Footnotes:
1 The NKVD is best known for the Main Directorate for State Security (GUGB), which succeeded the OGPU and the Cheka as the secret police agency of the Soviet Union. Many consider the NKVD to be a criminal organization, mostly for the activities of GUGB officers and investigators, as well as supporting NKVD troops and GULAG guards. The NKVD was also responsible for administering Stalin's foreign intelligence service and overseas 'special operations'. These NKVD sub-branches were responsible for the recruitment of spies and gathering of political, military, and economic intelligences from other countries, the liquidation of political enemies residing outside the Soviet Union, subversion of foreign governments, and enforcing Stalinist policy within Communist Party movements in other countries. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD
2 http://www.bnm.me.gov.ar/barras/novedades/boletin_electronicoBNM/boletin_27/hallazgos/02.htm
3 Original titles: “El encanto de la conspiración”, “Autores, cómplices y encubridores del comunismo”, and “Yo y Moscú.”
4 http://perso.wanadoo.es/madrid1939/recensiones.htm
5 http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/red-symphony.html, copied from the last page of the original book, entitled “WARNINGS.”
6 Note: No reference is made about him on the Internet. This is rather normal, given that he was “a nobody” at that point in time and space. But his name could have been changed to conserve his anonymity.
7 http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/red-symphony.html
8 Apparently, this is his real name. In the original, his name is spelled as: Gabrilo Gabrilovich Kuzmin, Gabriel Díaz and Gabriel Bonín. What is surprising, though, is that, the same as for Dr. Landowski, there is not any information available about him on the Internet. Is this because he didn’t exist, and he was a name given to an anonymous person?
9 http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/red-symphony.html
10 http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/red-symphony.html
11 http://www.qfgpublishing.com/product_info.php?products_id=54
12 http://www.qfgpublishing.com/product_info.php?products_id=54
13 State Political Directorate was the secret police of the RSFSR and USSR until 1934. Formed from the Cheka on February 6, 1922, it was initially known under the Russian abbreviation GPU for Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie of NKVD of the RSFSR (??????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ?????).
14 From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda : Genrikh Grigor'evich Yagoda (Russian: ?????? ??????????? ?????; born Enokh Gershonovich Yagoda; 1891 – March 15, 1938) was the head of the NKVD, the Soviet secret police, from 1934 to 1936. Yagoda was born in Rybinsk in a Jewish family, and joined the Bolsheviks in 1907. After the October Revolution of 1917, he rose through the ranks of the Cheka (the NKVD's predecessor), becoming Felix Dzerzhinsky's second deputy in September 1923. After Dzerzhinsky's death in July 1926, Yagoda became deputy chairman under Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. Due to Menzhinsky's serious illness, Yagoda was in effective control of the secret police in the late 1920s. After losing a power struggle with Menzhinsky's other deputies in 1931 Yagoda was demoted to second deputy chairman. On July 10, 1934, two months after Menzhinsky's death, Joseph Stalin appointed Yagoda "People's Commissar for Internal Affairs," a position that included oversight of regular as well as secret police.
[…] Yagoda oversaw the interrogation process leading to the first Moscow Show Trial and subsequent execution of former Soviet leaders Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev in August 1936, an important milestone in Stalin's Great Purge. However, on September 16, 1936 he was replaced by Nikolai Yezhov, who oversaw the height of the purges in 1937-1938. In March 1937 Yagoda was arrested. He was found guilty of treason and conspiracy against the Soviet government at the show Trial of the Twenty One in March 1938. […] Yagoda was executed by shooting shortly after the trial.
15 From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgenii_MillerEvgenii Karlovich Miller (Russian: ??????? ???????? ??????) (September 25, 1867–May 11, 1938) was Russian general and one of the leaders of counterrevolutionary White movement during and after Russian Civil War.
Miller was a career officer born in a Russian-German family in Dvinsk (now Daugavpils, Latvia). After he graduated from the General Staff Academy he served with Russian Imperial Guard. Between 1898 and 1907 he was a Russian military attaché in several European capitals such as Rome, The Hague and Brussels. During the First World War headed Moscow military district and 5th Russian army and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.
After the February Revolution of 1917 General Miller opposed "democratization" of the Russian army and was arrested by his own soldiers after he ordered them to remove red arm bands.
After the October Bolshevik coup Miller fled to Archangelsk and declared himself Governor-General of Northern Russia. In May of 1919 Admiral Kolchak appointed him to be in charge of the White army in the region. In Archangelsk, Murmansk and Olonets his anti-Bolshevik army was supported by the Entente, mostly British forces. However, after unsuccessful advance against the Red Army along the Northern Dvina in the summer of 1919, British forces withdrew from the region and Miller's men faced the enemy alone.
In February 1920, General Miller left Archangelsk for Norway. Later he moved to France and together with Grand Duke Nicholas and Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel continued anti-Bolshevik activity.
Between 1930 and 1937 Miller was a chairman of the Russian All-Military Union. On September 22, 1937 he was kidnapped in Paris by NKVD agent Nikolai Skoblin working for Inner Line organization, Miller was taken to Le Havre and from there he was taken by cargoship to Soviet Union. Evgenii Miller was executed on May 11, 1938 in Moscow.
