing mania appears to have completely died out by the mid-17th century.

It is worth noting that these remarkable out bursts of mental aberration coincided with the increasing pressures of extreme climate change, social breakdown, war etc.

It brings to mind what we may all face in the near future as the collective sanity of the population breaks down under the present strain of multiple concurrent events both from above and below. Zombie apocalypse may have real meaning after all...
 
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