Mass Extinctions, Evolutionary Leaps, and the Virus-Information Connection

[jcsmalz]

Quite illuminating. This EMP business has me thinking about the electrical phenomenon created by "shorn rocks" that can be used as a sort of portal or wormhole perhaps to other planets or perhaps this time around 4th density. As well as the implications for viruses and their role with individual concious evolution. It seems to me that in order to get the STO benefits from these viruses we must first be able to survive them. The consciousness bit comes from awareness of how to survive the viruses which can only be done first by awareness and second by application of the methods.

 

[Benjamin]

Hey Benjamin. Go back and read this passage again. The word for does not replace the word of. Careful with these edits; Pierre has a certain style of writing that is not incorrect. You're providing a wonderful service with spelling mistakes and the like but sometimes adding more words to a sentence does not equate to proper or better language structure. Pierre writes with the style and tone that you would in an academic paper.

Thanks jcsmalz.

On these edits, it's not my intention to 'put words in Pierre's mouth', so to speak, and I'm pretty sure that he hasn't adopted all the changes that I've suggested, which I'm glad he didn't. I'd prefer not making any changes at all. I would also hope that, before the final print, this book gets proof read again for final edits, which may affect my edits, and I couldn't be happier about that. I don't think I've changed Pierre's tone or style, which I am quite fearful of doing even if I'm not aware of it. However, I think Pierre is stable enough and knows his own material well enough to be able to deflect any derailment attempt from me.

Also, if or when a new chapter comes out, please feel free to post corrections if/when you find them, like myself and others have done. All I'm doing is going through with a fine toothed comb and finding all the small stuff. I will make errors, I'm sure. In the example you present, you could just say that you didn't believe the 'of/for' needed to be changed. Ultimately, Pierre has final say over his exemplary work.

 

[jcsmalz]

I probably shouldn't have said anything! You've done a great job editing the book.

 

[Benjamin]

I probably shouldn't have said anything! You've done a great job editing the book.

Weeell, I shouldn't have used the word 'edit' because I'm not actually an editor. I'm just a proofreader. (I wanted to say that earlier but I just couldn't think of the word. )

 

[jcsmalz]

Weeell, I shouldn't have used the word 'edit' because I'm not actually an editor. I'm just a proofreader. (I wanted to say that earlier but I just couldn't think of the word. )

True it happens

 

[Asa]

Good idea. Here are the 3 first chapters in PDF format.

Awesome so far, many thanks for sharing this information. I have purchased most of the red pill literature, and this would have been added to the collection. So I'm grateful for this.

 

[Maat]

When listening to this, I couldn't help to think of what Pierre wrote, that is same idea seen under another perspective or with different words alltogether

The man after man, in french with english subtitles :

 

[Pierre]

Chapter 26: Panspermia vs. Abiogenesis​

Panspermia from derived the Greek pan (all) and sperma (seed). According the panspermia theory life exists throughout the Universe. A subdivision of the panspermia hypothesis is the lithopanspermia theory that posits that life exists throughout the Universe AND is distributed by comets[1], meteorites[2] or space dust[3].

Conversely, the abiogenesis theory proposes all life on Earth started from inorganic molecules. Although very similar, the abiogenesis theory is not to be mistaken with the spontaneous generation theory.

Like the germ theory and the theory of evolution, the abiogenesis theory came to prominence fairly recently in the 1960’s. All of three supplanted the previous theories namely terrain theory, saltationism and panspermia by imposing a more materialistic paradigm.

Like the terrain theory and saltationism, panspermia of one form or another was the dominating theory for centuries:

Robert Temple has pointed out that the antecedents of the panspermia theory go back in ancient Egypt to the Old Kingdom in the third millennium BCE. […]The Egyptian texts and depictions suggest that the whole cosmos is full of seeds and that life on Earth originated from them.[4]

In ancient Greece the first known mention of “panspermia”[5] is found in the works of Anaxagoras[6] [7] in the 5th century BC.

© Public domain
Details of a fresco by Eduard Lebiedzki, showing Anaxagoras. University of Athens (circa 1888)​

It was followed Aristarchus of Samos[8] about one century later who posited that seeds of life “spermata” are an ever-present attribute of the Universe[9].

The idea was not lost during Roman time. For example Lucrecius[10] wrote the following in his poem titled De Rerum Naturae:

“Nothing in the universe is unique and alone, and therefore in other regions there must be other Earths inhabited by different tribes of men and breeds of beasts” [11]​

The ancient idea was further theorized in the 19th Century by prominent several scientists. In the 1830s Jöns Jacob Berzelius[12] found carbon compounds in certain meteorites. This discovery of organic compounds combined with the reading Camille Flammarion[13] led Hermann Richter[14] to be the first in modern science to conceptualize panspermia. It occurred only six years after Darwin’s On the Origin of Species was published:

Our common ancestors, consisting of microscopic life, he argued, had arrived on Earth aboard a meteorite. Richter envisioned a universe where life was deposited from planet to planet, like a bee fertilizing flowers. At some point, he said, a meteor would pass close to our atmosphere and scoop up microbes for delivery to another world, where they would be the seeds for life that would evolve and adapt to a new environment.[15]

Facing the numerous fail attempts to produce of organisms from non-living matter, Hermann von Helmholtz [16] confirmed Richter idea, here is we wrote about panspermia in 1874:

It appears to me to be fully, correct scientific procedure, if all our attempts fail to cause the production of organisms from non-living matter to raise the question whether life is not as old as matter itself and whether seeds have not been carried from one planet to another and have developed everywhere that they have found fertile soil.”[17]​

Svante Arrhenius[18] Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903 noted that microorganisms have unearthly properties and could, on the contrary, survive the cold of space:

Microorganisms possess unearthly properties, properties that cannot be explained by natural selection against a terrestrial environment. The example for which Arrhenius himself was responsible for taking seeds down to temperatures close to 0K[19], and of then demonstrating their viability when reheated with sufficient care.[20]

© Public Domain
Photogravure of Svante Arrhenius by Meisenbach Riffarth & Co​

Furthering Arrhenius’ observation Lord Kelvin[21] noticed that life only come life, so life antecedes Earth. Following his reasoning, he asks the next logical question: how life reached Earth?

[Lord Kelvin] expanded on Pasteur's paradigm: “Dead matter cannot become living without coming under the influence of matter previously alive. This seems to me as sure a teaching of science as the law of gravitation ... So if life had preceded the Earth, how had it arrived here and where had it come from? [22]

Lord Kelvin answers his own question in a similar way as his predecessors. For him “seed-bearing meteoric stones” is the only solution to this enigma:

[W]e must regard it as probable in the highest degree that there are countless seed-bearing meteoric stones moving about through space. If at the present instance no life existed upon this earth, one such stone falling upon it might, by what we blindly call natural causes, lead to its becoming covered with vegetation.[23]

The notoriety of the scientists mentioned above is the best testimony to the credit, attention and work the panspermia theory was getting in the 19th Century.

Panspermia didn’t lose its appeal in the 20th Century, quite the contrary. Amongst the scientists who supported this theory and augmented it, are for example, famed scientist Carl Sagan[24] who speculated, in 1966, that life on Earth may have been seeded through directed panspermia[25].

Likewise, in 1973 acclaimed scientist Francis Crick[26] stated that he found it impossible that the complexity of DNA could have evolved naturally[27] and proposed his own theory of panspermia[28].

© Marc Lieberman
Francis Crick, discoverer structure of the DNA and a proponent of panspermia​

Even including Stephen Hawking[29] don't rule out the possibility the panspermia[30].

Last but not least, the hypothesis that life came from outer space and more particularly from comets is associated Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe who wrote dozen of papers on this topic[31] over the past 50 years, accumulating an impressive array of biological, biophysical and astrophysical data consistent with the panspermia theory.

Panspermia is gained traction to the point that the scientists are spending millions of dollars to detect DNA on Mars:

A team of prominent scientists at MIT and Harvard are sufficiently convinced in the plausibility of panspermia that they have spent a decade, and a fair amount of NASA and other funding, to design and produce an instrument that can be sent to Mars and potentially detect DNA or more primitive RNA.[32]

The stronger argument for panspermia is certainly the numerous discoveries of fossilized microorganism of meteorites and live microorganisms in upper atmosphere where no updraft wind can reach, as described in details in two previous chapters[33].

There is another recent discovery for giving further credence to the panspermia theory. The oldest evidence of lifeforms on Earth is fossilized microorganisms that are about 4 billion years old[34].

