The volcano seems to be getting even more active. The SO2 levels dropped on Saturday to under 3000 tons but have today increased to 53600 ton/day, close to a 20 fold increase. 2 new lavaflows at the bottom of the volcano. Here is an screenshot from a few minutes ago:
There is a Wiki about volcanic gases which has an illustration of the process, using CO2 as an example. Basically, the gas is released pretty much as when we shake a bottle of carbonated drink and then open the bottle quickly, only here, the CO2 is compressed and dissolved with the magma. As the magma moves up, the pressure is less and the liquid phase of the gas moves to the gas phase. Since the gas is under pressure, it explodes at the top. The amount of SO2 released can vary from volcano to volcano and does not only depend on the size of the eruption. The different examples in the image show that the gasses are only released explosively when the volcano is erupting.
With 53600 tons per day, the counter is running. For comparison, an article from NASA has that the total for 2017 was only 200,000 tons.
And if we step out of the purely material aspect of chemistry, mercury, sulfur and fire, connect to alchemy at least as symbols: The Wiki on alchemical symbol has:
The list above did not include fire, but it is one of the four or five basic elements, depending on how many elements one recognizes.Three primes
According to Paracelsus (1493–1541), the three primes or tria prima – of which material substances are immediately composed – are:[1]
- Sulfur or soul (🜍), the principle of combustibility:
- Mercury or spirit (☿), the principle of fusibility and volatility:
- Salt or body (🜔), the principle of non-combustibility and non-volatility:
I was a little puzzled by this as 200,000 tons per year sounds so little. The article says:
Sometimes big numbers can lead to misunderstanding. It might be the case here or it might be that those two years are anomalies.
The article from NOAA which @thorbiorn quoted mentions the Mt Pinatubo eruption (1991):
It further goes on to say:
I am inclined to think that the author of the article made a mistake and that 200,000 tons is not per year. Even the volcano in La Palma must be close to have emitted 200,000 tons all by itself and it isn't even a large eruption...yet.
[...]
That would make more sense. Actually 200,000 tons is just 1 % of 20,000,000 tons or what is released in a few days.
If one uses the above numbers, then 27 Tg is 27 *10^12g [T is like Tera in Tb (Terabytes)]
It requires a VEI 4 eruption before it reaches the stratosphere. From the Wiki about VEI 4 eruptions
The latest VEI4 eruptions is La Soufrière (2021) On average they occur every 18 months. Notice the name La Soufrière, doesn't that mean "The suffering". Well a nice commentary to the injection spree some governments have gone into.
| VEI | Ejecta volume (bulk) | Classification | Description | Plume | Frequency | Tropospheric injection | Stratospheric injection[2] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Examples |
| 4 | > 0.1 km3 | Peléan / Plinian/Sub-Plinian | Cataclysmic | > 10 km (Plinian or sub-Plinian) | 18 months | substantial | definite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taal (1749, 2020), Laki (1783), Kīlauea (1790), Mayon (1814), Pelée (1902), Colima (1913), Sakurajima (1914), Katla (1918), Galunggung (1982), Eyjafjallajökull (2010), Mount Merapi (2010), Nabro (2011), Kelud (2014), Calbuco (2015) La Soufrière (2021) | |||||||
| 5 | > 1 km3 | Peléan / Plinian | Paroxysmic | > 10 km (Plinian) | 12 years | substantial | significant |
| Mount Vesuvius (79), Mount Fuji (1707), Mount Tarawera (1886), Agung (1963), Mount St. Helens (1980), El Chichón (1982), Hudson (1991), Puyehue (2011) | |||||||
| 6 | > 10 km3 | Plinian / Ultra-Plinian | Colossal | > 20 km | 50–100 yrs | substantial | substantial |
| Laacher See (c. 10,950 BC), Nevado de Toluca (8,550 BC), Veniaminof (c. 1750 BC), Lake Ilopango (450), Ceboruco (930), Quilotoa (1280), Bárðarbunga (1477), Huaynaputina (1600), Krakatoa (1883), Santa Maria (1902), Novarupta (1912), Mount Pinatubo (1991) |
And this review mentions:
One could look up other salts and compounds of sulfur and learn that as they also undergo thermal decomposition at elevated temperatures. Therefore, if there is sulfur coming out of a volcano, it must be because there are compounds of sulfur deep down and the temperature is high. The process is part of the cycles of the elements that make up the salt, in this case calcium, sulfur and oxygen. Here is an image of the sulfur cycle from: Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14421–14461, 2016 ACP - Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX): towards a holistic understanding of the feedbacks and interactions in the land–atmosphere–ocean–society continuum in the northern Eurasian region Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX): towards a holistic understanding of the feedbacks and interactions in the land–atmosphere–ocean–society continuum in the northern Eurasian region
The sulfur cycle is in the Wiki explained with more emphasis on biochemistry:
The Wiki image of the cycle includes more biochemistry:
Above there was: "Sulfur compounds found in food act as a natural blood thinner ". Well, if the sulfur emissions in La Palma are anything to go by, then symbolically Nature has an interesting way of commenting on the effects the vaccines seem to have for some people. See: SOTT Focus: Objective:Health — The Documented Negative Effects of Covid Vaccines. If the Covid vaccination campaign continues, do we risk more fire and brimstone? With the word brimstone, the post has come full circle because The American Heritage Dictionary explains brimstone as sulfur:
brim·stone (brĭmstōn′)
n.