16 There is not information available under this name, on the Internet.
17 This is his real name, but the correct way to spell it is: Nikolai Ivanovitch Yezhov.
From http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nikolai+Ivanovich+Yezhov : Yezhov was born in St. Petersburg. He completed only elementary education. (…) From 1915 to 1917, Yezhov served in the Tsarist Russian army. He joined the Bolsheviks on May 5, 1917 in Vitebsk, a few months before the October Revolution. During the Russian Civil War 1919–1921 he fought in the Red Army. After February 1922, he worked in the political system, mostly as a secretary of various regional committees of the Communist Party. In 1927 he was transferred to the Accounting and Distribution Department of the Communist Party where he worked as an instructor and acting head of the department. From 1929 to 1930 he was the Deputy of the People's Commissar for Agriculture. In November 1930 he was appointed to the Head of several departments of the Communist Party: department of special affairs, department of personnel and department of industry. In 1934 he was elected to the Central Committee of the Communist Party; in the next year he became a secretary of the Central Committee. From February 1935 to March 1939 he was also the Chairman of the Central Commission for Party Control.
In the "Letter of an Old Bolshevik" (1936), which is purported to be the musings of Nikolai Bukharin, there is this contemporary description of Yezhov: "In the whole of my long life, I have never met a more repellent personality than Yezhov's. When I look at him I am reminded irresistibly of the wicked urchins of the courts in Rasterayeva Street, whose favorite occupation was to tie a piece of paper dipped in parafin to a cat's tail, set fire to it, and then watch with delight how the terrified animal would tear down the street, trying desperately but in vain to escape the approaching flames. I do not doubt that in his childhood Yezhov amused himself in just such a manner and that he is now continuing to do so in different forms. Physically, Yezhov was very short in stature - and that, combined with his sadistic personality led to his nickname 'The Poisoned Dwarf' or 'The Bloody Dwarf'.
He was known as a determined loyalist of Joseph Stalin, and in 1935 he wrote a paper in which he argued that political opposition must eventually lead to violence and terrorism; this became in part the ideological basis of the Purges. He became People's Commissar for Internal Affairs (head of the NKVD) and a member of the Presidium Central Executive Committee on September 26, 1936, following the dismissal of Genrikh Yagoda. Under Yezhov, the purges reached their height, with roughly half of the Soviet political and military establishment being imprisoned or shot, along with hundreds of thousands of others, suspected of disloyalty or "wrecking". Yezhov also conducted a thorough purge of the security organs, both NKVD and GRU, removing and shooting many officials who had been appointed by his predecessors Yagoda and Menzhinsky. The effectiveness of the GRU as a military intelligence agency was virtually destroyed as experienced case officers were recalled from abroad and executed, leading in part to the USSR's disastrous performance in the Winter War with Finland.
(…) Although he was also appointed to the post of People's Commissar for Water Transport on April 8, 1938, maintaining his other posts, his role was gradually diminishing. On August 22, 1938, Lavrenty Beria became the deputy to Yezhov and took over the governance of the Commissariat. When Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov criticized heavily the work and methods of the NKVD in their writing of November 11, 1938, he was relieved of his post as the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs at his own request on November 25, 1938, and Beria succeeded him. His noted homosexual inclinations were also displeasing to Stalin. On March 3, 1939 Yezhov was relieved of all his posts in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. On April 10, 1939 he was arrested. The Soviet judge Ulrikh tried him in Beria's office. Yezhov refused Beria's suggestion that he confess to a plot to kill Stalin saying "it is better to leave this earth as an honourable man". On 3/4 February he was shot. His ashes were dumped in a common grave at Donskoi Cemetery (Montefiore, Stalin 288).
Note: In this other website, http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov8/24.html , there is another version of his death, and in the book the reader will see still another version: In October he was removed from his post. He was arrested in January 1939 and liquidated after atrocious torture. According to unconfirmed data, he was buried alive at the NKVD sanatorium at Sukhanovo.
18 See footnote 1.
19 There is not information available under this name, on the Internet.
20 From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern : The Comintern (Russian: ???????????????? ?????????????, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the "war communism" period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State." The Comintern was founded after the dissolving of the Second International in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference in which Lenin led the "Zimmerwald Left" against those who supported the "national union" governments in war with each other. The new International thus represented a response to the latter's failure to form a unified coalition against the First World War, which the founders of the Third Internationalists regarded as a bourgeois imperialist war and which the whole of the anti-militarist socialist movement had been completely opposed to until the beginning of the war itself.