Evidence for the most ancient bacterial life on Earth has recently been discovered in the form of carbon globules trapped within crystals of the mineral zircon and deposited in rocks that formed 4.1 to 4.2 billion years ago during the so-called Hadean epoch. At that time Earth was being relentlessly bombarded by comets[35]

The graph below lists some of cometary impacts[36] that occurred during the Hadean epoch:

© Simone Marchi
Spatial distribution and sizes of craters formed during the Hadean epoch​

The Hadean - from Hades, the Greek god of the underworld - refers the hellish conditions prevailing on Earth at this time; the planet was very hot, volcanism was prevalent, furthermore radioactive elements and noxious gases were abundant[37].

How come, of all times, life on Earth started during the most inauspicious one? We know that microorganisms, including viruses, resist challenging conditions[38] like the ones that prevailed during the Hadean epoch. We know as well that comets provide of virus and other microbes, therefore it makes sense that the apparition of the first microbes, particularly viruses, coincides with times of intense cometary bombardments.

In contrast, spontaneous generation - later replaced by abiogenesis - posits that the apparition of life on Earth comes from inorganic molecules[39]. Their subsequent “evolutions” is, once again, tentatively theorized by Darwin:

Darwin was extremely reticent on the subject of the origins of life though he did famously speak of “a warm little pond with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts present”, a place where “a protein compound was chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes”. This shows that Darwin was at least firmly committed to the idea that life developed ‘spontaneously’ without the need for supernatural intervention or planning. [40]

Spontaneous generation theory has been decisively rejected in the 19th century [41], abiogenesis replaced it in the beginning the 20th Century. Conducted in the beginning of the 50’s, the Urey-Miller experiments showed how amino acids and nucleotides might form from a mixture of inorganic gases. These experiments were the cornerstone of the abiogenesis theory.

© Commons
Miller–Urey experiments​

At first, it seemed to partly confirm the abiogenesis theory. But after initial optimism closer investigations have revealed at least six major flaws in the Miller-Urey experiments and abiogenesis theory it was supposed to demonstrate:

1/ Recent evidence suggests that Earth's Hadean atmosphere had a composition different from the gas used in the Urey-Miller experiments[42].

2/ Chemical equilibria are usually unfavorable (they are "energetically uphill") for the formation of small biomolecules and for their synthesis into larger biomolecules.[43]

Besides the necessary basic organic monomers, compounds that would have prohibited the formation of polymers were also formed in high concentration during the abiogenesis experiments[44].

3/ The most challenging part is yet to come: The simplest "living system" involves hundreds of components interacting in an organized way to achieve energy production and self-replication, would be virtually impossible to assemble by undirected natural process[45]:

What is relevant for the origin of life is not just the formation of the chemical building blocks, but the emergence of highly specific arrangements of these molecules into structures such as enzymes. It is the latter process that presents a taunting enigma to scientists of the present day. Recent studies of Mushegian and Koonin (1996) involving the sequencing of bacterial genomes have shown that a gene set coding for some 256 proteins may be regarded as a minimal set needed for cellular life. Using our earlier argument (Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, 1980) which gave a chance of random assembly of a single enzyme from its components of about one part in 10^20 we now arrive at a probability of assembly of the minimal enzyme set of one part in 10^5120 [46]
To give you an idea of this ridiculous low probability, the number of protons, neutrons and electrons[47] in the known universe is estimated to be between 10^80 and 10^90.

To make matter worse, this incommensurable low probability is only for the random assembly of a single and simple enzyme which is incomparably more rudimentary than the simplest living cell.

4/ Irreducible complexity: most biological systems have a multiple of interacting parts that would not function if one of the parts were removed, so they could not have evolved by successive small modifications from earlier less complex systems through natural selection. Indeed natural selection favors the fittest, not lamest hindered by cumbersome and non-functional biological machineries[48].

The mousetrap is an example of irreducible complexity. It consists solely of five interacting pieces namely the base, the catch, the spring, the hammer, and the hold-down bar. All of these must be in place for the mousetrap to work, likewise, the biological systems require multiple parts working together in order to function.

© Unknown
A mousetrap and its five interacting parts​

Note that the mouse trap is a good illustrative example; nevertheless it doesn’t convey the fundamental fact that, usually, the biological machineries involve much more than five interacting parts.

5/ DNA are required for protein synthesis, but protein is required for DNA synthesis. In other words, abiogenesis faced, and is still facing a major chicken and egg problem.

6/ Let’s not forget that since Darwin’s times, all of experiments have failed[49] to demonstrate that life - even the simplest unicellular lifeforms- could stem from non-living material:

The Urey-Miller experiments (Urey, 1952; Miller, 1953) of the mid-1950's showed how amino acids and nucleotides might form from a mixture of inorganic gases (Oparin, 1953; Haldane, 1929), but such experiments do not come remotely near the desired goal of producing life from non-life. Nor do other more recent experiments such as those of Imai et al. (1999) who reported the production of hexaglycine under conditions thought to occur in terrestrial hot springs. Nor the experiments of Bernstein et al. (1999) who showed that ultraviolet irradiation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water ice leads to the production of some 'biologically relevant' molecules such as alcohols, quinones and ethers.[50]

For all the reasons described above the abiogenesis theory has progressively lost credit to the point that it’s now qualified as an “obsolete theory”[51]. It has been supplanted by the RNA world theory[52], according to which life on Earth evolved from RNA.

© Sott.net adapted from Koonin
Viruses as the precursors of all life-forms​

Coincidently or not, we know that the main purveyors of functional RNA - if not the only source - are microorganisms, especially viruses. So the RNA world theory is not only compatible of the Panspermia theory, but the latter provides a proven source of viruses carried by cometary material to the former.

© Commons
Artist’s rendition of the Panspermia theory​

---

[1] Chandra Wickramasinghe (2011) "Bacterial morphologies supporting cometary panspermia: a reappraisal" International Journal of Astrobiology. 10 (1): 25–30
[2] Chan et al. (2018) "Organic matter in extraterrestrial water-bearing salt crystals" Science Advances
[3] Arjun Berera (2017) "Space dust collisions as a planetary escape mechanism" Astrobiology 17 (12): 1274–1282
[4] Hoyle, 2000
[5] Margater O'Leary (2008) “Anaxagoras and the Origin of Panspermia Theory” iUniverse Publishing Group
[6] G. Horneck et al. (2010) "Space Microbiology" Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 74 (1): 121–156
[7] (c. 510 – 428 BC) Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who pioneered a number of explanations relating to natural phenomena: panspermia, eclipses, rainbows, meteors, and Sun.
[8] (c. 310 – c. 230 BC) He presented the first known heliocentric model. He is considered one of the greatest astronomers of antiquity and one of the greatest thinkers in human history. See:
NASA Editors (1997) “Aristarchus' Unbelievable Discoveries" NASA
[9] ISPA Editors (2023) “Definition: What is Panspermia?” ISPA
[10] (ca. 99 – c. 55 BC) Roman poet and philosopher
[11] John Mason Good (1870) “On the Nature of Things” by Titus Lucretius Carus Bell and Daldy
[12] (1779 – 1848) Swedish chemist, one of the founders of modern chemistry. Discoverer of cerium, selenium, silicon and thorium
[13] (1842 – 1925) French astronomer who write more than fifty books including popular science works about astronomy, several notable early science fiction novels
[14] (1808–1876) German physician
[15] Mark Strauss (2014) “Why 19th Century Scientists Believed That Life Originated In Space” Gizmodo
[16] (1821 –1894) German physicist, creator of several theories on the conservation of energy and thermodynamics
[17] Sebastian Hayes (2014) “Panspermia and the Enigma of the Black Death” Academia
[18] (1859 – 1927) Swedish scientist, one of the founders of physical chemistry. He was the first to demonstrate the greenhouse effect
[19] -273 C or -459 K
[20] N.C. Wickramasinghe (2004) “The universe: a cryogenic habitat for microbial life” Cryobiology 48(2):113-25
[21] William Thomson also known as Baron Kelvin (1824 –1907) is an Irish scientist. Because of his the major works in mathematics, thermodynamics and electricity he was the first British scientist to join the House of Lords
[22] N.C. Wickramasinghe (2021) “Comets, Panspermia, Culture, and Prejudice” Asia Pacific biotech news
[23] N.C. Wickramasinghe (2021) “Comets, Panspermia, Culture, and Prejudice” Asia Pacific biotech news
[24] (1934 – 1996) Polymath having published more than 600 papers and more than 20 books.
[25] I. S. Shklovskii, C. Sagan (1966) “Intelligent life in the universe” Dell
[26] (1916 – 2004) British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discoveries of DNA
[27] Gabrielle Joshtine Angoluan (2021) “Theory Of Panspermia” College of the Immaculate Conception
[28] F. H Crick, L. E. Orgel (1973) "Directed panspermia" Icarus 19 (3): 341–346
[29] (1942 – 2018) he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the Cambridge, viewed as one of the most prestigious academic posts in the world
[30] Mark Strauss (2014) “Why 19th Century Scientists Believed That Life Originated In Space” Gizmodo
[31] Sebastian Hayes (2014) “Panspermia and the Enigma of the Black Death” Academia p.3
[32] NASA Editors (2017) “In Search of Panspermia” NASA
[33] Chapter 23: Life in Comets? and Chapter 24: Upper Atmosphere Microorganisms
[34] M. Dodd et al. (2017) “Evidence for early life in Earth’s oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates” Nature 543, 60–64
[35] Chandra Wickramasinghe (2019) “Our Cosmic Ancestry in the Stars: The Panspermia Revolution and the Origins of Humanity” Bear & Co
[36] NASA editors (2014) “New NASA Research Shows Giant Asteroids Battered Early Earth” NASA
[37] Opengeology editors (2023) “Earth’s Oldest Rocks” Opengeology
[38] See Chapter 23: Life in Comets
[39] K. Rogers (2023) "abiogenesis" Encyclopedia Britannica
[40] Sebastian Hayes (2014) “Panspermia and the Enigma of the Black Death” Academia
[41] Samanthi (2020) “Difference Between Abiogenesis and Spontaneous Generation” Differencebetween
[42] Bada et al. (2013) "New insights into prebiotic chemistry from Stanley Miller's spark discharge experiments" Chemical Society Reviews 42 (5): 2186–96
[43] Craig Rusbult (1998) “The Origin of Life by Chemical Evolution?” ASA
[44] Joan Oró et al. (1962) "Synthesis of purines under possible primitive earth conditions” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 96 (2): 293–313
[45] Craig Rusbult (1998) “The Origin of Life by Chemical Evolution?” ASA
[46] B. Hoyle, N.C. Wickramasinghe (2012) “Astronomical Origins of Life: Steps Towards Panspermia” Springer
[47] E.J. Steele et al (2018) “Hoyle-Wickramasinghe Panspermia is Far More Than a Hypothesis” viXra
[48] Michael J. Behe (1996) “Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution” Free Press p.39
[49] K. Rogers (2021) “Abiogenesis” Encyclopedia Britannica
[50] B. Hoyle, N.C. Wickramasinghe (2012) “Astronomical Origins of Life: Steps Towards Panspermia” Springer
[51] Dr.Samanthi (2020) “Difference Between Abiogenesis and Spontaneous Generation” Differencebetween
[52] See Chapter 12: Anteriority of Viruses

