Sol (Sun) and its phenomena

SOLAR CYCLE 25 ACTIVITY REPORT

▪︎Solar wind speed: 515.3 km/sec
▪︎density: 7.0 protons/cm3
▪︎Geospace disturbed by high speed solar wind
▪︎97 sunspots today. (SN 48 yesterday) Spotless Days: 0
▪︎Two New sunspot group, Active Regions AR2977 and AR2978 facing earth
▪︎M4 flare from AR2975 the 6th largest flare so far this cycle
▪︎Minor R1 radio blackout. Low X Ray absortion over the Atlantic Ocean

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SUNSPOT GENESIS IN ACTION: Sunspot complex AR2975-AR2976 is turning toward Earth and growing rapidly. This movie from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory shows 12 hours of development on March 27th:
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In only half a day, the sunspot group added more than a dozen dark cores scattered across 30,000 km of the sun's surface. Newly-created regions of magnetism are now bumping together, setting the stage for explosive magnetic reconnection. If a solar flare occurs, it will be Earth-directed.
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Some of the spots in this group are huge, many times wider than Earth.
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MORE SOLAR FLARES: This morning's strong M4-class solar flare looks like it was just the beginning. Active sunspot AR2975 continues to flare. Since the instigating M4 event, it has produced additional C3, C9 and M1-class explosions.
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SOLAR FLARE, TSUNAMI AND RADIATION STORM (UPDATED): A lot of things just happened all at once. Sunspot AR2975 erupted on March 28th (1129 UT), producing a major M4-class solar flare. The blast propelled a 'solar tsunami' through the sun's atmosphere.
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This tsunami was 'radio-active.' Its rippling leading edge beamed radio waves toward Earth.
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while the sun was turning itself into a temporary radio beacon, it simultaneously wiped out some radio transmissions on Earth. A pulse of X-rays from the flare ionized the top of the atmosphere over Africa, causing a shortwave radio blackout:
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SOLAR CYCLE 25 ACTIVITY REPORT

What a Day.💥

▪︎Solar wind speed 422.7 km/sec
▪︎density: 6.7 protons/cm3
▪︎125 Sunspots today (SN 97 yesterday)
▪︎6 M-class Flares and 11 C-Class flares in the last 24h
▪︎pissed off Sunspot 2975 produced all flares
▪︎S1 Radiation Storm disrupt radio comunications.
▪︎X Ray absortion over Africa and Europe
▪︎2 Earth directed halo CMEs
▪︎Earth bombarded by protons from recent flares. Neutron counts High

MULTPLE CMEs ARE HEADING FOR EARTH: Sunspot AR2975 has been busy. Since yesterday it has exploded more than 17 times (11 C-class flares + 6 M-class). The eruptions have hurled at least two, possibly three, CMEs toward Earth.
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The first CME (1254 UT) has already been modeled by NASA and NOAA. It is expected to hit Earth's magnetic field on March 31st. The second CME (2130 UT) and the potential third CME (2230 UT) are following close behind. They will likely arrive on April 1st.
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Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is beginning, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.
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Oulu Neutron Counts
Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: +6.9% High
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SOLAR CYCLE 25 ACTIVITY REPORT

▪︎Solar wind speed drops to 378.2 km/sec
▪︎density: 4.3 protons/cm3
▪︎Geospace calm
▪︎Cosmic Rays from Oulu Neutron Counts today: +7.6% High
▪︎Sunspot number: 124. (SN 125 yesterday)
▪︎An M1.6 flare late yesterday from AR2975, immediately followed by a C6 event from a different region in the SE
▪︎Cannibal CME approaching (ejected by AR2975)

GEOMAGNETIC STORM WATCH (G3-CLASS): Strong G3-class geomagnetic storms are possible during the early UT hours of March 31st when a Cannibal CME is expected to hit Earth's magnetic field.
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Cannibal CMEs are fast coronal mass ejections that sweep up slower CMEs in front of them. This NASA movie shows what happens. The mish-mash contains tangled magnetic fields and compressed plasmas that can spark strong geomagnetic storms
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The first CME was produced by an M4-class flare at 1129 UT. It departed the sun traveling 1259 km/s. The second CME was produced by an M1-class flare at 1923 UT. It departed even faster, traveling ~1700 km/s.
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A NOAA computer model suggests that the second CME will overtake the first, merging into a single "Cannibal CME" before striking Earth's magnetic field around 0300 UT on March 31st.
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BREAKING:

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BOOOM... X1.38 FLARE FROM AR2975

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Strong X Ray absortion over America, strong radio black out in progress

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X-CLASS SOLAR FLARE: Earth-orbiting satellites have just detected an X1.3-class solar flare (March 30 @ 1737 UT). The source is active sunspot AR2975--the same sunspot that has already hurled at least two CMEs toward Earth this week. NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory recorded the flare's extreme ultraviolet flash:
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Radiation from the flare ionized the top of Earth's atmosphere, causing a shortwave radio blackout over the Americas.
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A CME is almost certainly emerging from the blast site. SOHO coronagraphs have not yet detected the cloud, but there is strong circumstantial evidence.
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THE CME HAS ARRIVED: A CME just hit Earth's magnetic field (March 31st @ 0210 UT). This is the Cannibal CME we've been waiting for. It could spark a strong G3-class geomagnetic storm.
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Solar wind speed: 535.5 km/sec
density: 14.0 protons/cm3
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SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids

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SOLAR CYCLE 25 ACTIVITY REPORT

▪︎Solar wind speed: 598.1 km/sec
▪︎density: 14.5 protons/cm3
▪︎Neutron Counts today: +8.2% High
▪︎Sunspots number: 73 (SN 114 yesterday)
▪︎ G1 Geomagnetic storm
▪︎The Geomagnetic storm is creating havoc with low frequency radio communications.
▪︎X1.3 flare yesterday from AR2975
▪︎AR2975 has a delta-class magnetic field that harbors energy for X-class solar flare

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New images from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) confirm that a CME emerged from the X1 3 flare. This CME will probably reach Earth during the early hours of April 2nd. Its impact could trigger G1-class geomagnetic storms.
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SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids

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Almost a X flare now

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THE NEXT CME MIGHT BE A DUD: Yesterday's X-class solar flare produced a CME (movie) with an Earth-directed component. NOAA analysts think it might be a dud: "The CME associated with the X1 flare was modeled and is unlikely to have any significant Earth impacts," they say.
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SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids
 
SOLAR CYCLE 25 ACTIVITY REPORT 01 APR

▪︎Solar wind speed: 483.9 km/sec (598.1 km/sec yesterday)
▪︎density: 4.4 protons/cm3 (14.5 protons/cm3 yesterday)
▪︎Sunspot number: 84 (SN 74 yesterday)
▪︎ Neutron Counts today: +5.9% High
▪︎Geospace still disturbed (Kp=4)
▪︎Solar flare M9.6 yesterday
▪︎AR2981 growing and facing earth It is crackling with C-class solar flares.

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▪︎Solar wind flowing from this minor southern coronal hole should reach Earth on April 3-4

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ARE MORE CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS COMING? Maybe. A CME launched by Wednesday's X1.3-flare could deliver a glancing blow to Earth's magnetic field on April 2nd or 3rd. A second CME launched by Thursday's M9.6-flare might be right behind it. We're not certain because coronagraph images are not yet available to confirm the second CME's form and trajectory.
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SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids
 
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