Indices of the Perception of risk
The phenomena of mental control are in themselves difficult to diagnose or uncover. It often takes an informed eye capable of knowing how to decrypt a situation of dependence which is hidden most of the time or denied on the part of the victim.
Exerted in the context of a group inspired by apocalyptic or Millennarist theses, this control will present its own characteristics that necessitate, in order to be identified, a gaze all the sharper as the potential risk is that of the passing to action potentially could take the form of serious violence against people or society.
[Oh, dear. What garbage. So many qualifications to drum up fear. “Potential” this of a “potential” that. And after their tour of the world’s cults, what threat is there really? But, then, we saw above that the purpose of the world tour, around the world in eighty cults, was not to describe a danger, “potential” or otherwise, but to reassure the French that all this irrational behaviour on their soil was not unique to the French!]
As well, faithful to its role of preventing risky sectarian phenomena, Miviludes wishes to put at the disposition of the public and the concerned actors of the State a certain number of indices that permit the detection of the existence of groups with potentially dangerous millennarist or apocalyptic tendencies, that is, in extreme cases, to reveal the manifestation of precursor signs of passing to criminal acts or a heightened propensity to the exercise of violence.
Remember: all apocalyptic or Millennarist groups to not automatically promote passing to criminal acts. Many of them will never know it, very happily. But the historical precedents described above oblige a certain prudence and recall Miviludes to it task of information.
[What a sleazy formulation. “A certain prudence”?We’ll see below that “a certain prudence” means constant surveillance of all of these groups and real-time reading of their email and posting on the web... so that they can be immediately alerted when the groups “tip to violence”.
Imagine if every time you got into your car, you had a personal bureaucrat who came out to warn you that driving a car could be dangerous. During the drive, he would sit in the back watching everything you did, calling out whenever he thought you were putting yourself in danger. And how much more dangerous is driving a car than the supposed threat from “apocalyptic or Millennarist type sectarian offshoots”?
Not only that. Even though Miviludes graciously allows that not all these groups will become violent, they insist that they all should be watched... because you never know. Any one of them could tip “from one day to the next” into violence.]
According to Jean-Pierre Jougla, “in the apocalyptic or Millenarist discourse of the sectarian type, the delirium are very constructed and the passing to the act, if there are such, are not carried out under an impulsive blow. They are the result of a more or less long maturing and of numerous factors.”
[But wait, elsewhere, Miviludes insists that these groups can tip “from one day to the next”, and that argument forms the basis of their call for continual vigilance. Hey, guys. You’re contradicting yourselves. They would probably argue that the ’tipping point’ comes after a period of maturation, that is, after a long period of careful maturation, they get impulsive. ]
It is these factors we will now present.
Some preliminary remarks are however necessary.
First, this list is only indicative. It is also far from being exhaustive. Its aim is only to help in identifying risky situations. Several mechanisms can in fact enter into action and a unique factor will not itself alone reveal the existence of danger or the imminence of the passing to action. It is rather the combination of several indices that can and must alert us.
Also, as efficient as they are, these factors must also be “observable”.
[Which we guess is why they suggest that ‘surveillance’ be increased on all of these groups... that is... spying on them. But it isn’t spying when the cause is just! Hey, isn’t that rationale what the cults use? “Our Mission justifies breaking the law”? Nice when you can change the law to suit your needs!] In fact, these indications can constitute alert signals on the condition that they can be seen from the exterior. Because, as Jean-Pierre Jougla reminds us, “unless it can be raised to a general rule, passing to the criminal or suicidal act occurs often in the secrecy of the group and most of the time without the latter expressing to the exterior its conviction of an imminent apocalypse inducing the sacrifice of the adepts or the commission of criminal acts directed towards the exterior.” Therein lies all the difficulty of vigilance regarding groups that are often closed, that is, unknown to the public powers.
Finally, remember, there exist groups for which no element permits the determination of apocalyptic origins and the internal factors of danger and which could tip from one day to the next into extreme behaviour, without any true precursor signs (cf the case of the OST).
[This contradicts what they are saying above, that these things don’t happen on impulse, but are the result of a maturing...]
Under reserve of these appreciations, a certain number of indices of perception of risk can be proposed, linked to:
the doctrine of the group;
the internal functioning of the group;
relations of the group with the exterior;
an overactivity of the group in relation to certain phenomena;
flagrant preparatory acts.