 

[Pierre]

Here is the pdf file for chapter 26.

 

[SeekinTruth]

Thanks for another great chapter.

Some typo corrections below:

Very first sentence: "Panspermia from derived the Greek pan (all) and sperma (seed). According the panspermia theory life exists throughout the Universe." --> should be: Panspermia derived from (derived and from are rearranged in order).

Again reverse word order: "All of three supplanted the previous theories namely terrain theory, saltationism and panspermia by imposing a more materialistic paradigm." --> All three of...

Word order should be reversed again: "The ancient idea was further theorized in the 19th Century by prominent several scientists." --> by several prominent scientists {is better}

"Facing the numerous fail attempts to produce of organisms from non-living matter, Hermann von Helmholtz [16] confirmed Richter idea, here is we wrote about panspermia in 1874" --> "fail attempts" --> failed attempts; "to produce of organisms" --> omit of --> to produce organisms; "confirmed Richter idea" --> confirmed Richter's idea; "here is we wrote about" --> here is what he wrote about

"Furthering Arrhenius’ observation Lord Kelvin[21] noticed that life only come life, so life antecedes Earth." --> Arrhenius' observation, Lord Kelvin; "life only come life" --> life only comes from life (not sure, just a suggestion)

"Even including Stephen Hawking[29] don't rule out the possibility the panspermia[30]." --> doesn't rule out the possibility of panspermia

"Last but not least, the hypothesis that life came from outer space and more particularly from comets is associated Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe who wrote dozen of papers on this topic[31] over the past 50 years, accumulating an impressive array of biological, biophysical and astrophysical data consistent with the panspermia theory." --> associated with Fred Hoyle; "wrote dozen of papers" --> wrote dozens of papers

"Panspermia is gained traction to the point that the scientists are spending millions of dollars to detect DNA on Mars:" --> Panspmeria has gained

"The Hadean - from Hades, the Greek god of the underworld - refers the hellish conditions prevailing on Earth at this time; the planet was very hot, volcanism was prevalent, furthermore radioactive elements and noxious gases were abundant[37]." --> refers to the hellish (add to between "refers" and "the")

"To make matter worse, this incommensurable[...]" --> To make matters worse, this... or To make the matter worse, this... (whichever you prefer).

