Let's talk today about programs - also called buffers and "the Predator's Mind - and how we get them and how they affect us throughout our lives unless and until we learn about them, examine them, and deal with them cognitively.
Starting with some basics:
As an infant develops, the nature of its moment-by-moment experiences of its inner world and the world around it changes in terms of intensity (affect/emotion). During relatively quiet periods of low affective intensity, the infant absorbs all kinds of information about its environment - cognitive learning. This type of learning does not have a major impact on the infant's motivational system.
At other times, the infant has periods of high affect intensity. These are usually related to experiences of need or wish for pleasure or comfort, or a wish/need to get away from something due to fear or pain.
These periods of peak affect intensity involve the developing infant in an intense learning experience about its relations to itself and others (including the world at large), and these are the experiences that lay down heavily emotion-laden memory circuits in the developing brain that can become very problematical "programs" or manifestations of the "Predator's Mind" in later life.
The emotion-laden memory structures in the brain formed under peak affect states are the foundation of the motivational systems of the individual - what the individual considers to be important for survival, how to obtain what is needed for that survival and how to avoid what is painful or threatening to survival.
Obviously, the most "ideal" concept of the self and other that an infant can have is a "perfect, nurturing other and a perfect, satisfied self" and such images form in the infant's mind as a result of satisfying experiences.
Frustrating or painful experiences, on the other hand, form a concept of a depriving or abusive "other" and a needy, helpless self.
This induces great stress on the organism.
An infant whose caregiver is generally attentive and nurturing CAN internalize images of a sadistic, depriving "world out there and others in it" because of experiences of temporary frustration or deprivation. In other words, a child from a good, caring family can "turn out badly". (Excluding considerations of genetics here.)
At the same time, an infant whose caregiver is generally neglectful or abusive may have accidental satisfying experiences at the right moments that can lead to an internal image of a loving, nurturing world and others in it. That is, a child from a "bad" family can turn out well. (Again, we are not considering genetics which can play an important role also.)
But, in general, because of the duration of the developmental period, it could be said that an infant will have a preponderance of one type or another experience and there can be compensation for the bad experiences that ameliorates them, though even that depends on the genetic nature of the individual.
Now, let's consider the "many I problem" of the ancient tradition, known in modern psychological parlance as "identity diffusion."
Identity diffusion refers to a person who has a psychological structure characterized by the fragmentation rather than integration of the internal representations of the self and others.
Most people suffer from identity diffusion to one extent or another because they have had varying kinds of positive or negative experiences during periods of high affect intensity as infants (or later in life). This problem is the focus of Martha Stout's book "The Myth of Sanity" where she talks about dissociation and how people do it when they are children as a sort of defense mechanism, and then as they do it, it gets to be a sort of habit.
A person can dissociate at any time in their life when they are going through a rough period that puts a lot of strain on their emotions and thinking - the neurological structures. Thing is, once you do it, it becomes easier to do it the next time and the next and next... It sort of lays down a "track" that is easier and easier to follow. It can be thought of as similar to carbon tracks in a distributor of a gas engine that cause mis-firing of the spark plugs or a skip in a vinyl record.
Watching television, movies, reading, (yes!), pornography, video games, whatever, are all common ways of dissociating or dealing with stress. Remember, stress can be caused by the conflict of drives vs reality.
Identity diffusion becomes a problem when it is persistent. It can then lead to pervasive feelings of a lack of values or goals or a "central self." This means that the person is going through life without consistent beliefs, values, goals; they do not have a clear sense of direction, a clear sense of self, and what is meaningful for them is determined solely by the situation in which they find themselves. They are like weather vanes, whichever way the wind is blowing, they spin and go with it. If they are with a group that does this or that, they do it mindlessly because that is what everyone else is doing. They behave mechanically according to the reactions programmed into them by their early experiences.
I think that all of you can easily see that identity diffusion manifests to one extent or another in just about everybody. In most people, it is mild and most of what is inside them is somewhat integrated, though certainly it is still composed of thousands of automatic programs.
Now, let's take a deeper look at Primitive Defense Mechanisms, otherwise known as programs, buffers or "the predator's mind."
Defense mechanisms are the ways we learn to deal with stress or conflict as we develop from infancy to adulthood. Very often, they are formed by automatic brain functions that activate in response to stress.
Some stresses are caused by conflicts between our drives, our emotions, and the "real world." One of the most basic is the early stresses that a child may experience when they are hungry (drive) and do not get fed. Or, they are cold or too hot, or in pain and there is no relief forthcoming.
Later on, a child may want a cookie (drive) and is told "no, not until after dinner," and while the child is not suffering from painful hunger, there is a drive for the cookie that is denied. How does the child learn to cope with this stress of denial? However the child copes, that is called the defense mechanism and it can be either primitive (infantile - the child feels threatened and begins to scream and cry as an infant would) or adaptive (the child is growing up and learns to wait until after dinner for the cookie.)