Concerning the doctrines used:
The existence of a dialectic, a particular semantic linked to the apocalyptic, Millennarist or Messianic discourse. This can be in relation also with the use of a rhetoric full of mysticism, esoterism and/or the irrational, pushed to the extreme (linked with extraterrestrial life, intergalactic voyages, planetary ascension...);
the existence of a discourse valuing types of post-miillennarist beliefs, that is, searching to provoke the end of the world rather than the pre-millennarist theses which depend upon divine intervention to change the times (cf. infra);
development of an exclusive and excluding doctrine, by a dualist and paranoid vision of society: affirmation in the group and in the milieu of the adepts of the same feeling of belonging to a small number of those who will be the “only ones saved”. The members of the sectarian group are the “good”, the “elected” holding the sole truth, the rest of society is confined to the role of “the bad ones”, who are in “error”, and who it is better to avoid, or at worst fight.;
the existence of a doctrine rejecting knowledgeable authorities or diabolizing or reinterpreting the great religions;
presence of a doctrine that puts into question the reality of society by a systematic reinterpretation of world events via the filter of a communitarian dogmatic vision specific to the group, often very much deforming the world events interpreted;
when a collectivity believes itself invested with a divine mission of salvation or proselytizing others, based on prophecies of the end of the world, it will develop a feeling of fear that will communicate in a contagious way throughout the community.
• Concerning the internal mode of functioning in the group:
when the group is led by a strongly charismatic personality, with a strong ego or not but developing, in counterpart, a natural ascendence over the other members, that is, an “instinctive or primitive” intelligence permitting them to dominate the other members of the community;
when a group establishes a strict and centralized hierarchy of the patriarchal type (or not) within a community dominated by a charismatic leader to whom the adepts vow a veritable cult of the personality;
when there is a relation of total dependence or when the leader calls for blind obedience, not matter what the consequences for the members of the group: demands for an absolute loyalty to the leader under threat of death, exclusion and abandonment, with total implication in the group and the impossibility of criticism or questioning the internal precepts of the group;
inversely, when, in spite of these principals, an internal leadership struggle for the group and a putting into question of the rules occurs (cf. case of OST);
when activities of a movement are realized with the aim of exploiting people, by fatigue or by removing from him all capacity of discernment;
when there develops a “sectarian” type group mode of life, inducing a desired radical modification vision and searching for an existence towards a particular vision of the world, separate from the traditional and ordinary vision of the outside world.
• Concerning the relations of the group with the outside world:
- development of a discourse of diabolization and rejection of the outside world, presented as thoroughly bad, corrupt and pernicious;
affirmation of an extreme proselytization with troubles with the public order;
or, inversely, a total closing of the group on itself and living completely in complete autarchy. This autarchy can be reinforced in a closed milieu with changes of visible behaviour: closing off from the surrounding world, a closing off (in psychological terms) or isolation of members which translates into “a fear of being soiled by outside influences which could harm the final project of the group”;
existence of a certain form of social and familial isolation, sometimes also professional, a putting into retreat of the adept and his community inducing a radical cut from reality and surrounding society;
acceptance of having no further contact with the outside world (TV, radio, Internet, press...);
development of a feeling of persecution by the outside world and the surrounding society.
Concerning an exacerbated reaction to outside phenomena:
perception of a “humiliating” or aggressive manner of the group to unexpected situations or outside events: for example in the case of a prophecy of the apocalyptic type which isn’t realized or after the arrest or death of a charismatic leader leaving the group in uncertainty. These particular situations must give way to an extreme vigilance on the part of the public powers;
[And what does the constant surveillance of the State on these groups to to their mental health?]
settling in the countryside: this indication is often the evidence of a retreat at once physical and psychological of the group in relation to the outside world, settling in the countryside which makes surveillance by public powers more difficult and which reinforces the cohesion within the group in order to exercise greater control over the all the members. This situation can also shine a light on preparations of defence or of the planning of acts of violence or self-destruction foreseen in a group’s apocalyptic scenario;
manifestation of a dimension of “collective hysteria”: this factor is an essential facilitating element in the growth in power of the irrational in the group and the passing to the programmed act. This indication can also be perceived “at a distance” by former adepts who still have contacts in the group, or by families of the victim adepts who are still in contact.