In the footnotes: "[13] (1842 – 1925) French astronomer who write more than fifty books including popular science works about astronomy, several notable early science fiction novels" --> wrote

"[21] William Thomson also known as Baron Kelvin (1824 –1907) is an Irish scientist. Because of his the major works in mathematics, thermodynamics and electricity he was the first British scientist to join the House of Lords" --> "is" should be changed to was; "his the major works" --> his major works ("the" should be omitted).

 

[Pierre]

Hi Pierre! My alerts didn't alert me that these new chapters were here. And now I'm a little embarrassed to say, I'm back. Another really good chapter! Thanks for sharing it!

Chapter 23:


- ...for...


- ...viruses...


- ...a...


- ...constituting DNA...


- In the PDF version, the tilde is in the upper register. I don't know if that matters.


- There are 2 periods.


- ... found in comets...


- I wonder if you are trying to draw attention to the fact that this quote is in two different publications (see footnotes 12 & 38)? I would write this a bit differently. As it is, it makes me think that the authors were writing under a pseudonym or something. Or just remove "the same".


- ...able to produce...

and

- “Do comets carry 'biological systems', especially microorganisms?"


- Needs a comma and space after [40] and a comma after Hoover.


- Needs a space after [42].


- Delete 'to'.


- Move comma to after 'and'.


- Delete space.


- ...microorganisms...


- ...diatoms...


- Add period. Also (and this is a bit messy) I might move the '[61]' to behind "Test" or 'Station'. The reference is more relevant this way. But then the [61] becomes [60] and vice versa, also needing to be fixed in the footnotes.


- Delete 'of'.


- Support for indirect evidence of viruses in comets is found in the positive identification - as described above - of bacteria which are eagerly colonized by viruses (bacteriophages):


- ...31%[65] of bacteria...


- ...viruses..., ...exists.


- ...1984[68]. His... by the head of NASA astrophysics...


- ...virus-meteorite...


- Add period.


- Another scientific (study?) suggesting that a virus, initially from space, is a virtually perfect match between the optical signatures of a mix of Tobacco Mosaic Virus + E-Coli and the optical signatures of GC IRS 6E and GC IRS 7[73]:

This is a difficult sentence. Here is a reorganised version for comparison as I understand the infomation (which I could be wrong about):

- Another scientific (study?)[73] shows that the optical signatures of mixed Tobacco Mosaic Virus + E-Coli and the stars GC IRS 6E and GC IRS 7 are a virtual perfect match suggesting that those viruses were initially from space:


- ...and (its?) desiccated... Check original text.


- ...260 miles. You were making a conversion of distance rather then speed.


I'm glad there are two more chapters uploaded so I can binge read.

All corrections added to the master file. Thank you!

 

[Pierre]

Thank you for the chapter! 25 viruses a day per person! It feels so personalized somehow. I guess they're 'flooding the market' trying to find what sticks.

Looks like a few others have already found some of these.

Chapter 24:



- 'Because' was used earlier in the sentence. You could substitute 'due to' for variety.


- ... acts as a...


- ... events... pierce up through the... microorganisms (it's hyphenated in the pdf version)


- Delete 'the'.


-... possibility of terrestrial...


- Unfinished quote. (...possible extraterrestrial origin?)


- Different (and better written) in the pdf version, but needs a comma after "Still in the 1970's". In the PDF 'and' is 'at' though this may have been corrected already.
-... samples...


- ... of the collected...


-... viruses...


- In the PDF, the image is on one page and this description is on another.


- Needs a period. Needs a space between the numbers in the PDF version. The second number is italicized.


-... microorganisms survive their... many of them...


- Add comma after 'atmosphere'. Delete 'are'.


- Add comma after 'comparison'.

All corrections saved in the master file. Thanks!

 

[dugdeep]

Chapter 26, footnote 19 says "-273 C or -459 K".
Should say "-273 C or -459 F"

 

[PERLOU]

MERCI beaucoup PIERRE pour tous vos partages si intéressants...

THANK YOU very much PIERRE for all your sharing so interesting...

 

[Altair]

Schwindler effect:

the Hutchinson effect, the Swindler effect, Coral Castle, or red trinitite.

-> Schwinger effect (Wiki)