So, a person grows up with all kinds of competing pressures both from inside and outside; pressures from the emotional states and related drives, the constraints of the reality "out there", and even internalized constraints when the child has already learned that this or that is not okay and controls his emotions or drives (or tries to) even though they are in conflict. (Child wants cookie, knows that eating one before dinner is bad, gets into battle with self about whether or not to snitch it... decides that the stress of snitching is greater than the stress of denial and does not take cookie but continues to suffer because it wants the cookie.)
In short, as a person grows up in a more or less normal way, they move from primitive defense systems against stresses to more mature defense systems. They become flexible and interactive with their reality and can use reason, humor, subjugation of drives for long term benefits (including peaceful coexistence with others, like mother who will not be happy if they snitch cookie before dinner), sublimation and so on.
However, in many, if not MOST, people, there are still some primitive defense mechanisms that get "stuck" in their psyche because they were imprinted at moments of great emotional susceptibility. (Or imprint vulnerability, as discussed in the Wave, though we are not talking about that specifically right now.)
You can always recognize a Primitive Defense Mechanism by its rigidity and inflexibility - the fact that it does not adapt to the REAL situation at hand - and that it divides the world into black and white.
These types of programs originate in the very earliest years of a person's life, mainly the first year, and are a result of the infant attempting to cope with stresses that arise in its interaction with external reality.
Primitive defenses organize themselves around the simplest structure which is "feels good, is good / feels bad, is bad." That's all the infant really can know in its limited state of cognition.
So, a primitive defense mechanism is when a person continues to organize things in this way: black and white, good and bad, and so on.
Another aspect of the primitive defense mechanism is that the infant - being an infant - has no concept of itself. It is helpless and totally dependent on someone else to meet its needs.
So, the infant learns about itself in relation to how the world out there interacts with itself. If it feels bad and there is no relief for this suffering, it comes to perceive the world and itself as "bad". This induces tremendous stress on the organism.
BUT, and here's the biggie: the human instinctive substratum is biologically set up to DEFEND the organism. If the infant is having bad experiences that impact on the brain, putting repeated and concerted pressure on some neurological structures saying "bad, bad, pain, misery, suffering," etc... stressing the coping mechanisms via pain, suffering, unhappiness, etc, the brain will, at a certain point, collapse and go into defense mode.
A split occurs.
In other words, severe or prolonged stress causes a mental breakdown and this is a protective mechanism of the human biological brain.
It is theorized that when this happens, it is due to the fact that the brain has no other means of avoiding actual physical damage to its cells due to fatigue or nervous stress induced by the intense "coping action".
The human brain is constantly adapting itself reflexively to changes in the environment and it seems that this is just one of its defense mechanisms against stress.
The brain basically revolts against abnormal prolongation of stress that impacts any cortical area that is in a state of pathological excitation.
Much human behavior is the result of the conditioned behavior patterns implanted in the brain during childhood. People learn to behave this way or that way (positively or negatively) in the presence of all kinds of stimuli, specific or general. Some of these neurological structures can persist almost unmodified, but most of them (except in extreme cases that I will come to), grow and change with added input and the individual becomes able to adapt the the actual environment.
Much of what is known about this mechanism comes from Pavlov's research. And, the fact is, human brains are not that much different from dog brains in certain respects.
Pavlov showed that the nervous system of a dog could develop extraordinary powers of discrimination in creating its "programs" of responses. A dog can be made to salivate at a tone of 500 vibrations per minute (food signal) but NOT at the rate of 490 or 510.
Human beings are no less complex in their ability to unconsciously create such neurological structures (programs) of responses.
Negative conditioned responses are as important as positive conditioned responses since civilization requires that we learn how to control our drives almost automatically.
Emotional attitudes also become both positively and negatively conditioned: one can learn automatic revulsion against certain types of persons, behavior, etc as well as automatic attraction. If these programs are based on incorrect information, as they often are, there is a problem! If a person is programmed by an intense experience to respond positively to people wearing blue hats, a psychopath wearing a blue hat will also attract them to their great harm.
But, getting back to the issue of splitting of the personality.
When the brain is stressed (and this can come about in many ways) to a maximal extent, there comes a point of what Pavlov called "trans-marginal inhibition." That is, the stress pushes the brain to the breaking point and the brain takes protective measures to inhibit further damage.
This process takes place in stages.
1. Equivalent phase: this is comparable to reports of normal people who are in a period of intense fatigue due to stress (as in wartime), who say that they reached a point whre there was no difference in their reaction to important or trivial experiences. The brain is so exhausted that it is just trying to chug along keep going, but doesn't have enough energy to distinguish between anything.
If the stress continues, you then come to:
2. The Paradoxical phase: This is where weak stimuli or trivial things can provoke more response than a strong stimuli or an important thing. The reason for this is that the strong stimuli only increases inhibition (the shutting down of reactions) while the weak stimulus can produce a response in the brain that is not inhibitory.
If the stress continues:
3,. Ultra-paradoxical: Positive responses suddenly switch to negative and negative to positive. This is something similar to hysteria. An adult in such a state is abnormally suggestible and the most wildly improbable suggestions or ideas can be accepted as fact.
And so it is that, in such states of internal hysteria, an infant can reverse everything, split, go into a state of Identity Diffusion that, because of the extreme affect (emotional state), becomes more or less permanent.
I suspect that you can also guess that such programs can be one time things. A child can have one seriously negative event in a life that consists of mostly positive events, and have a serious primitive defense mechanism (program) that pretty much sticks for life - or until they discover it and seek the way to undo it.
In any event, when the infant splits, the brain seeks to protect an idealized segment of the individual's psyche or internal world from the aggression of the stress. The separation will be maintained at the expense of the psyche. There is no integrating that "dissociated part" with the rest of the self-images the child forms throughout life. Whenever something triggers that particular part of the brain, some stress that is similar, something perceived as a threat to survival, that program will run and all the learning and cognitive skills of the individual be damned.
Next problem with this type of splitting: since the brain has done this as a protective maneuver, has more or less "sealed off" the sanctum of this idealized psychic self, that program is not amenable to successful cognitive processing of the external reality, nor is it capable of accurately reading internal processes, including emotions.
This is effectively what happens when we say that the intellect usurps the energy of the emotional center though that only describes milder states of such conditioning.
This split off internal idealized self that is "good" (defined that way for survival), when activated, takes charge of the system and imposes itself (it is very strong because of the extreme stress and emotion that went into forming it) on the individual's perceptions of the world.
And, since it is formed at a primitive level of the psyche, it has the earmarks of a Primitive Defense Mechanism: feels good, is good / feels bad, is bad; black / white; self good; other evil; and so on.
BUT, that doesn't mean that this primitive defense mechanism has any rationality to it! Opinions are strong, but not stable. Things are good or bad, but what is good or bad depends on the immediate circumstances.
If the person feels that someone close has 'dissed' him in some way, something that activates his "helpless and hopeless" feeling as an infant, that formerly close person will be relegated to the "black list" and everything about him or her that was formerly perceived as good, will now be perceived as bad. Patience will be viewed as weakness, lack of action; strength will be seen as aggressiveness; kindness as weakness, and so on.
This "good / bad" primitive defense mechanism can totally influence the person's mood. A single frustration that triggers the program can make everything in the world "out there" seem bleak, uninspiring, going nowhere, against the person who is, of course, long-suffering and only seeking the ideal of love, peace, safety, beauty, etc etc.
So, the clue that one is running an infantile program (that is, one inculcated in infancy) is that it reveals this "good / bad" categorization of everything, and that there is little flexibility in dealing with the reality of the moment. Under the influence of such a program, the individual is not able to appreciate the subtle shades of a situation or to tolerate ambiguity. This leads to distortions in perceptions since the external reality is filtered through - made to conform to - the rigid and primitive internal structure of an infant.
Now, everyone has some of these infantile programs - or traces of them - that get triggered now and again. It's only when the person continues to use this type of primitive defense mechanism as the PRIMARY defense as an adult that there is a serious problem. That can be termed a "personality disorder."
We have witnessed manifestations of this a few times here on the forum and in QFS. That is, when a primitively organized individual is confronted with something displeasing or threatening, the "threatening object" (person, idea, group, whatever), is placed in the "all bad" category where it is safely segregated from anything with a good connotation.
This is how such disordered people contain their anxiety, the stress of what they perceive as a threat to their survival. (They want something, need something, it is denied, and that is a threat to survival). But obviously, as we have witnessed numerous times, it is at the expense of successful adaptation which could lead to a fulfilling life for that unhappy person.
Now, here's the kicker: if the displeasing feeling is coming from within the self - if the self finds that there is rage or anger or hate or jealousy or pettiness or whatever is considered negative - when a person is operating from the primitive defense mechanism, that feeling must be denied as part of the self and will be experienced as coming from "out there." (Projection.)
We have seen that also. A person will be questioned about their unilateral assertions and this is perceived as a threat to their survival (their entire structure is organized around black and white, remember), and their fear or anger comes up a bit, but this gets diverted because those feelings cannot be tolerated due to the neurological construct laid down in infancy, and the Primitive Survival Defense program kicks in.
That is, at the moment the person is in active primitive defense mechanism mode, even if some other part of their brain is feeling angry or hurt or whatever, that other part of the brain is dissociated and those impulses, feelings, thoughts, are denied, personal relationship with them is suppressed, and they are projected onto someone else.
That is: splitting can be a primitive form of projection when the denied part of the self is experienced as coming from an external object (person, group, whatever.)