Concerning flagrant preparatory acts:
- knowledge or visible manifestations of orders given internally to build up reserves of survival: shipping of containers, purchases of large quantities of food, constitution of stocks and reserves, arms purchases, construction of “bunkers” and subterranean shelters...;
not normal debt of the adepts brought on by the necessity of achieving all the purchases by each member for the destination of the group before the realization of the end of the world;
intensification of illegal activities: this will often translate into a marked increase in the purchase of arms;
more and more violent discourse by the group or the leader. Use of a dialectic of “persecution” can have its importance; this indication can notably be observed via Internet surveillance realized in blogs, sites of exchange or Internet sites belonging to the group;
identically, the enunciation of promises of “the resolution of all problems with a new start”, of a “new world”, of a “new age”, of “astral voyage”, of “ascension” on blogs, social sites and the Internet sites of movements should attract attention. The use of these precise terms, heavy with meaning, can indicate that a group has arrived at the threshold of critical “fervour” and it is ready to pass from talking to action.
Faced with these risks, what should be the attitude of the public and the concerned institutions of the State? How to anticipate the coming of a drama and reacting in time so that it does not happen?
Conforming to its mission, Miviludes has elaborated a certain number of propositions destined to reinforce a raising of collective awareness and to ameliorate the efficiency of preventative action by the public powers.
Paths of Reflection for Preventative Action of the Public Powers
For a real coming to awareness
Reinforce the awareness of the public agents of the state and the territorial collectivities in the face of the sectarian problematic with the approach of 2012
The training already given to bureaucrats and agents of the State on the sectarian problematic in general demonstrates that action of information and sensitizing are essential for arriving at an increased awareness, without a doubt insufficiently spread, on the measure and the multiple manifestations of the sectarian phenomenon in France, as well as on the numerous threats to individual liberties to which it can lead.
A growth of the activity of apocalyptic, Millennarist, or New Age inspired movements to be foreseen during the years 2011 and 2012, with an accentuation of the phenomenon - already visible as indicated before in the south-west of France - to the degree that we approach the fateful date of December 21, 2012, it is necessary, beginning in 2011 and until the end of the year 2012, to reinforce the information and sensitizing in this domain for all the services of the State susceptible of being concerned by this problematic.
This is obviously the meaning of the present annual report given to the Prime Minister, and its distribution to the concerned publics will be assured by Miviludes.
Miviludes will also devote in each of its training sessions during 2011 and 2012 a development specific to the actual observed resurgence of apocalyptic messages of a sectarian origin.
The objective aims to give clear and objective information on the doctrines and movements susceptible of propagating these anxiety-ridden theories, and to show the potential dangers and to permit, with the view of prevention, the earliest detection of precursor signs or of risk factors, in order to avoid, to the degree possible, all dramatic events or any exploitation of these fears towards the aim of control over people, notably the most fragile and vulnerable.
For a Better Understanding of the Phenomenon
Assure the heightened vigilance on microgroups of an apocalyptic tendency
The French situation is characterized by, as we have seen, on the one hand, the presence of great movements of a religious or New Age inspiration, often of an international dimension, and by the multiplication of small-sized groups at a local level, under diverse forms, a dozen or so members around a charismatic leader using the theme of the Apocalypse in 2012 to better ensure his control over people.
This situation is very preoccupying because, if the dangers to which members of these microgroups are exposed are very real, taking account of the theses in vigor, the activity, that is, the existence of these communities are particularly difficult to discover by the specialized services, taking account of their parcelling out over the national territory and of their functioning in a very discrete way, that is, in complete autarchy.
Miviludes recommends therefore that a particular attention be exercised, primarily regarding this type of group by the mobilization of all the concerned services. The indices of perception of risk presented above can offer useful decrypting tools to better target the present dangers.
Put In Place an Internet Watch
The proliferation of social networks on the Internet has largely facilitated the development of these microgroups, by “democratizing”, via the Web, the access of a greater number of users in this type of relations, sometimes completely virtual, between a pseudo-spiritual guru and eventual adepts lacking recognition or strong sensations.
The example to which Miviludes was recently confronted recalls that this risk is far from being hypothetical.129
The recourse to the Internet has also considerably popularized the discourse or anxiety about the end of the world, by making it available to everyone. Used as an instrument of catharsis for exorcising the fears of each one, the Internet can offer a dreamed of entry way to certain movements or certain practices. The absence of a moderator or of control over the contents of the sites opens the door to spinouts and every kind of excess. This situation is all the more preoccupying that the “immediate” information thus obtained thanks to the Net is received without the necessary distance and without the distributed elements having been first verified or or brought up to date. There is a certain risk that a growing number of people will be seduced by these alternative theories, which can later facilitate the exercise of mental control over them.
