Astronomers identify record-breaking quasar
Using the European Southern Observatory's (ESO) Very Large Telescope (VLT), astronomers have characterized a bright quasar, finding it to be not only the brightest of its kind but also the most luminous object ever observed.
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"We have discovered the fastest-growing black hole known to date. It has a mass of 17 billion suns and eats just over a sun per day. This makes it the most luminous object in the known universe," says Christian Wolf, an astronomer at the Australian National University (ANU) and lead author of the study published Nature Astronomy. The quasar, called J0529-4351, is so far away from Earth that its light took over 12 billion years to reach us.
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The matter being pulled in toward this black hole, in the form of a disk, emits so much energy that J0529-4351 is over 500 trillion times more luminous than the sun. "All this light comes from a hot accretion disk that measures seven light-years in diameter—this must be the largest accretion disk in the universe," says ANU Ph.D. student and co-author Samuel Lai. Seven light-years is about 15,000 times the distance from the sun to the orbit of Neptune.
Remarkably, this record-breaking quasar was hiding in plain sight. "It is a surprise that it has remained unknown until today when we already know about a million less impressive quasars. It has been staring us in the face until now," says co-author Christopher Onken, an astronomer at ANU. He added that this object showed up in images from the ESO Schmidt Southern Sky Survey dating back to 1980, but it was not recognized as a quasar until decades later.
Finding quasars requires precise observational data from large areas of the sky. The resulting datasets are so large that researchers often use machine-learning models to analyze them and tell quasars apart from other celestial objects.
However, these models are trained on existing data, which limits the potential candidates to objects similar to those already known. If a new quasar is more luminous than any other previously observed, the program might reject it and classify it instead as a star not too distant from Earth.
The grand Sun-Jupiter-Uranus conjunction on 13 March, will uniquely coincide with additional conjunctions involving Mercury and Venus and also the Moon. This combination can result in large seismic activity, potentially reaching well over magnitude 8, most likely between 14 and 17 March.
Comet 12P can be witnessed live over the peeled sky by searching the night sky of the Andromeda galaxy or in real time thanks to two live streams from the Virtual Telescope Project, which will show the cosmic spectacle from the project's observatory in Manciano, Italy, starting at 2:30 p.m. ET on Sunday (March 10) and Tuesday (March 12).Comet 12P/Pons Brooks (12P) is about 17 kilometers wide and orbits the Sun in a highly elliptical orbit approximately every 71 years. It is a cryovolcanic comet, or ice volcano, meaning that it occasionally erupts when solar radiation cracks its icy shell, or nucleus, allowing it to eject a combination of ice and gas, known as cryomagma, into space. When this occurs, the cryomagma massively expands 12P's coma - the cloud of gas and dust surrounding the nucleus - making the comet appear much brighter.
The image above comes from the combination of ten, 120-second exposures, remotely taken with the Samyang 135+Paramount ME+ZWO ASI 6200MC Pro robotic unit available as part of the Virtual Telescope Project facility in Manciano, Italy. The covered field of view is about of 16 x 11 square degrees. The picture shows a superb perspective couple: the comet and the Great Andromeda Galaxy, aka Messier 31.
It is worth to mention that at the time of the image above the comet was at about 245 million of km from us, while the Andromeda Galaxy is more than 2 million light years away.
A beautiful, graceful cometary apparition might be in store for us. It’s been a while since we’ve had a wispy comet tail stretch across our evening sky. In October 2024, in particular October 14 through 24, C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS) could be bright in the early evening sky. With ten months to go, all looks good for a great showing.
The comet will make its closest approach to the sun (its perihelion) on September 28, 2024. At that point, some estimates are suggesting it might be around magnitude 0.7. That brightness rivals some of the brightest stars in the sky (though, for comets, the brightness is diffuse, not in a single point).
And of course, as with all comets, be aware that they are finicky balls of ice and dust, often not living up to expectations.
NOVA EXPECTED IN THE NEXT FEW MONTHS: It is in the constellation of Corona Borealis - an arc of stars between Vega and Arcturus (part of the "summer triangle"). The nova is predicted to be near the 3rd star to the east of the brightest star in the constellation (see maps below).
Keith Strong vía X
Why would this coming Mars transit close to Earth next year be any different than all the others before? It happens about every 3 years that Earth and Mars pass close to each other.Now it just happens that we will be swinging around the sun and by each other sometime later this year and lasting for months after that. This time next year we will be past it. but during this time I believe that Mars will be calling its material home
Quote:Why would this coming Mars transit close to Earth next year be any different than all the others before? It happens about every 3 years that Earth and Mars pass close to each other.
The number of planets in the solar system over the last three centuries has, perhaps surprisingly, been less of a fixed value than one would think it should be. In this paper, we look at the specific case of Vulcan, which was both a planet before Pluto was a planet and discarded from being a planet before Pluto was downgraded. We examine the historical context that led to its discovery in the 19th century, the decades of observations that were taken of it, and its eventual fall from glory. By applying a more modern understanding of astrophysics, we provide multiple mechanisms that may have changed the orbit of Vulcan sufficiently that it would have been outside the footprint of early 20th century searches for it. Finally, we discuss how the April 8, 2024 eclipse provides a renewed opportunity to rediscover this lost planet after more than a century of having been overlooked.
The reason is surprising: scientists don’t know the sun’s diameter, which leaves eclipse maps—projections of its shadow—all askew.
The expert:The path of totality for the upcoming solar eclipse has shifted once more accurate calculations were made by a solar eclipse expert, meaning that some people expecting to observe the astronomical phenomenon may now have to travel further for the event
The position of the umbral shadow path across North America has been accurately determined by our team member John Irwin. Most notably, this path incorporates adjustments that account for the topographic elevation, both around the limb of the Moon and on the surface of the Earth. It therefore provides a reliable guide for intrepid observers who may wish to venture close to the path limits and witness prolonged, and potentially profound, edge effects around the time of maximum eclipse (weather-permitting).
Solar radius is a unit of distance used to express the size of stars in astronomy relative to the Sun. The solar radius is usually defined as the radius to the layer in the Sun's photosphere where the optical depth equals 2/3:[1]
... 695,700 kilometres (432,300 miles) is approximately 10 times the average radius of Jupiter, 109 times the radius of the Earth, and 1/215th of an astronomical unit, the approximate distance between Earth and the Sun. The solar radius to either pole and that to the equator differ slightly due to the Sun's rotation, which induces an oblateness in the order of 10 parts per million.[2]
Nominal solar radius
In 2015, the International Astronomical Union passed Resolution B3, which defined a set of nominal conversion constants for stellar and planetary astronomy. Resolution B3 defined the nominal solar radius (symbol - see website)
be equal to exactly 695700 km.[5] The nominal value, which is the rounded value, within the uncertainty, given by Haberreiter, Schmutz & Kosovichev (2008), was adopted to help astronomers avoid confusion when quoting stellar radii in units of the Sun's radius, even when future observations will likely refine the Sun's actual photospheric radius (which is currently[6] only known to about an accuracy of ±100–200 km).