There are other primitive defense mechanisms that stem from a split internal organization:
Projective Identification: this is an unconscious tendency to both induce in another what is being projected, AND to attempt to control the other person who is perceived as manifesting those characteristics that the split person is projecting.
That is, a person who cannot tolerate their own feelings of rage and aggression will unconsciously provoke and frustrate their target in subtle and not-so-subtle ways that will lead the target to actually FEEL the emotions that the split person is denying in themselves.
In this way, the split person can have the satisfaction of the expression of such emotions in a non-threatening way because it "doesn't belong to them," and they are, in a sense, "in control" of the manifestation.
This is an important clue to dealing with manipulation. If you know your own machine, if you have worked through your own stuff, and are certain of your own feelings in a given situation, you can pay close attention to shifts in your own state that are induced by the manipulative person and understand that what you are being manipulated to feel is what the manipulator is denying in themselves and cannot accept. This can give you data about their internal world.
Now, keep in mind that a person who operates out of the primitive defense mechanism as a primary mode, DOES have alternating awareness of the different sides of their internal conflict, but denial (and splitting) allows them to tolerate the state of affairs without anxiety. They can deny this for this moment, deny that for that moment. Etc. They do not have CO-consciousness of the contradictory material.
In any event, getting back to more normal manifestations of the problem. If there is a strong primitive defense mechanism laid down in the psyche, it can organize itself around a "belief center" of the brain, and the core belief can be "I'm worthless, helpless, bad," but this has to be projected onto external objects (the brain defending its survival) which leaves the person in a habitual condition of expecting aggression or hurt from the outside world.
If a person has MULTIPLE un-integrated self-object programs like this, each of which determines the person's subjective experience in myriads of situations, at any given moment, then the person's internal world is a series of discontinuous experiences and that person will have great difficulty committing to relationships, meaningful work, goals, values, etc.
Finally, there is another situation in which an individual operates from a primitive defense mechanism: the experience of infatuation, powerful sexual attraction, "falling in love", etc, wherein the "other," no matter what the circumstances, is experienced as "all good."
This type of regression explains why otherwise mature individuals are capable of extreme and irrational thoughts and actions under the influence of drives and primitive defense mechanisms.
Now, there's another interesting thing about this. Pavlov noted that when one small cortical area in a dog's brain reached a state of pathological inertia and excitation, (it was at maximal stress and shutdown), it would generate odd stereotypical movements like shaking or repeated scratching or pawing of something. He concluded that if this cerebral condition could affect movement, it might also affect thought, stereotypically, and could thus account for certain obsessions in human thinking.
Pavlov also learned that these small areas of the brain were subject to the equivalent, paradoxical, and ultra-paradoxical phases of abnormal activity which he had previously thought only applied to larger areas of the brain. Pavlov thought, in fact, that what is called projection and introjection - when a persistent fear or desire is projected outwards or inwards - is a physiological manifestation of localized cerebral inhibition.
Pavlov found that some dogs of a stable temperament were more than usually prone to develop these "limited pathological points" in the cortex when at the point of breaking down under stress. New behavior patterns would be the result such as a compulsive and repetitive pawing or some form of physical debilitation. Once acquired by a dog of stable temperament, patterns of this sort were extremely difficult to eradicate. This may be the way a more stable person reacts to such stress: instead of splitting psychically, they instead develop some sort of external, physical action that releases the stress.
During WW II, quite a few studies were done of shell-shocked patients in hospitals in England. Some of these patients had reached this state of cerebral shut-down and it manifested in gross and uncoordinated, yet regular, jerking and writhing movements which were accompanied by temporary loss of speech, or a stammer or explosive talking.
The parallels between these patients and Pavlov's dogs subjected to stresses should be obvious.
That is to say, these abnormal mental states may be succeeded in human beings as in Pavlov's dogs, by "dynamic stereotypy" - a new functional system in the brain is formed which requires increasingly less work by the nervous system to maintain it just as learning to drive requires increasingly less focus once one has done it for awhile.
The repetitive pattern of movements or thoughts that are formed under these kinds of stressful conditions (and in some people, there are truly extremely stressful conditions in their infancy) do not yield easily to treatment.
But then, in these cases, we are talking about only a statistically small sample.
Nevertheless, Pavlov's findings that severe focal excitation on one area of a dog's brain can cause profound reflex inhibition of other areas of the brain might be a key to the problems of programs, buffers and the Predator's Mind. In a normal person, time and other experiences can disperse the abnormal neurological structure to some extent, but in certain genetically susceptible individuals, it can become a core structure.
But keep in mind that even if one deals with programs and essentially "deprograms" the self from these kinds of abnormal states, sensitivity to what brought about the nervous disruption can persist a very long time in a latent state. Events will remind the person of the "program," and they will have to struggle with it to some extent again and again for some period of time before it is entirely extinct. (And I have no certainty that total extinction ever occurs!)
Starting with some basics:
As an infant develops, the nature of its moment-by-moment experiences of its inner world and the world around it changes in terms of intensity (affect/emotion). During relatively quiet periods of low affective intensity, the infant absorbs all kinds of information about its environment - cognitive learning. This type of learning does not have a major impact on the infant's motivational system.
At other times, the infant has periods of high affect intensity. These are usually related to experiences of need or wish for pleasure or comfort, or a wish/need to get away from something due to fear or pain.
These periods of peak affect intensity involve the developing infant in an intense learning experience about its relations to itself and others (including the world at large), and these are the experiences that lay down heavily emotion-laden memory circuits in the developing brain that can become very problematical "programs" or manifestations of the "Predator's Mind" in later life.
The emotion-laden memory structures in the brain formed under peak affect states are the foundation of the motivational systems of the individual - what the individual considers to be important for survival, how to obtain what is needed for that survival and how to avoid what is painful or threatening to survival.
Obviously, the most "ideal" concept of the self and other that an infant can have is a "perfect, nurturing other and a perfect, satisfied self" and such images form in the infant's mind as a result of satisfying experiences.
Frustrating or painful experiences, on the other hand, form a concept of a depriving or abusive "other" and a needy, helpless self.
This induces great stress on the organism.
An infant whose caregiver is generally attentive and nurturing CAN internalize images of a sadistic, depriving "world out there and others in it" because of experiences of temporary frustration or deprivation. In other words, a child from a good, caring family can "turn out badly". (Excluding considerations of genetics here.)
At the same time, an infant whose caregiver is generally neglectful or abusive may have accidental satisfying experiences at the right moments that can lead to an internal image of a loving, nurturing world and others in it. That is, a child from a "bad" family can turn out well. (Again, we are not considering genetics which can play an important role also.)
But, in general, because of the duration of the developmental period, it could be said that an infant will have a preponderance of one type or another experience and there can be compensation for the bad experiences that ameliorates them, though even that depends on the genetic nature of the individual.
Now, let's consider the "many I problem" of the ancient tradition, known in modern psychological parlance as "identity diffusion."
Identity diffusion refers to a person who has a psychological structure characterized by the fragmentation rather than integration of the internal representations of the self and others.
Most people suffer from identity diffusion to one extent or another because they have had varying kinds of positive or negative experiences during periods of high affect intensity as infants (or later in life). This problem is the focus of Martha Stout's book "The Myth of Sanity" where she talks about dissociation and how people do it when they are children as a sort of defense mechanism, and then as they do it, it gets to be a sort of habit.
A person can dissociate at any time in their life when they are going through a rough period that puts a lot of strain on their emotions and thinking - the neurological structures. Thing is, once you do it, it becomes easier to do it the next time and the next and next... It sort of lays down a "track" that is easier and easier to follow. It can be thought of as similar to carbon tracks in a distributor of a gas engine that cause mis-firing of the spark plugs or a skip in a vinyl record.
Watching television, movies, reading, (yes!), pornography, video games, whatever, are all common ways of dissociating or dealing with stress. Remember, stress can be caused by the conflict of drives vs reality.
Identity diffusion becomes a problem when it is persistent. It can then lead to pervasive feelings of a lack of values or goals or a "central self." This means that the person is going through life without consistent beliefs, values, goals; they do not have a clear sense of direction, a clear sense of self, and what is meaningful for them is determined solely by the situation in which they find themselves. They are like weather vanes, whichever way the wind is blowing, they spin and go with it. If they are with a group that does this or that, they do it mindlessly because that is what everyone else is doing. They behave mechanically according to the reactions programmed into them by their early experiences.
I think that all of you can easily see that identity diffusion manifests to one extent or another in just about everybody. In most people, it is mild and most of what is inside them is somewhat integrated, though certainly it is still composed of thousands of automatic programs.
Now, let's take a deeper look at Primitive Defense Mechanisms, otherwise known as programs, buffers or "the predator's mind."
Defense mechanisms are the ways we learn to deal with stress or conflict as we develop from infancy to adulthood. Very often, they are formed by automatic brain functions that activate in response to stress.
Some stresses are caused by conflicts between our drives, our emotions, and the "real world." One of the most basic is the early stresses that a child may experience when they are hungry (drive) and do not get fed. Or, they are cold or too hot, or in pain and there is no relief forthcoming.
Later on, a child may want a cookie (drive) and is told "no, not until after dinner," and while the child is not suffering from painful hunger, there is a drive for the cookie that is denied. How does the child learn to cope with this stress of denial? However the child copes, that is called the defense mechanism and it can be either primitive (infantile - the child feels threatened and begins to scream and cry as an infant would) or adaptive (the child is growing up and learns to wait until after dinner for the cookie.)
So, a person grows up with all kinds of competing pressures both from inside and outside; pressures from the emotional states and related drives, the constraints of the reality "out there", and even internalized constraints when the child has already learned that this or that is not okay and controls his emotions or drives (or tries to) even though they are in conflict. (Child wants cookie, knows that eating one before dinner is bad, gets into battle with self about whether or not to snitch it... decides that the stress of snitching is greater than the stress of denial and does not take cookie but continues to suffer because it wants the cookie.)
In short, as a person grows up in a more or less normal way, they move from primitive defense systems against stresses to more mature defense systems. They become flexible and interactive with their reality and can use reason, humor, subjugation of drives for long term benefits (including peaceful coexistence with others, like mother who will not be happy if they snitch cookie before dinner), sublimation and so on.
However, in many, if not MOST, people, there are still some primitive defense mechanisms that get "stuck" in their psyche because they were imprinted at moments of great emotional susceptibility. (Or imprint vulnerability, as discussed in the Wave, though we are not talking about that specifically right now.)
You can always recognize a Primitive Defense Mechanism by its rigidity and inflexibility - the fact that it does not adapt to the REAL situation at hand - and that it divides the world into black and white.
These types of programs originate in the very earliest years of a person's life, mainly the first year, and are a result of the infant attempting to cope with stresses that arise in its interaction with external reality.
Primitive defenses organize themselves around the simplest structure which is "feels good, is good / feels bad, is bad." That's all the infant really can know in its limited state of cognition.
So, a primitive defense mechanism is when a person continues to organize things in this way: black and white, good and bad, and so on.
Another aspect of the primitive defense mechanism is that the infant - being an infant - has no concept of itself. It is helpless and totally dependent on someone else to meet its needs.
So, the infant learns about itself in relation to how the world out there interacts with itself. If it feels bad and there is no relief for this suffering, it comes to perceive the world and itself as "bad". This induces tremendous stress on the organism.
BUT, and here's the biggie: the human instinctive substratum is biologically set up to DEFEND the organism. If the infant is having bad experiences that impact on the brain, putting repeated and concerted pressure on some neurological structures saying "bad, bad, pain, misery, suffering," etc... stressing the coping mechanisms via pain, suffering, unhappiness, etc, the brain will, at a certain point, collapse and go into defense mode.
A split occurs.
In other words, severe or prolonged stress causes a mental breakdown and this is a protective mechanism of the human biological brain.
It is theorized that when this happens, it is due to the fact that the brain has no other means of avoiding actual physical damage to its cells due to fatigue or nervous stress induced by the intense "coping action".
The human brain is constantly adapting itself reflexively to changes in the environment and it seems that this is just one of its defense mechanisms against stress.
The brain basically revolts against abnormal prolongation of stress that impacts any cortical area that is in a state of pathological excitation.
Much human behavior is the result of the conditioned behavior patterns implanted in the brain during childhood. People learn to behave this way or that way (positively or negatively) in the presence of all kinds of stimuli, specific or general. Some of these neurological structures can persist almost unmodified, but most of them (except in extreme cases that I will come to), grow and change with added input and the individual becomes able to adapt the the actual environment.
Much of what is known about this mechanism comes from Pavlov's research. And, the fact is, human brains are not that much different from dog brains in certain respects.
Pavlov showed that the nervous system of a dog could develop extraordinary powers of discrimination in creating its "programs" of responses. A dog can be made to salivate at a tone of 500 vibrations per minute (food signal) but NOT at the rate of 490 or 510.
Human beings are no less complex in their ability to unconsciously create such neurological structures (programs) of responses.
Negative conditioned responses are as important as positive conditioned responses since civilization requires that we learn how to control our drives almost automatically.
Emotional attitudes also become both positively and negatively conditioned: one can learn automatic revulsion against certain types of persons, behavior, etc as well as automatic attraction. If these programs are based on incorrect information, as they often are, there is a problem! If a person is programmed by an intense experience to respond positively to people wearing blue hats, a psychopath wearing a blue hat will also attract them to their great harm.
But, getting back to the issue of splitting of the personality.
When the brain is stressed (and this can come about in many ways) to a maximal extent, there comes a point of what Pavlov called "trans-marginal inhibition." That is, the stress pushes the brain to the breaking point and the brain takes protective measures to inhibit further damage.
This process takes place in stages.
1. Equivalent phase: this is comparable to reports of normal people who are in a period of intense fatigue due to stress (as in wartime), who say that they reached a point whre there was no difference in their reaction to important or trivial experiences. The brain is so exhausted that it is just trying to chug along keep going, but doesn't have enough energy to distinguish between anything.
If the stress continues, you then come to:
2. The Paradoxical phase: This is where weak stimuli or trivial things can provoke more response than a strong stimuli or an important thing. The reason for this is that the strong stimuli only increases inhibition (the shutting down of reactions) while the weak stimulus can produce a response in the brain that is not inhibitory.