Finally, computer modes of communication can be used to unleash a passing to action, of which the devastating effects will be multiplied by the numbers - on the planetary scale - of readers and users of the network thus touched. As Elisabeth Campos reminds us, within Heaven’s Gate130, the adepts spent hours in front of the screen of their computers sending messages via the Internet. It is by this means that the “Red Alert” message will be sent to alert the sympathizers of the moment of “departure”.
Miviludes thus proposes a reflection with the aim of putting into place a veritable computer watch in order to analyze the content of messages and apocalyptic discourses present on the Net in order to measure their danger. This watch must be confided to a specialized service of the police or the gendarmerie which has already an avowed experience in the control of Internet sites.
[Well, that's clear. Yes, they are already spying on us, and, yes, they want more of it.]
Surveillance of the resurgence of old apocalyptic movements
France has not escaped the coming of dramas on its territory (cf. OST, Neo-Phare). The protection of citizens necessitates the assurance that movements that have led in the past, through their anxiety-ridden discourse, to the death of physical person’s should be not in the state of presenting a new threat to society.
[“Physical persons” as opposed to “corporate persons”? This is a great example of the type of language pathological bureaucrats use. Wouldn’t you just write “the death of people”? Doesn’t that better express a genuine concern about death? Never mind that the whole report is bloated with this type of bureaucratese. Just this one point speaks to the heart of the problem. None of the concern in this document is for “people”. It is for power, for control, not of the guru over the adept, but of the State over society.]
This objective passes notably by the verification of the persistence or the renaissance of groups that have disappeared in other forms.
It will be difficultly conceivable that a group having presented at a moment in its history a factor of extreme danger would be the object of no surveillance or at the least some surveillance because of the loss of its leader or the supposed interruption of its activity.
Miviludes thus recommends the surveillance with a particular vigilance of the resurgence of old apocalyptic movements by researching all the possibilities of the reconstitution of the group under other forms.
[Can’t have just a little vigilance. We need a whole lotta vigilance! Cue in Led Zeppelin guitars...]
Seek international Cooperation to foster a permanent watch over risky movements
The case of a Franco-Canadian group having justified the recent intervention of Miviludes131 serves as a reminder: the activity of groups with an apocalyptic tendency, even of a small dimension, can pass over borders, thanks to the use of the vector of computers and the social networks present on the Net.
After the fashion of the work accomplished with the Canadian authorities on the previous case, it would be convenable to put into place international cooperation with the competent services of foreign States, in order to insure a permanent watch over risky movements, permitting in a perennial way the exchange of information between different countries, and thus promoting the conditions of a coordinated action on the international level in case of necessity.
This cooperation would permit without a doubt to better the understanding of the reality of the activity of the large movements of an international dimension, which are often confronted with different choices on policy of activities or expansion in function of the legislation of the States where they are implanted.
This objective, which meets with the preoccupation expressed by Miviludes in its programme of prevention and protection of minors against sectarian offshoots at the European level, can only be attained by a collective consciousness-taking of the inherent dangers of this type of movement or of their discourse and by the manifestation of a strong political will expressed on the international level.
For a better efficiency of preventative action by the public powers
To envision, whenever necessary, a trip by Miviludes to sites that are propitious to sectarian risk
Miviludes, as it has done in the past by visiting certain communities, envisions, as necessary, to go to sites propitious to forms of control over persons linked with messages of an apocalyptic type, in order, by its presence on the spot and its meeting with the actors concerned, notably within the working groups of the Prefecture foreseen by the circular of the Minister of the Interior of February 25, 2008, cited by that of April 2, 2011, to better coordinate the preventative and repressive action of the services of the State.
[April 2, 2011. Curious date considering the problems Laura et al had during 2011... The repressive action of the services of the State, indeed. Of course, to even refer to such a thing is one of those indices Miviludes is so fond of.]
At the date of the appearance of this report, Miviludes has already made two trips to the departments particularly marked by this phenomenon.
Reinforce the activity on this question by the working groups of the Prefectures charged to follow the sectarian phenomenon in France
The coordination on the local level of the action of all the services of the State concerned by the struggle against sectarian offshoots and organized with the specific working groups, that is the regular meeting, under the authority of the Prefect, has been brought up by the last circular of the Ministry of the Interior, Overseas, Territorial Collectivities, and Immigration on April 2, 2011.132
It is within this local scene that the strongest raising of awareness must be made, because these meetings are by definition the place of exchange of information between the different administrations susceptible of having knowledge of the facts of nature that would awaken suspicions and therefore of placing the other services of the State in a measure to act.