The Comintern held seven World Congresses, the first in March 1919 and the last in 1935, until it was officially dissolved in May 1943. In 1938 the Trotskyists, opposed to the Soviet Union which they qualified as a "degenerated workers' state", created the Fourth International. Groups coming from the tradition of Left Communism today recognize only the first two congresses, and groups coming out of the Trotskyist movement recognize the decisions of the first four only. Communist parties of the Stalinist or Maoist persuasion recognize all seven congresses. At the start of World War II, the Comintern supported a policy of pacifism and non-intervention, arguing that this was an imperialist war between various national ruling classes, much like World War I had been. In fact, Stalin was instrumentalizing it, in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed with Germany in August 1939, a year after the Munich Agreement in which the Soviet Union hadn't been invited and during which Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland had been delivered to Hitler by the French and British democratic regimes in a measure of "appeasement". However, when the Soviet Union itself was invaded on June 22, 1941, during Operation Barbarossa, the Comintern switched its position to one of active support for the Allies. The Comintern was subsequently officially dissolved on May 15, 1943. Its successor, the Cominform, was created in September 1947, following the Paris Conference on Marshall Aid in July 1947. The Cold War had officially begun.
21 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev
22 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotsky
23 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Radek
24 From the Spanish banca judía. Banca means “a group of bankers or banks” ; judío/a means Jew or Jewish
25 In Chapter XVI, G says that Kilinov’s real name is BERZIN. From http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov8/24.html : 2nd Grade Army Commissar BERZIN, Yan Karlovich (real name Kyuzis Peteris): 13.11.1889 — 29.7.38. Born in Latvia, Berzin joined the Social-Democratic Party in 1904. He was conscripted into the army in the First World War but deserted and went underground. He took part in the October Revolution and afterwards he worked in the central apparatus of the NKVD and in the NKVD in Latvia. One of the main organisers of the 'Red Terror', he initiated the hostages system. He was also a fervent supporter of the establishment of a communist dictatorship in Latvia and one of the organisers and leaders of the Latvian Red Army (subsequently the 15th Army). He was head of a special department of this army and played a part in the suppression of the Russian sailors' mutiny at Kronstadt. He particularly distinguished himself in the course of the pursuit and liquidation of captured sailors. >From April 1921 he was Deputy Head of Intelligence Directorate (GRU) but, from his first days in military intelligence, he was, de facto, its head. With effect from March 1924 he became its head legally as well. He was one of the most talented, industrious and successful heads of intelligence, the creator of the most powerful and successful intelligence organisations in existence anywhere. He personally recruited and ran the most outstanding intelligence officers — Yakov Mrachkovski (Gorev), Moshe Milstein (Mikhail M), Ruth and Rolf Werner, Richard Sorge, Lev Manevich, Sandor Rado, Karl Ramm, Aino Kuusinen, Ignati Reis and the most eminent intelligence officer of the 20th century, Konstantin Efremov. In 1936 Berzin transferred the Soviet military intelligence command post from Moscow to Madrid, where he carried out his most notable recruitments while he was working under cover, officially designated as chief military adviser to the Republican Government. In order to sustain this cover story his deputies Uritski and Unshlikht carried out his duties in Moscow. On returning from Spain he continued to lead military intelligence. On 13 May 1938 he was arrested and on 29 July he was shot.
26 His real name is Navachin. See footnote 28.
27 See footnote 19.
28 “Rakovsky's testimony, though it differs from most of the well-known historical versions of events, is nonetheless confirmed by a whole series of sources. For example, the fact that the White government was formed of "allies" from among the Masons was accepted as fact by the well-known writer Roman Gul. The support given by Wall Street magnates to Hitler was confirmed later, after the end of the Second World War. Other details are also worthy of attention: for example the fleeting reference in the text of The Red Symphony to "your acquaintance Navachin", a garbled translation from Spanish of Dmitry Navashin (with whom Rakovsky was indeed acquainted), the director of the Franco-Soviet Bank, the safekeeper of Trotsky's funds and a leading Mason. (He was killed in 1935 near Paris in unexplained circumstances. The spouse of the deceased declared in a "Paris-Soir" interview: "They killed my husband because he knew too much. He was the victim of powerful, worldwide occult forces.")” from http://boards.historychannel.com/thread.jspa;jsessionid=abcFSTRrxUjWD7vv01Z6q?forumID=101&threadID=600024182&messageID=600413146#600413146 Red Symphony could then be proving that Navachin wasn’t killed by any « powerful, worldwide occult forces », but by Gabriel for self-defence and to defeat the antifascists.
29 Real name: B’nai B’rith. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith : The Independent Order of B'nai B'rith (Hebrew: ??? ????, "Sons of the Covenant") is the oldest continually-operating Jewish service organization in the world. It was founded in New York City by Henry Jones and 11 others on October 13, 1843.
The organization is engaged in a wide variety of community service and welfare activities, including the promotion of Jewish rights, assisting hospitals and victims of natural disasters, awarding scholarships to Jewish college students, and opposing anti-semitism through its Center for Human Rights and Public Policy.
Besides its welfare activities, B'nai B'rith is also a vocal supporter of Israel. Together with AIPAC, it created in 2002 an initiative called 'BBYO 4 Israel'.
Also, until 2001, B'nai B'rith sponsored the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO), which is now BBYO, Inc. BBYO, an organization for high school-age Jewish teens, was founded in 1923, and is comprised of the boys' order, Aleph Zadik Aleph (AZA), and the girls' order, B'nai B'rith Girls (BBG).