1. Sulfur, especially considered as a component of the torments of hell in Christianity.
2.
a. Damnation to hell.
b. Vehement or condemnatory rhetoric, especially rhetoric warning of the torments of hell for immoral behavior: a sermon full of fire and brimstone.
[Middle English brimston, from Old English brynstān; see gwher- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
Thank you for that exposition and the circuit that it takes, including the last bit, where those who die after having believed lies and taken the vaccines, which causes bloodclots are then made whole again as the sulphur in hell helps the thinning of the blood after which they are fed back into the re-incarnational cycle to have another go at learning the lessons.
Weekly update on the variations of the parameters monitored by INGV on the island of Vulcano.
Since the Protezione Civile, the Commissione Grandi Rischi and the INGV have jointly decided to increase the volcanic alert level for Vulcano, the Palermo section of the INGV has begun to publish a specific weekly bulletin in which all the data and variations recorded on the island of Vulcano are communicated. Here is a brief summary of what emerges from the bulletin, which includes data collected during the week from 18 to 24 October.
Slightly above 370°C
The temperature of the gases emitted by the fumarolic system of the Fossa Crater reached values slightly above 370°C in the area of the crater rim, while on its inner rim the values remained stable at around 220°C. Unfortunately, once again the weather conditions have disturbed the quality of the data collected continuously by the stations in the summit area of the crater. According to the bulletin, however, the average temperature recorded in the area of the fumaroles on the crater rim remained stable at around 366°C, while the average temperature of those in the inner crater area rose slightly to 110°C.
After a slight decrease last week, this week the emission of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) recorded continuously in the crater summit area has again increased, reaching high values well above those recorded in the crater area in recent years. CO2 fluxes have also increased in the Farglione area, a locality located a few kilometres east of the inhabited area of Vulcano Porto, an area that is not undergoing significant variations. On the contrary, modest decreases in carbon dioxide concentrations were recorded this week in the areas of Camping Sicilia and Rimessa, the two locations where CO2 fluxes had increased significantly the previous week.
SO2 concentration are rising
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) concentrations continued to increase in the summit area of the Fossa Crater. As we have explained in previous posts, SO2 is a gas that indicates the presence of a magmatic body in the outgassing phase between 3.5 and 4 km depth.
The sampling carried out in the wells in the Camping Sicilia area showed a modest decrease in the temperature of the water and in its conductivity, the latter of which changes when certain gases come into contact with the water table, thus modifying the dissolved substances. In the area of the Barbara well, a few hundred metres away from the Farglione area, the water temperature has remained stable while its conductivity has increased.
Slight increase of small magnitude earthquakes
As far as seismicity is concerned, there was a slight increase in the number of very small-magnitude earthquakes located at a shallow depth in the Fossa Crater area compared with the previous week. However, the number of events this week was also influenced by heavy rainfall, which caused rainwater to penetrate a very hot hydrothermal system and evaporate almost instantaneously.
During the course of the week, there were no new changes in the deformation of the soil. The sudden and constant uplift of the ground recorded since 13 September has therefore stopped for the moment, which is certainly a positive sign. Once again, the data recorded by INGV confirms the unrest phase of the volcanic system. We would like to remind you, as always, that at the moment no evacuation is planned, because there is no evidence that a volcanic eruption could begin in the very short term. In fact, before this happens, the parameters monitored by INGV should undergo a further important change.