It is in fact closest to the realities on the ground, there where the groups are found and there where they exercise their activity that the vigilance of the State must be exercised, and in function of the criteria and the indications of perception of risk presented above certain factors of danger can be identified in a way that permits, if necessary, a preventive action by the public powers.
Miviludes thus proposes that at least one meeting of these working groups be dedicated, in each department during the course of 2011, and in any case before the end of 2012, to the specific problematic of the resurgence of messages of the apocalyptic type with the approach of 2012.
Miviludes insists as well, with the understanding of the local realities, on the irreplaceable work of associations of defense and rejoices, from this point of view, of the orientation defined by the Minister of the Interior in the circular cited above which seeks to reinforce the links with the associations that help victims.133
Put in place a protocol of vigilance with the concerned services of the State
In order to assure the maximum efficiency of preventative action by the public powers in this domain, Miviludes proposes the elaboration of a protocol of vigilance with all the concerned services of the State.
This protocol, concluded at the adapted level, will notably have as its goal:
to optimize, when not an emergency case, the collection of information of movements of an apocalyptic tendency;
to realize in a permanent way the elements thus received;
to evaluate in real time the danger of the content of messages and the doctrines developed;
to plan in advance communal and coordinated actions aiming, in case of necessity, to assure the protection of persons facing imminent danger by the mobilization of all concerned services.
This proposition will be the object of initiatives of Miviludes during the coming weeks.
Watch for an intervention adapted to the particularity of the phenomenon
In case an intervention is made necessary because of the imminence of danger, Miviludes hopes to recall that the action of the public powers must be conducted with the respect of public freedoms and in taking care of a number of precautions which, if they are not followed, could expose the members of the concerned groups to supplementary dangers.The examples of the group The Family (linked to Charles Manson) and of the OST are revealing.134
[We haven’t been giving the footnotes in this version, but this one is deserving of comment...]
[134. In these two cases, the intervention at diverse degrees by the public powers (arrest of members for minor infractions for the first, judicial investigations about the movement for the second) precipitated the passing to the act of assassinations and collective suicide.
[Hmmm. So the deaths were in fact the result of too much interference on the private lives of individuals by the State and not the groups themselves??? Amazing that such a gem should be relegated to a footnote, because we know how much the French pride themselves on their intellectual rigor. They must be modest, too.]]
Before any intervention in a crisis situation, it is important for the authorities to know well the system of organization and the beliefs of the group, in order to adapt the envisioned mode of operation. A precipitated or unprepared intervention risks in effect to lead to even more disastrous consequences, provoking a reaction of supplemental violence on the part of the group, directed against the members themselves or against society.
The protocol of vigilance evoked above should further the putting into place of this recommendation.
Conclusion
At the end of this study, Miviludes has no other ambition that to promote the raising of awareness of all the faces of the risks of sectarian offshoots brought on by the resurgence of apocalyptic or Millennarist messages with the approach of 2012.
It is not seeking to dramatize the importance of this risk, nor to stigmatize the contents of this or that doctrine, in respect of the freedom of expression of thought and belief. Conforming to its role of information, it simply calls for a duty of vigilance of everyone in the face of extreme acts which this type of discourse can lead in certain circumstances, exposing a part of our fellow citizens to dangers for their security or their integrity.
It formulates as well the wish that the indications of perception of risks and the paths of reflection that it has elaborated, on the basis of its observations and conclusions, contribute to reinforce the efficiency of preventative action by the public powers in this domain.
The preoccupation that is that of the Interministerial Mission in this study finds without a doubt its best expression in the ideas held in 1999 by father Jacques Trouslard, to whom Miviludes wishes to render homage for having consecrated over thirty years of his life to the defense of victims of movements of a sectarian character:135
“It would be regrettable to believe or let believe that these apocalyptic groups are inoffensive, that they only have a small number of mild lunatics, and to ignore them under the fallacious pretext of respecting the rights of individuals. All the apocalyptic movements may not end with suicide or freely consented collective massacres. And would it be scandalous to say that there is worse for a human than physical death. There is nothing worse for a man that the taking away of his freedom.”