These five compounds are often used together to support a healthy inflammation response through distinct and synergistic pathways.
1. PEA (Palmitoylethanolamide)
PEA is an endogenous fatty acid amide that acts as a "biological modulator" to restore cellular homeostasis.
- Mechanism: It primarily activates the PPAR-alpha (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha). This activation inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway, which is the master switch for producing pro-inflammatory cytokines. It also acts via "autacoid local inflammation antagonism" (ALIA), downregulating mast cell degranulation.
- Key Study: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 clinical trials involving 774 patients confirmed that PEA significantly reduces chronic pain intensity scores.
2. Boswellia (Frankincense)
The gum resin of
Boswellia serrata contains active boswellic acids, notably
AKBA (3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid).
- Mechanism: It is a potent, non-redox inhibitor of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). By blocking this enzyme, it prevents the synthesis of leukotrienes, which are key mediators of inflammation in conditions like asthma and arthritis.
- Key Study: Research indicates Boswellia extracts can prevent joint pain and cartilage degeneration by inhibiting inflammatory responses and restoring matrix homeostasis.
3. Quercetin
A natural flavonoid found in many fruits and vegetables, known for its potent antioxidant and anti-allergic properties.
- Mechanism: It functions as a mast cell stabilizer. It inhibits the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators (like IL-6 and TNF-α) by blocking cellular processes such as the AKT/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
- Key Study: In vitro studies have shown Quercetin to be significantly more effective than the pharmaceutical mast cell stabilizer cromolyn in blocking human mast cell cytokine release.
4. Polydatin
Polydatin is a natural precursor (glycoside) of
Resveratrol found in plants like
Polygonum cuspidatum.
- Mechanism: Unlike Resveratrol, which enters cells passively, Polydatin uses active glucose transporters, giving it significantly higher bioavailability and water solubility. It inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation by modulating multiple pathways, including the AMPK signaling pathway.
- Key Study: Comparative studies show that Polydatin levels in serum can be up to 4 times higher than Resveratrol after oral administration, leading to superior antioxidant effects in vivo.
5. Garcinia (Garcinia mangostana/cambogia)
Commonly known as Mangosteen or Malabar Tamarind, it contains bioactive compounds like
xanthones and HCA.
- Mechanism: These compounds exert anti-inflammatory effects by dampening pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing oxidative stress markers.
- Key Study: Research on plant-origin polyphenols, including those in Garcinia, highlights their ability to regulate cellular signaling pathways and enhance antioxidant defenses without harming normal cell metabolism.
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