30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKW
31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung : The Sturmabteilung (help•info) (SA, German for "Storm Division", usually translated as stormtroops or stormtroopers) functioned as a paramilitary organization of the NSDAP – the German Nazi party. It played a key role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s. SA men were often known as brownshirts from the color of their uniform and to distinguish them from the SS who wore black (compare the Italian blackshirts). Brown coloured shirts were chosen as the SA uniform because a large batch of them were cheaply available after World War I, having originally been ordered for German troops in Africa. The SA was also the first Nazi paramilitary group to develop pseudo-military titles for bestowal upon its members. The SA ranks would be adopted by several other Nazi Party groups, chief among them the SS.
32 See footnote 1
33 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Gamarnik Yan Borisovich Gamarnik (Belarusian: ?? ???????? 1894-1937) was First Secretary of the Belarusian Communist Party from December 1928 to October 1929.[1] He was condemned for Trotskyist conspiracy after the Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization in 1937; however, shortly before the trial he had actually been called upon by the Soviet government to be one of the judges for the accused. He inisisted on Tukhachevsky's (a prominent figure in the trial) innocence and later killed himself before he could be punished for his actions. Only after this was he added to the list of conspirators.
34 From http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov8/24.html : Corps Commander URITSKI, Solomon Petrovich: 1895-1937 was chief of the GRU during Berzin's absence.
35 http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazare_Kaganovitch
36 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky : Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Russian: ?????? ?????????? ???????????, Polish: Micha? Tuchaczewski) (February 16, 1893 [O.S. February 4] – June 12, 1937), Soviet military commander, was one of the most prominent victims of Stalin's Great Purge of the late 1930s.
Tukhachevsky was born on his family estate Alexandrovskoye (currently Safonovsky District, Smolensk Oblast) into an aristocratic family of Polish origin. He graduated from the Aleksandrovskye Military School in 1914, joining the Semyenovsky Guards Regiment. A second lieutenant during World War I, Tukhachevsky was decorated for personal courage in the battles. After he was taken prisoner by the Germans in February 1915, he escaped four times from the camps, was captured again, and finally as an incorrigible escapee held in Ingolstadt fortress, where he met another incorrigible - the then captain Charles de Gaulle.
His fifth escape was successful, and he returned to Russia in October 1917. After the Russian Revolution he joined the Bolshevik Party. He became an officer in the Red Army and rapidly advanced in rank due to his great ability. During the Russian Civil War he was given responsibility for defending Moscow. The Bolshevik Defence Commissar Leon Trotsky gave Tukhachevsky command of the 5th Army in 1919, and he led the campaign to capture Siberia from the White forces of Aleksandr Kolchak. He also helped defeat General Anton Denikin in the Crimea in 1920. Both the Kronstadt rebellion and the Tambov peasant revolt were crushed by forces under Tukhachevsky's command.
(…)In 1935 Tukhachevsky was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union, aged only 42. In January 1936 Tukhachevsky visited Britain, France and Germany. It was subsequently alleged, and may possibly be true, that during these visits he contacted anti-Stalin Russian exiles and began plotting against Stalin.
Tukhachevsky was arrested on May 22, 1937, and charged with organization of "military-Trotskyist conspiracy" and espionage for Nazi Germany. After a secret trial, known as Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, Tukhachevsky and eight other higher military commanders were convicted, and executed on June 12, 1937.
On January 31, 1957, Tukhachevsky and his colleagues were declared to have been innocent of all charges against them and were "rehabilitated." Both before and since the fall of the Soviet Union, however, some writers have suggested that there really was a military conspiracy against Stalin in which Tukhachevsky was involved.
37 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Dybenko
38 Copied from http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/red-symphony.html
39 Yezhov.
40 Former NKVD doctor, was a co-defendant with Rakovsky at the trial.
41 OKW - Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, Supreme Command of the German Army - Transl.
42 [T’s Note: I think that the proper translation here should have been: “… contradictions of Capitalism, and of the Financial International in particular, are…”
43 Wilson's Point 6 read: "The evacuation of all Russian territory, and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest co-operation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own poliical development and national policy, and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing, and more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of heir comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish symoathy." - Transl.
44 It will be observed that twice Rakovsky states that Stalin had been Lenin's chief; this may be a misunderstanding - Transl.
45 Rakovsky is wrong, as he mentions in "Mein Kampf" Hitler had read the works of Gottfried Feder - Transl.
46 The problem of a scientific formulation of this question and the propounding of a corresponding programme has engaged the active altention of the publishers of this book and their associates for some years. Their conclusion have been published. In the translator's book "The Struggle for World Power," second edition 1963, p. 79 a full solution of the monetary problem is set out, and on p. 237 there is a full economic, political and social programme. These conclusions can be obtained on application.
47 As is well known, Stalin followed the advice of Rakovsky. There was a pact with Hitler. Also the Second World War served solely the interests of the revolution. The secret of these changes of policy can be understood from [this] conversation between Gabriel and Doctor Landowsky, http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/red-symphony.html
48 The illness is not named by the translator
1 The NKVD is best known for the Main Directorate for State Security (GUGB), which succeeded the OGPU and the Cheka as the secret police agency of the Soviet Union. Many consider the NKVD to be a criminal organization, mostly for the activities of GUGB officers and investigators, as well as supporting NKVD troops and GULAG guards. The NKVD was also responsible for administering Stalin's foreign intelligence service and overseas 'special operations'. These NKVD sub-branches were responsible for the recruitment of spies and gathering of political, military, and economic intelligences from other countries, the liquidation of political enemies residing outside the Soviet Union, subversion of foreign governments, and enforcing Stalinist policy within Communist Party movements in other countries. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD
2 http://www.bnm.me.gov.ar/barras/novedades/boletin_electronicoBNM/boletin_27/hallazgos/02.htm
3 Original titles: “El encanto de la conspiración”, “Autores, cómplices y encubridores del comunismo”, and “Yo y Moscú.”
4 http://perso.wanadoo.es/madrid1939/recensiones.htm
5 http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/red-symphony.html, copied from the last page of the original book, entitled “WARNINGS.”
6 Note: No reference is made about him on the Internet. This is rather normal, given that he was “a nobody” at that point in time and space. But his name could have been changed to conserve his anonymity.
7 http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/red-symphony.html
8 Apparently, this is his real name. In the original, his name is spelled as: Gabrilo Gabrilovich Kuzmin, Gabriel Díaz and Gabriel Bonín. What is surprising, though, is that, the same as for Dr. Landowski, there is not any information available about him on the Internet. Is this because he didn’t exist, and he was a name given to an anonymous person?
9 http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/red-symphony.html
10 http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/red-symphony.html
11 http://www.qfgpublishing.com/product_info.php?products_id=54
12 http://www.qfgpublishing.com/product_info.php?products_id=54
13 State Political Directorate was the secret police of the RSFSR and USSR until 1934. Formed from the Cheka on February 6, 1922, it was initially known under the Russian abbreviation GPU for Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie of NKVD of the RSFSR (??????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ?????).
14 From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda : Genrikh Grigor'evich Yagoda (Russian: ?????? ??????????? ?????; born Enokh Gershonovich Yagoda; 1891 – March 15, 1938) was the head of the NKVD, the Soviet secret police, from 1934 to 1936. Yagoda was born in Rybinsk in a Jewish family, and joined the Bolsheviks in 1907. After the October Revolution of 1917, he rose through the ranks of the Cheka (the NKVD's predecessor), becoming Felix Dzerzhinsky's second deputy in September 1923. After Dzerzhinsky's death in July 1926, Yagoda became deputy chairman under Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. Due to Menzhinsky's serious illness, Yagoda was in effective control of the secret police in the late 1920s. After losing a power struggle with Menzhinsky's other deputies in 1931 Yagoda was demoted to second deputy chairman. On July 10, 1934, two months after Menzhinsky's death, Joseph Stalin appointed Yagoda "People's Commissar for Internal Affairs," a position that included oversight of regular as well as secret police.
[…] Yagoda oversaw the interrogation process leading to the first Moscow Show Trial and subsequent execution of former Soviet leaders Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev in August 1936, an important milestone in Stalin's Great Purge. However, on September 16, 1936 he was replaced by Nikolai Yezhov, who oversaw the height of the purges in 1937-1938. In March 1937 Yagoda was arrested. He was found guilty of treason and conspiracy against the Soviet government at the show Trial of the Twenty One in March 1938. […] Yagoda was executed by shooting shortly after the trial.
15 From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgenii_MillerEvgenii Karlovich Miller (Russian: ??????? ???????? ??????) (September 25, 1867–May 11, 1938) was Russian general and one of the leaders of counterrevolutionary White movement during and after Russian Civil War.
Miller was a career officer born in a Russian-German family in Dvinsk (now Daugavpils, Latvia). After he graduated from the General Staff Academy he served with Russian Imperial Guard. Between 1898 and 1907 he was a Russian military attaché in several European capitals such as Rome, The Hague and Brussels. During the First World War headed Moscow military district and 5th Russian army and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.
After the February Revolution of 1917 General Miller opposed "democratization" of the Russian army and was arrested by his own soldiers after he ordered them to remove red arm bands.
After the October Bolshevik coup Miller fled to Archangelsk and declared himself Governor-General of Northern Russia. In May of 1919 Admiral Kolchak appointed him to be in charge of the White army in the region. In Archangelsk, Murmansk and Olonets his anti-Bolshevik army was supported by the Entente, mostly British forces. However, after unsuccessful advance against the Red Army along the Northern Dvina in the summer of 1919, British forces withdrew from the region and Miller's men faced the enemy alone.
In February 1920, General Miller left Archangelsk for Norway. Later he moved to France and together with Grand Duke Nicholas and Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel continued anti-Bolshevik activity.
Between 1930 and 1937 Miller was a chairman of the Russian All-Military Union. On September 22, 1937 he was kidnapped in Paris by NKVD agent Nikolai Skoblin working for Inner Line organization, Miller was taken to Le Havre and from there he was taken by cargoship to Soviet Union. Evgenii Miller was executed on May 11, 1938 in Moscow.
16 There is not information available under this name, on the Internet.
17 This is his real name, but the correct way to spell it is: Nikolai Ivanovitch Yezhov.
From http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nikolai+Ivanovich+Yezhov : Yezhov was born in St. Petersburg. He completed only elementary education. (…) From 1915 to 1917, Yezhov served in the Tsarist Russian army. He joined the Bolsheviks on May 5, 1917 in Vitebsk, a few months before the October Revolution. During the Russian Civil War 1919–1921 he fought in the Red Army. After February 1922, he worked in the political system, mostly as a secretary of various regional committees of the Communist Party. In 1927 he was transferred to the Accounting and Distribution Department of the Communist Party where he worked as an instructor and acting head of the department. From 1929 to 1930 he was the Deputy of the People's Commissar for Agriculture. In November 1930 he was appointed to the Head of several departments of the Communist Party: department of special affairs, department of personnel and department of industry. In 1934 he was elected to the Central Committee of the Communist Party; in the next year he became a secretary of the Central Committee. From February 1935 to March 1939 he was also the Chairman of the Central Commission for Party Control.
In the "Letter of an Old Bolshevik" (1936), which is purported to be the musings of Nikolai Bukharin, there is this contemporary description of Yezhov: "In the whole of my long life, I have never met a more repellent personality than Yezhov's. When I look at him I am reminded irresistibly of the wicked urchins of the courts in Rasterayeva Street, whose favorite occupation was to tie a piece of paper dipped in parafin to a cat's tail, set fire to it, and then watch with delight how the terrified animal would tear down the street, trying desperately but in vain to escape the approaching flames. I do not doubt that in his childhood Yezhov amused himself in just such a manner and that he is now continuing to do so in different forms. Physically, Yezhov was very short in stature - and that, combined with his sadistic personality led to his nickname 'The Poisoned Dwarf' or 'The Bloody Dwarf'.
He was known as a determined loyalist of Joseph Stalin, and in 1935 he wrote a paper in which he argued that political opposition must eventually lead to violence and terrorism; this became in part the ideological basis of the Purges. He became People's Commissar for Internal Affairs (head of the NKVD) and a member of the Presidium Central Executive Committee on September 26, 1936, following the dismissal of Genrikh Yagoda. Under Yezhov, the purges reached their height, with roughly half of the Soviet political and military establishment being imprisoned or shot, along with hundreds of thousands of others, suspected of disloyalty or "wrecking". Yezhov also conducted a thorough purge of the security organs, both NKVD and GRU, removing and shooting many officials who had been appointed by his predecessors Yagoda and Menzhinsky. The effectiveness of the GRU as a military intelligence agency was virtually destroyed as experienced case officers were recalled from abroad and executed, leading in part to the USSR's disastrous performance in the Winter War with Finland.
(…) Although he was also appointed to the post of People's Commissar for Water Transport on April 8, 1938, maintaining his other posts, his role was gradually diminishing. On August 22, 1938, Lavrenty Beria became the deputy to Yezhov and took over the governance of the Commissariat. When Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov criticized heavily the work and methods of the NKVD in their writing of November 11, 1938, he was relieved of his post as the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs at his own request on November 25, 1938, and Beria succeeded him. His noted homosexual inclinations were also displeasing to Stalin. On March 3, 1939 Yezhov was relieved of all his posts in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. On April 10, 1939 he was arrested. The Soviet judge Ulrikh tried him in Beria's office. Yezhov refused Beria's suggestion that he confess to a plot to kill Stalin saying "it is better to leave this earth as an honourable man". On 3/4 February he was shot. His ashes were dumped in a common grave at Donskoi Cemetery (Montefiore, Stalin 288).
Note: In this other website, http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov8/24.html , there is another version of his death, and in the book the reader will see still another version: In October he was removed from his post. He was arrested in January 1939 and liquidated after atrocious torture. According to unconfirmed data, he was buried alive at the NKVD sanatorium at Sukhanovo.
18 See footnote 1.
19 There is not information available under this name, on the Internet.
20 From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern : The Comintern (Russian: ???????????????? ?????????????, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the "war communism" period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State." The Comintern was founded after the dissolving of the Second International in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference in which Lenin led the "Zimmerwald Left" against those who supported the "national union" governments in war with each other. The new International thus represented a response to the latter's failure to form a unified coalition against the First World War, which the founders of the Third Internationalists regarded as a bourgeois imperialist war and which the whole of the anti-militarist socialist movement had been completely opposed to until the beginning of the war itself.
The Comintern held seven World Congresses, the first in March 1919 and the last in 1935, until it was officially dissolved in May 1943. In 1938 the Trotskyists, opposed to the Soviet Union which they qualified as a "degenerated workers' state", created the Fourth International. Groups coming from the tradition of Left Communism today recognize only the first two congresses, and groups coming out of the Trotskyist movement recognize the decisions of the first four only. Communist parties of the Stalinist or Maoist persuasion recognize all seven congresses. At the start of World War II, the Comintern supported a policy of pacifism and non-intervention, arguing that this was an imperialist war between various national ruling classes, much like World War I had been. In fact, Stalin was instrumentalizing it, in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed with Germany in August 1939, a year after the Munich Agreement in which the Soviet Union hadn't been invited and during which Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland had been delivered to Hitler by the French and British democratic regimes in a measure of "appeasement". However, when the Soviet Union itself was invaded on June 22, 1941, during Operation Barbarossa, the Comintern switched its position to one of active support for the Allies. The Comintern was subsequently officially dissolved on May 15, 1943. Its successor, the Cominform, was created in September 1947, following the Paris Conference on Marshall Aid in July 1947. The Cold War had officially begun.
21 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev
22 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotsky
23 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Radek
24 From the Spanish banca judía. Banca means “a group of bankers or banks” ; judío/a means Jew or Jewish
25 In Chapter XVI, G says that Kilinov’s real name is BERZIN. From http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov8/24.html : 2nd Grade Army Commissar BERZIN, Yan Karlovich (real name Kyuzis Peteris): 13.11.1889 — 29.7.38. Born in Latvia, Berzin joined the Social-Democratic Party in 1904. He was conscripted into the army in the First World War but deserted and went underground. He took part in the October Revolution and afterwards he worked in the central apparatus of the NKVD and in the NKVD in Latvia. One of the main organisers of the 'Red Terror', he initiated the hostages system. He was also a fervent supporter of the establishment of a communist dictatorship in Latvia and one of the organisers and leaders of the Latvian Red Army (subsequently the 15th Army). He was head of a special department of this army and played a part in the suppression of the Russian sailors' mutiny at Kronstadt. He particularly distinguished himself in the course of the pursuit and liquidation of captured sailors. >From April 1921 he was Deputy Head of Intelligence Directorate (GRU) but, from his first days in military intelligence, he was, de facto, its head. With effect from March 1924 he became its head legally as well. He was one of the most talented, industrious and successful heads of intelligence, the creator of the most powerful and successful intelligence organisations in existence anywhere. He personally recruited and ran the most outstanding intelligence officers — Yakov Mrachkovski (Gorev), Moshe Milstein (Mikhail M), Ruth and Rolf Werner, Richard Sorge, Lev Manevich, Sandor Rado, Karl Ramm, Aino Kuusinen, Ignati Reis and the most eminent intelligence officer of the 20th century, Konstantin Efremov. In 1936 Berzin transferred the Soviet military intelligence command post from Moscow to Madrid, where he carried out his most notable recruitments while he was working under cover, officially designated as chief military adviser to the Republican Government. In order to sustain this cover story his deputies Uritski and Unshlikht carried out his duties in Moscow. On returning from Spain he continued to lead military intelligence. On 13 May 1938 he was arrested and on 29 July he was shot.
26 His real name is Navachin. See footnote 28.
27 See footnote 19.
28 “Rakovsky's testimony, though it differs from most of the well-known historical versions of events, is nonetheless confirmed by a whole series of sources. For example, the fact that the White government was formed of "allies" from among the Masons was accepted as fact by the well-known writer Roman Gul. The support given by Wall Street magnates to Hitler was confirmed later, after the end of the Second World War. Other details are also worthy of attention: for example the fleeting reference in the text of The Red Symphony to "your acquaintance Navachin", a garbled translation from Spanish of Dmitry Navashin (with whom Rakovsky was indeed acquainted), the director of the Franco-Soviet Bank, the safekeeper of Trotsky's funds and a leading Mason. (He was killed in 1935 near Paris in unexplained circumstances. The spouse of the deceased declared in a "Paris-Soir" interview: "They killed my husband because he knew too much. He was the victim of powerful, worldwide occult forces.")” from http://boards.historychannel.com/thread.jspa;jsessionid=abcFSTRrxUjWD7vv01Z6q?forumID=101&threadID=600024182&messageID=600413146#600413146 Red Symphony could then be proving that Navachin wasn’t killed by any « powerful, worldwide occult forces », but by Gabriel for self-defence and to defeat the antifascists.
29 Real name: B’nai B’rith. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith : The Independent Order of B'nai B'rith (Hebrew: ??? ????, "Sons of the Covenant") is the oldest continually-operating Jewish service organization in the world. It was founded in New York City by Henry Jones and 11 others on October 13, 1843.
The organization is engaged in a wide variety of community service and welfare activities, including the promotion of Jewish rights, assisting hospitals and victims of natural disasters, awarding scholarships to Jewish college students, and opposing anti-semitism through its Center for Human Rights and Public Policy.
Besides its welfare activities, B'nai B'rith is also a vocal supporter of Israel. Together with AIPAC, it created in 2002 an initiative called 'BBYO 4 Israel'.
Also, until 2001, B'nai B'rith sponsored the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO), which is now BBYO, Inc. BBYO, an organization for high school-age Jewish teens, was founded in 1923, and is comprised of the boys' order, Aleph Zadik Aleph (AZA), and the girls' order, B'nai B'rith Girls (BBG).
30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKW
31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung : The Sturmabteilung (help•info) (SA, German for "Storm Division", usually translated as stormtroops or stormtroopers) functioned as a paramilitary organization of the NSDAP – the German Nazi party. It played a key role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s. SA men were often known as brownshirts from the color of their uniform and to distinguish them from the SS who wore black (compare the Italian blackshirts). Brown coloured shirts were chosen as the SA uniform because a large batch of them were cheaply available after World War I, having originally been ordered for German troops in Africa. The SA was also the first Nazi paramilitary group to develop pseudo-military titles for bestowal upon its members. The SA ranks would be adopted by several other Nazi Party groups, chief among them the SS.
32 See footnote 1
33 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Gamarnik Yan Borisovich Gamarnik (Belarusian: ?? ???????? 1894-1937) was First Secretary of the Belarusian Communist Party from December 1928 to October 1929.[1] He was condemned for Trotskyist conspiracy after the Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization in 1937; however, shortly before the trial he had actually been called upon by the Soviet government to be one of the judges for the accused. He inisisted on Tukhachevsky's (a prominent figure in the trial) innocence and later killed himself before he could be punished for his actions. Only after this was he added to the list of conspirators.
34 From http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov8/24.html : Corps Commander URITSKI, Solomon Petrovich: 1895-1937 was chief of the GRU during Berzin's absence.
35 http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazare_Kaganovitch
36 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky : Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Russian: ?????? ?????????? ???????????, Polish: Micha? Tuchaczewski) (February 16, 1893 [O.S. February 4] – June 12, 1937), Soviet military commander, was one of the most prominent victims of Stalin's Great Purge of the late 1930s.
Tukhachevsky was born on his family estate Alexandrovskoye (currently Safonovsky District, Smolensk Oblast) into an aristocratic family of Polish origin. He graduated from the Aleksandrovskye Military School in 1914, joining the Semyenovsky Guards Regiment. A second lieutenant during World War I, Tukhachevsky was decorated for personal courage in the battles. After he was taken prisoner by the Germans in February 1915, he escaped four times from the camps, was captured again, and finally as an incorrigible escapee held in Ingolstadt fortress, where he met another incorrigible - the then captain Charles de Gaulle.
His fifth escape was successful, and he returned to Russia in October 1917. After the Russian Revolution he joined the Bolshevik Party. He became an officer in the Red Army and rapidly advanced in rank due to his great ability. During the Russian Civil War he was given responsibility for defending Moscow. The Bolshevik Defence Commissar Leon Trotsky gave Tukhachevsky command of the 5th Army in 1919, and he led the campaign to capture Siberia from the White forces of Aleksandr Kolchak. He also helped defeat General Anton Denikin in the Crimea in 1920. Both the Kronstadt rebellion and the Tambov peasant revolt were crushed by forces under Tukhachevsky's command.
(…)In 1935 Tukhachevsky was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union, aged only 42. In January 1936 Tukhachevsky visited Britain, France and Germany. It was subsequently alleged, and may possibly be true, that during these visits he contacted anti-Stalin Russian exiles and began plotting against Stalin.
Tukhachevsky was arrested on May 22, 1937, and charged with organization of "military-Trotskyist conspiracy" and espionage for Nazi Germany. After a secret trial, known as Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, Tukhachevsky and eight other higher military commanders were convicted, and executed on June 12, 1937.
On January 31, 1957, Tukhachevsky and his colleagues were declared to have been innocent of all charges against them and were "rehabilitated." Both before and since the fall of the Soviet Union, however, some writers have suggested that there really was a military conspiracy against Stalin in which Tukhachevsky was involved.
37 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Dybenko
38 Copied from http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/red-symphony.html
39 Yezhov.
40 Former NKVD doctor, was a co-defendant with Rakovsky at the trial.
41 OKW - Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, Supreme Command of the German Army - Transl.
42 [T’s Note: I think that the proper translation here should have been: “… contradictions of Capitalism, and of the Financial International in particular, are…”
43 Wilson's Point 6 read: "The evacuation of all Russian territory, and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest co-operation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own poliical development and national policy, and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing, and more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of heir comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish symoathy." - Transl.
44 It will be observed that twice Rakovsky states that Stalin had been Lenin's chief; this may be a misunderstanding - Transl.
45 Rakovsky is wrong, as he mentions in "Mein Kampf" Hitler had read the works of Gottfried Feder - Transl.
46 The problem of a scientific formulation of this question and the propounding of a corresponding programme has engaged the active altention of the publishers of this book and their associates for some years. Their conclusion have been published. In the translator's book "The Struggle for World Power," second edition 1963, p. 79 a full solution of the monetary problem is set out, and on p. 237 there is a full economic, political and social programme. These conclusions can be obtained on application.
47 As is well known, Stalin followed the advice of Rakovsky. There was a pact with Hitler. Also the Second World War served solely the interests of the revolution. The secret of these changes of policy can be understood from [this] conversation between Gabriel and Doctor Landowsky, http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/red-symphony.html
48 The illness is not named by the translator