If the stress continues:
3,. Ultra-paradoxical: Positive responses suddenly switch to negative and negative to positive. This is something similar to hysteria. An adult in such a state is abnormally suggestible and the most wildly improbable suggestions or ideas can be accepted as fact.
And so it is that, in such states of internal hysteria, an infant can reverse everything, split, go into a state of Identity Diffusion that, because of the extreme affect (emotional state), becomes more or less permanent.
I suspect that you can also guess that such programs can be one time things. A child can have one seriously negative event in a life that consists of mostly positive events, and have a serious primitive defense mechanism (program) that pretty much sticks for life - or until they discover it and seek the way to undo it.
In any event, when the infant splits, the brain seeks to protect an idealized segment of the individual's psyche or internal world from the aggression of the stress. The separation will be maintained at the expense of the psyche. There is no integrating that "dissociated part" with the rest of the self-images the child forms throughout life. Whenever something triggers that particular part of the brain, some stress that is similar, something perceived as a threat to survival, that program will run and all the learning and cognitive skills of the individual be damned.
Next problem with this type of splitting: since the brain has done this as a protective maneuver, has more or less "sealed off" the sanctum of this idealized psychic self, that program is not amenable to successful cognitive processing of the external reality, nor is it capable of accurately reading internal processes, including emotions.
This is effectively what happens when we say that the intellect usurps the energy of the emotional center though that only describes milder states of such conditioning.
This split off internal idealized self that is "good" (defined that way for survival), when activated, takes charge of the system and imposes itself (it is very strong because of the extreme stress and emotion that went into forming it) on the individual's perceptions of the world.
And, since it is formed at a primitive level of the psyche, it has the earmarks of a Primitive Defense Mechanism: feels good, is good / feels bad, is bad; black / white; self good; other evil; and so on.
BUT, that doesn't mean that this primitive defense mechanism has any rationality to it! Opinions are strong, but not stable. Things are good or bad, but what is good or bad depends on the immediate circumstances.
If the person feels that someone close has 'dissed' him in some way, something that activates his "helpless and hopeless" feeling as an infant, that formerly close person will be relegated to the "black list" and everything about him or her that was formerly perceived as good, will now be perceived as bad. Patience will be viewed as weakness, lack of action; strength will be seen as aggressiveness; kindness as weakness, and so on.
This "good / bad" primitive defense mechanism can totally influence the person's mood. A single frustration that triggers the program can make everything in the world "out there" seem bleak, uninspiring, going nowhere, against the person who is, of course, long-suffering and only seeking the ideal of love, peace, safety, beauty, etc etc.
So, the clue that one is running an infantile program (that is, one inculcated in infancy) is that it reveals this "good / bad" categorization of everything, and that there is little flexibility in dealing with the reality of the moment. Under the influence of such a program, the individual is not able to appreciate the subtle shades of a situation or to tolerate ambiguity. This leads to distortions in perceptions since the external reality is filtered through - made to conform to - the rigid and primitive internal structure of an infant.
Now, everyone has some of these infantile programs - or traces of them - that get triggered now and again. It's only when the person continues to use this type of primitive defense mechanism as the PRIMARY defense as an adult that there is a serious problem. That can be termed a "personality disorder."
We have witnessed manifestations of this a few times here on the forum and in QFS. That is, when a primitively organized individual is confronted with something displeasing or threatening, the "threatening object" (person, idea, group, whatever), is placed in the "all bad" category where it is safely segregated from anything with a good connotation.
This is how such disordered people contain their anxiety, the stress of what they perceive as a threat to their survival. (They want something, need something, it is denied, and that is a threat to survival). But obviously, as we have witnessed numerous times, it is at the expense of successful adaptation which could lead to a fulfilling life for that unhappy person.
Now, here's the kicker: if the displeasing feeling is coming from within the self - if the self finds that there is rage or anger or hate or jealousy or pettiness or whatever is considered negative - when a person is operating from the primitive defense mechanism, that feeling must be denied as part of the self and will be experienced as coming from "out there." (Projection.)
We have seen that also. A person will be questioned about their unilateral assertions and this is perceived as a threat to their survival (their entire structure is organized around black and white, remember), and their fear or anger comes up a bit, but this gets diverted because those feelings cannot be tolerated due to the neurological construct laid down in infancy, and the Primitive Survival Defense program kicks in.
That is, at the moment the person is in active primitive defense mechanism mode, even if some other part of their brain is feeling angry or hurt or whatever, that other part of the brain is dissociated and those impulses, feelings, thoughts, are denied, personal relationship with them is suppressed, and they are projected onto someone else.
That is: splitting can be a primitive form of projection when the denied part of the self is experienced as coming from an external object (person, group, whatever.)
There are other primitive defense mechanisms that stem from a split internal organization:
Projective Identification: this is an unconscious tendency to both induce in another what is being projected, AND to attempt to control the other person who is perceived as manifesting those characteristics that the split person is projecting.
That is, a person who cannot tolerate their own feelings of rage and aggression will unconsciously provoke and frustrate their target in subtle and not-so-subtle ways that will lead the target to actually FEEL the emotions that the split person is denying in themselves.
In this way, the split person can have the satisfaction of the expression of such emotions in a non-threatening way because it "doesn't belong to them," and they are, in a sense, "in control" of the manifestation.
This is an important clue to dealing with manipulation. If you know your own machine, if you have worked through your own stuff, and are certain of your own feelings in a given situation, you can pay close attention to shifts in your own state that are induced by the manipulative person and understand that what you are being manipulated to feel is what the manipulator is denying in themselves and cannot accept. This can give you data about their internal world.
Now, keep in mind that a person who operates out of the primitive defense mechanism as a primary mode, DOES have alternating awareness of the different sides of their internal conflict, but denial (and splitting) allows them to tolerate the state of affairs without anxiety. They can deny this for this moment, deny that for that moment. Etc. They do not have CO-consciousness of the contradictory material.
In any event, getting back to more normal manifestations of the problem. If there is a strong primitive defense mechanism laid down in the psyche, it can organize itself around a "belief center" of the brain, and the core belief can be "I'm worthless, helpless, bad," but this has to be projected onto external objects (the brain defending its survival) which leaves the person in a habitual condition of expecting aggression or hurt from the outside world.
If a person has MULTIPLE un-integrated self-object programs like this, each of which determines the person's subjective experience in myriads of situations, at any given moment, then the person's internal world is a series of discontinuous experiences and that person will have great difficulty committing to relationships, meaningful work, goals, values, etc.
Finally, there is another situation in which an individual operates from a primitive defense mechanism: the experience of infatuation, powerful sexual attraction, "falling in love", etc, wherein the "other," no matter what the circumstances, is experienced as "all good."
This type of regression explains why otherwise mature individuals are capable of extreme and irrational thoughts and actions under the influence of drives and primitive defense mechanisms.
Now, there's another interesting thing about this. Pavlov noted that when one small cortical area in a dog's brain reached a state of pathological inertia and excitation, (it was at maximal stress and shutdown), it would generate odd stereotypical movements like shaking or repeated scratching or pawing of something. He concluded that if this cerebral condition could affect movement, it might also affect thought, stereotypically, and could thus account for certain obsessions in human thinking.
Pavlov also learned that these small areas of the brain were subject to the equivalent, paradoxical, and ultra-paradoxical phases of abnormal activity which he had previously thought only applied to larger areas of the brain. Pavlov thought, in fact, that what is called projection and introjection - when a persistent fear or desire is projected outwards or inwards - is a physiological manifestation of localized cerebral inhibition.
Pavlov found that some dogs of a stable temperament were more than usually prone to develop these "limited pathological points" in the cortex when at the point of breaking down under stress. New behavior patterns would be the result such as a compulsive and repetitive pawing or some form of physical debilitation. Once acquired by a dog of stable temperament, patterns of this sort were extremely difficult to eradicate. This may be the way a more stable person reacts to such stress: instead of splitting psychically, they instead develop some sort of external, physical action that releases the stress.
During WW II, quite a few studies were done of shell-shocked patients in hospitals in England. Some of these patients had reached this state of cerebral shut-down and it manifested in gross and uncoordinated, yet regular, jerking and writhing movements which were accompanied by temporary loss of speech, or a stammer or explosive talking.
The parallels between these patients and Pavlov's dogs subjected to stresses should be obvious.
That is to say, these abnormal mental states may be succeeded in human beings as in Pavlov's dogs, by "dynamic stereotypy" - a new functional system in the brain is formed which requires increasingly less work by the nervous system to maintain it just as learning to drive requires increasingly less focus once one has done it for awhile.
The repetitive pattern of movements or thoughts that are formed under these kinds of stressful conditions (and in some people, there are truly extremely stressful conditions in their infancy) do not yield easily to treatment.
But then, in these cases, we are talking about only a statistically small sample.
Nevertheless, Pavlov's findings that severe focal excitation on one area of a dog's brain can cause profound reflex inhibition of other areas of the brain might be a key to the problems of programs, buffers and the Predator's Mind. In a normal person, time and other experiences can disperse the abnormal neurological structure to some extent, but in certain genetically susceptible individuals, it can become a core structure.
But keep in mind that even if one deals with programs and essentially "deprograms" the self from these kinds of abnormal states, sensitivity to what brought about the nervous disruption can persist a very long time in a latent state. Events will remind the person of the "program," and they will have to struggle with it to some extent again and again for some period of time before it is entirely extinct. (And I have no certainty that total extinction ever occurs!)