Aggiornamento settimanale sulle variazioni dei parametri monitorati dall'INGV sull'isola di Vulcano.
Da quando la Protezione Civile, la Commissione Grandi Rischi e l'INGV hanno di comune accordo deciso di aumentare il livello di allerta vulcanica per Vulcano, la sezione Palermo dell'INGV ha iniziato a pubblicare settimanalmente un bollettino specifico in cui vengono comunicati tutti i dati e le variazioni registrati all'interno dell'isola di Vulcano. Ecco un breve riassunto di quello che emerge dal bollettino che comprende i dati raccolti nella settimana che va dal 18 al 24 ottobre.
La temperatura dei gas emessi dal sistema fumarolico del Cratere della Fossa ha raggiunto valori poco superiori ai 370°C nella zona del bordo del cratere, mentre sul suo fiano interno i valori sono rimasti stabili intorno ai 220°C. Purtroppo ancora una volta le condizioni meteo hanno disturbato la qualità dei dati raccolti in modo continuativo dalle stazioni presenti nella zona sommitale del cratere. Stando al bollettino comunque, la temperatura media registrata nella zona delle fumarole presenti sul bordo del cratere è rimasta stabile intorno ai 366°C, mentre la temperatura media di quelle presenti nella zona interna del cratere è leggermente aumenta e ha raggiunto valori di 110°C.
Dopo una leggera diminuzione avvenuta nel corso della settimana scorsa, questa settimana l'emissione di Anidride Carbonica (CO2) registrata in modo continuativo nella zona sommitale del cratere è nuovamente aumentata raggiungendo valori elevati ben superiori a quelli registrati nell'area craterica nel corso degli ultimi anni. I flussi di CO2 sono aumentati anche nella zona Farglione, una località che si trova pochi chilometri ad est dell'area abitata di Vulcano Porto, zona che ricordiamo non sta subendo variazioni significative. Al contrario invece, questa settimana sono state registrate modeste diminuzioni nelle concentrazioni di Anidride Carbonica nelle zone di Camping Sicilia e Rimessa, le due località in cui i flussi di CO2 erano aumentate significativamente la settimana precedente.
Le concentrazioni di Anidride Solforosa (SO2) invece, continuano ad aumentare nell'area sommitale del Cratere della Fossa. Come abbiamo spiegato anche nei post precedenti, l'SO2 è un gas che ci testimonia la presenza di un corpo magmatico in fase di degassamento tra i 3.5 e i 4 km di profondità.
I campionamenti svolti all'interno dei pozzi nell'area di Camping Sicilia hanno mostrato una modesta diminuzione nella temperatura dell'acqua e nella sua conducibilità, quest'ultima si modifica quando alcuni gas entrano in contatto con la falda acquifera modificandone di conseguenza le sostanze disciolte. Nell'area del pozzo Barbara invece, ovvero a poche centinaia di metri di distanza dalla zona Farglione, la temperatura dell'acqua è rimasta stabile mentre la sua conducibilità è aumentata.
Per quanto riguarda la sismicità invece, i terremoti di piccolissima magnitudo localizzati a poca profondità nella zona del Cratere della Fossa sono leggermente aumentati rispetto alla settimana precedente. Anche questa settimana comunque il numero degli eventi è stato influenzato dalle abbondanti precipitazioni che hanno fatto penetrare l'acqua piovana all'interno di un sistema idrotermale molto caldo che la fa evaporare quasi istantaneamente.
Nel corso della settimana la deformazione del suolo non ha subito nuove variazioni. Il repentino e costante sollevamento del suolo registrato a partire dal 13 settembre si è quindi al momento arrestato, il che è sicuramente un dato positivo. Ancora una volta i dati registrati dall'INGV confermano la fase di unrest - ovvero di agitazione - del sistema vulcanico. Ci teniamo a ricordare, come sempre, che al momento non è in programma alcuna evacuazione, questo perché non ci sono evidenze che un'eruzione vulcanica possa iniziare nel brevissimo periodo. Prima che ciò accada infatti, i parametri monitorati dall'INGV dovrebbero subire un ulteriore e importante variazione.
www.emsc-csem.org
For finding the mass of sulfur from the mass of emitted SO2, take half.
Do they scream as well? Here is something weird:
