This is from Charles Hapgood's book "Voices of Spirit".
INTRODUCTION
Matter and Spirit:
The Experimental Evidence
What is life? What is alive? Is matter alive? Some philosophers have held that life extends to the whole physical universe, that every last atom is alive. In the last seventy years a number of scientists have produced laboratory evidence in support of this.
Jagadis Chandra Bose
One of the most distinguished biologists of the first part of the twentieth century was Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose. He was born in India, and late in life founded the Bose Institute, a scientific research institution. He contributed many scientific papers on biology to the scientific journals of Europe, and published a number of books, including two very important ones, Response in the Living and Non-living (7)* and Plant Autographs and Their Revelations (8)*. Bose was a brilliant physical scientist whose most important discoveries have been neglected. However, he was sufficiently respected to have been made a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire.
Bose was a pioneer in the exploration of the life reactions of plants. After discovering that their life reactions were similar to human ones, he extended his investigations to inanimate matter. He depended on various instruments of his own design, based on the principle of the polygraph, or lie detector. All his experiments were purely automatic and objective. The reactions of plants and of inanimate objects were recorded by needles on continuous paper tape. He thus made sure that no subjective attitudes or ideas of his own could influence the results.
In continuous experiments extending over many years he measured the reactions of plants to such things as fatigue, alcohol, drugs and poisons. He found that they reacted in the same way to these stimuli as did human beings. Then he detected the same reactions in metals. he found that all matter, living and non-living, registered life reactions on his machines.
In Plant Autographs and Their Revelations Bose describes his discovery of fatigue in metals, a phenomenon that is now well recognized by science but has never been explained.
I was startled more than thirty years ago [about 1895] by some quite unexpected characteristics of my detectors for electric waves. I found, for example, that under continuous stimulation by the oncoming message, the sensitiveness of the metallic detector disappeared, but on giving the receiver a sufficient period of rest it became sensitive once more. In taking records of successive responses I was surprised to find that they were very similar to those exhibiting fatigue in animal muscle. And just as animal tissue, after a rest period, recovers its activity, so did the inorganic receiver recover after rest.
Thinking that a long rest would make my receiver more sensitive I laid it aside for several days and was astonished to find that it had become inert. In fact, it had become lazy through lack of stimulation. A strong shock stirred it up again into readiness for response. . . . Two opposite treatments are thus indicated for fatigue from overwork and for inertness from long passivity. (8: 60)
These findings form an interesting parallel with the practice of meditation, used for the purpose of developing awareness. The meditation posture is entirely passive. The body is held entirely still, and conscious thought is excluded as far as possible from the mind. Hindu mystics have continued such meditative passivity for long periods, and in one case, referred to in a book about the guru Sai Baba (38), one of these men remained totally inactive for so long that he lost the use of his legs and had to be carried about from place to place. The lesson of Bose's experiment is that periods of passivity must be balanced by periods of physical exertion.
Bose experimented with the use of drugs on his receivers:
I further found that the application of certain stimulating drugs rendered my receiver extraordinarily sensitive so that it could receive extraordinarily feeble wireless messages which it had failed to detect before. Other drugs depressed the sensitiveness or abolished it altogether. (8: 60)
He also found that plants exposed to dilute alcohol vapor became drunk:
The immediate effect of dilute vapor of alcohol is to produce a transient enhancement of excitability, but a depression results from its continued action. The ludicrously unsteady gait of the plant under intoxication . . . could, no doubt, be effectively exploited in a temperance lecture. (8: 33)
It seems that plants not only can get drunk but are also susceptible to alcoholic depression and perhaps to hangovers! Bose, with his electronic devices, found the same reactions in metals.
Bose's findings on fatigue in metals suggest that contemporary medical views are in error. Medical science today holds that fatigue is the result of the accumulation of body wastes that must be removed by rest. But wastes cannot accumulate in metals, and blood cannot carry them away. The same is true for plants, which exhibit fatigue reactions that are removed away. It seems that another explanation for fatigue in animal tissues may be required.
Bose summarized all his work in the following paragraphs, which, because of their importance, I quote in full:
Thus . . . when animal, plant and metal have been subjected to the same questioning shocks they have in all cases given similar replies. They exhibit similar fatigue and show similar exaltation under stimulants. If further confirmation of the unity of reaction is needed, there remains one test by which physiologists distinguish the characteristic phenomena of life. That which is living is capable of dying, and death may be hastened by poison. The pulse s of response then wane until they cease altogether. Is it credible that we may in like manner "kill" metals by the administration of poison?
Strange as it may appear, the electronic response disappears altogether after the application of poison. There remains the very curious phenomenon known not only in the investigation of physiological response, but also in medical practice, that of the opposite effects produced by the same drug when given in large or in small doses. Here, too, we have the same phenomenon reproduced in an astonishing manner even in inorganic response. A small dose of poison amplifies the response, while a large dose destroys it.
We have thus examined the autographic records of the living and the non-living. How similar are the writings! So similar, indeed, that we cannot tell one from the other. We have watched the responsive pulses wax and wane, in the one as in the other. We have seen response sinking under fatigue, being exalted under stimulants, and being abolished by poisons, in the living as in the non-living.
Among such phenomena, how can we draw a line of demarcation and say, "Here the physical process ends and there the physiological (living) process begins?" Such a line can hardly be drawn. (8: 62-64)
Despite the far-reaching implications of his discoveries, Bose did not accept any mystical explanation of the phenomena he had studied so long. He still had entire and unquestioning faith in physical science. He believed that the facts he had established through automatic electronic recordings would, in the future, be fully explained in a materialistic way. Strangely enough, he did not see that his findings were irreconcilable with the postulates of modern science, which is based on the concept of forces acting on inert matter. Science does not explain life at all. Bose showed that metals and plants behave like animals, like human beings. That is they behave as if they had sensation, emotion and consciousness, all elements that science does not pretend to explain. It is no wonder that science has ignored Bose. However, new developments today compel a reexamination and reevaluation of his work. In our time a new use of the lie detector has given new meaning to his discoveries.
Cleve Backster
An American scientist, Cleve Backster, has made some remarkable discoveries through the use of the polygraph. Hie is a well-known authority on the design and use of the lie detector, and has worked in close association with various )police forces throughout the country and with the military. His work required him to design polygraphs to detect emotion through its effects on the minute electrical currents of the body. He accidentally found that when his electrodes were attached to various plants, he got reactions similar to those from people.
Backster's first discovery, like many great discoveries, was wholly unexpected. He attached the polygraph to a plant in his laboratory to see whether it would register the rise of liquid in the stem when he watered the roots. He was astonished to observe that the plant seemed to register the same way that people did when taking the lie- detector test.
Backster did not let the matter rest, as a less curious person might have. Instead, he immediately launched a comprehensive program of research into the emotional life of plants. After years of research he reported his findings in an article in the International Journal of Parapsychology (5). This article inspire d one in National Wildlife and another in Main Currents in Modern Thought (27).
Dr. F. L. Kunz, the editor of Main Currents, summarizing Backster's discoveries, said:
Mr. Backster' s experiments have shown that house plants, such as the Dracena Massangeana or Philodendron, register apprehension when a dog passes by, react violently when live shrimps are dumped into boiling water, and receive signals from dying cells in the drying blood of an accidentally cut finger. They appear to respond to distress signals issued in response to threats against any member of the living community. What is more, they in some way are able to receive signals over a considerable distance, for they have registered Mr. Backster's intent to return to his office when he was fifteen miles away. All this has convinced him of a "possible existence of some undefined perception in the plant." He calls this perception "primary" in the sense that "this perception applies to all cells we have monitored, without regard to their assigned biological function. . . . We have found this same phenomenon in the amoeba, the paramecium, and other single-celled organisms, in fact in every kind of cell we have tested: fresh fruits and vegetables, mold cultures, yeasts, scrapings from the roof of the mouth of a human, blood samples, even spermatozoa."
Backster's work gives us a measure for judging the real significance of the work of Bose. Bose measured physical reactions that implied but did not directly prove consciousness and emotion in plants and metals. Backster has shown, at least as far as plants are concerned, that the implication of consciousness is correct: plants do have consciousness, they do have emotion; and since Bose showed that metals register the same reactions, we cannot reasonably exclude consciousness even in metals. It may follow from this that the very stones we walk on have some sort of consciousness. Obviously it must differ from that of an animal, because stones are not organized entities. In his laboratory one day I saw Mr. Backster obtain a life reaction from a piece of rubber.
Franklin Loehr
Now that we have discussed the work of a crime investigator, let us look at the work of a minister. The Reverend Franklin Loehr (30) was not interested in tripping up criminals, but in the saving of souls, and he believed in the efficacy of prayer. He was led to the idea that plants are sensitive to the human mind and to the power of prayer. As result he initiated a long series of very careful scientific experiments with the cooperation of Dr. Rhine, then at )Duke University. Dr. Rhine, of course, is well known for his scientific investigations of E SP, and he helped Loehr to set p controlled experiments.
Hundreds of thousands of seeds were planted in trays, which were separate d into three groups. Mr. Loehr directed a small group which prayed for the seeds in one set nf trays and against those in another set. The third set was ignored and used as a control. The seeds were examined at regular intervals to measure their percentages of germination and their rates of growth, and the plants were followed through to their flowering and seeding. Statistical methods were employed, and the results were very positive. The ;seeds that were prayed for germinated better, grew faster ind produced more than those that were ignored. Those 3rayed against did very badly, and many of them died. In these results we can see agreement with the work of Backster, and confirmation of the sensitivity of plants to ,thought.
I was then teaching at Keene State College in New Hampshire, and I decided to repeat these experiments. instead of a small prayer group, however, I used about a hundred students and had them work separately. The emphasis was not on formal prayer, but simply on the projection of emotion, positive or negative, to the seeds and plants. Each student was instructed to provide identical conditions of soil, water, sunlight and heat to all three of his or her trays, and to make periodical measurements of the growth, tabulating the results.
As the first results came in I noticed all sorts of contradictions and discrepancies; but gradually, as week followed week, the findings fell into line. In nearly every case the seeds that had been given love outstripped the others. The plants exposed to hate did very poorly. Their germination rate was very poor on the average, and many of the seedlings died.
The fact that the students worked separately led to an interesting discovery. I found great differences between the students in their powers to influence the plants. There were some outstanding students, and others that were mediocre. One student, a girl, presented an interesting puzzle. She was a very beautiful brunette, and had the blackest of black hair and lustrous dark eyes. She complained that she was unable to stimulate the growth of the plants she prayed for, but was very successful in killing those she prayed against.
I understood this when I got to know her better. I discovered that she was emotionally very negative. She dwelt on her discontents and grievances and had hostile feelings toward many people. She seemed to live with resentment; thus she was better at hate than at love. (I have known other people like this.) She could let loose the whole of her psychic force against but not for the wretched little seeds. And they hadn't a chance, for she had a very powerful psyche. I got the feeling that in olden times she would have made a good witch.
This experiment was thought-provoking, for it was easy to see that if love and hate can so affect plants, such emotions might well affect people. Here was some evidence for witchcraft. We might have to reconsider our views about sorcery.
Other experiments we conducted at Keene State College will be discussed later.
Harold Saxton Burr
About the time that Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose was finishing his epochal work in India, Dr. Harold Saxton Burr (10), a professor in the Yale University School of Medicine, was starting an equally interesting research project in America.
Burr, like Bose, was a biologist, and like Bose a productive research scientist. Between 1916 and 1960 he published no fewer than 95 technical research papers. About 1930 he began to focus his thought upon certain fundamental problems of biology which were truly enigmas, in that they had resisted all attempts at solution. The most important unsolved problem was that of growth, and involved with this were two others, the problems of the maintenance and the healing of the body. These problems seemed to call for some overall guidance, a directing force, some agency that could direct the incredibly complex processes within the body.
Burr was not satisfied with the traditional explanations of a mechanistic nature advanced by biologists. It was evident that genes, chromosomes, and the DNA molecule played important roles. They could be determinants of particular structures within the body, more or less the way an architect designs a building. They might be regarded as determining the materials used in the construction. But after an architect has completed his work there must still be a builder, a building contractor to direct the actual building operations, to get the necessary materials to the right places at the right times; and the same would be true of repairs. Burr argued that a relatively simple structure like the DNA molecule could hardly contain the complete design of a structure infinitely more complicated— the body—to say nothing of directing the myriad processes being carried on in the body besides those of growth and healing. It was simply not possible to be satisfied with a mechanistic solution, to say that all these processes, and their integration with each other, were automatic. This could be, at best, an unproven assumption; medical men know this when they say, as I once heard a doctor say, "When I see a healing, I see a miracle."
There is an all-important way in which a living body differs from a building. A building is made of inert materials, steel, cement, lumber, etc., which, once installed, stay in place and do not decay for considerable periods of time, though there is constant need for "maintenance." Burr points out that the body, on the other hand, is made of living materials, thousands of billions of cells in one body. These cells have very short lifetimes and must be constantly replaced. It has been discovered, for example, that all protein in the body is replaced every six months. Brain cells are also replaced in a quick turnover. The whole body is in constant flux; nevertheless, there is a control that ensures the proper functioning of every organ, every tissue and every cell. The body synthesizes a minimum of 5,000 chemical compounds, some of them very complex, and all of them needed for the body's functioning, and for the repair of tissues that are breaking down. It is not satisfactory to say that all these operations manage themselves.
From time to time theories have been advanced that have postulated some sort of "vital force," "spirit" or "soul" to provide the purposive, directing element to integrate all the body processes. Burr rejected these because they were not capable of scientific proof. On the other hand, he was aware of electrical processes associated with the body. These are evidenced by the cardiographs and electroencephalographs that record our heart and brain waves. Biologists now know that there are electrical processes connected with every part of the body. It occurred to Burr that perhaps the integrating force or agency within the body might function something like an electromagnetic field.
To clarify Burr's idea we can take the case of an iron magnet attracting iron filings. Everyone has observed how the iron filings arrange themselves in a pattern. In the same way, Burr thought, electromagnetic fields might organize the parts of the body and the body as a whole.
It is necessary here to define what scientists call an electromagnetic field, or any "field" in physics. Edward W. Russell, in a book to be discussed below (43), has given us a definition of a "field":
When something occurs somewhere in space because something else happened somewhere else in space, with no visible means by which the cause produced the effect, the two events are connected by a field. (43: 28.29)
It is important to realize that though the existence of a field can be proved (as by the magnet the iron filings), nothing whatever is known about the force by which it operates. The force itself remains unknown. This is true of the force of gravity. Newton proved the existence of a "gravitational field" because he found a mathematical formula that exactly described the effects, and the formula could be verified.* Newton could form no conception of the nature of the force involved in gravitation, and science today knows no more than he did about it. In the same way, science has no idea as to what force creates the electromagnetic field. We shall return to this question later.
Burr decided to find out whether all living bodies possessed magnetic fields. When he started out, however, no instruments existed that could detect and measure such fields. He had to create them, and this took him three years. They are easily obtained today, but for the details I shall have to refer to his book (10) or Russell's (43).
Burr first formulate d his electrodynamic theory of life in collaboration with Professor F.S. C. Northrop, a colleague of his on the Yale faculty. Afterward he conducted joint investigations and experiments with dozens of specialists in half a dozen different fields including biology, medicine, physics, electronics, and agriculture. In over thirty-five years of research Burr and his collaborators discovered and measured electrodynamic fields in living things from tiny seeds to full grown animals. Dr. Burr has made it clear that these fields are not related to the electrical currents measured by the cardiograph and the electroencephalograph (EEG). For one thing, the former are direct current while the latter are alternating. Burr calls the electrodynamic fields "bio-fields" or "L-Fields" (for "life fields"). He puts the difference between them thus:
These voltage measurements have nothing to do with the alternating currents which doctors find in the heart and brain. They are pure voltage potentials* which can yield only an infinitesimal amount of direct current. That is why L-fields could not be detected before the invention of the vacuum tube voltmeter, which requires virtually no current for its operation. An ordinary voltmeter needs so much current to swing the needle that it would drain away the L-field potentials and make any reading useless is not impossible. (10: 7)
Later he says:
Again it must be stressed that these electrical properties [of all living things] . . . are voltage gradients, not current movement, not changes in resistance to the passage of current. (10: 45)
Just how the measurements are taken he explains as follows:
L-fields are detected and examined by measuring the difference in voltage between two points on—or close to—the surface of the living form. In men and women L-field voltages can be measured by placing one electrode on the forehead and the other on the chest or hand. Alternatively, the index finger of each hand is dipped into bowls of saline solution connecting to the voltmeter. In special cases the voltage readings may be taken by applying the electrodes to some specific organ or part of the body. (10: 7)
One of Burr's early experiments provided evidence that electromagnetic fields control growth:
We explored the field of frog's eggs . . . not only to satisfy ourselves that something so small and relatively simple possessed a field, but also to find support for our theory that the field controls the growth and development of the form.
Using micro-pipettes filled with salt solution and connected to the voltmeter we found different voltage gradients across the different axes of the eggs. We marked the axis of the largest voltage gradient with spots of Nile blue sulphate and later found, as the eggs developed, that the frog' s nervous system always grew along the axis of the largest voltage gradient. This was an indication that the field is primary—the matrix that shapes the living form. (10: 62)
Burr reached the same conclusion from experiments with salamanders. Russell, commenting on the frog experiment, stressed its great significance:
This [frog experiment] is important because it shows that the L-field is the controlling, organizing force in the growth of the living form. . . . It is also another illustration that the field anticipates physical conditions. . . . All this shows that the field is master, so to speak, and that matter is its slave. (10: 33-34)
Burr and his colleagues soon found that the L-fields could be used for diagnosis of disease:
Another dramatic and significant milestone in this research was the discovery that abnormal voltage gradients in the L-field can reveal the presence of abnormal physical conditions.
In the wards of New York's Bellevue Hospital Dr. [Louis] Langman [cooperating with Burr] and his assistant examined about a thousand female patients with Dr. Burr's instruments, the electrodes being placed in the cervix and the ventral abdominal wall. In 102 cases the abnormal voltage gradient suggested the existence of malignancy. Subsequent surgery confirmed that malignancy did exist in no less than 95 out of 102 women. (43: 32)
Dr. Leonard J. Ravitz, a psychiatrist and another of Dr. Burr's collaborators, found that he could use Burr's instruments to predict abnormal mental behavior. According to Russell,
Dr. Ravitz has found that mentally-unstable people display erratic voltage patterns before there are any obvious symptoms. (43: 13)
In a whole series of experiments it was demonstrated that L-field measurements could be used for research in agriculture. By measuring the L-fields of seeds it was possible to predict how strong and healthy the future plant would be.
In another important development, Dr. Burr realized that magnetic fields in living beings would inevitably be affected by external fields, for no field can be totally isolated. If the L-fields controlled the growth and wellbeing of human beings, then it was essential to discover how larger cosmic fields might affect these bio-fields. Two trees were selected for this experiment, and these trees were continuously observed for thirty years. One tree was a maple and the other an elm. The experiments showed that the magnetic fields of the trees registered day and night, the change of seasons, the phases of the moon and sun spots. (10: 104-117) From this it seemed indicated that bio-fields are related to cosmic fields, and this in turn suggests that there may be a stratum of truth in the theories of astrology.
Edward Russell and Fields of Thought
One of the most important discoveries in the nearly four decades of research was made by Dr. Leonard Ravitz when he hypnotized a patient and recorded the accompanying changes in his L-field. Russell relates the incident:
To the astonishment of those present, a continuously recording voltmeter showed changes in the voltage gradient in the L-field of a patient as he sank deeper and deeper into hypnosis. For the first time in history it was possible to measure the depth of hypnosis objectively with a voltmeter. (43: 32)
Russell points out the special significance of this experiment. It appeared to him to demonstrate that the L-field of the body could be affected by the mind. This led to further developments that laid a foundation for the explanation of psychosomatic illness. The L-field, it turned out, acted as the intermediary between the mind and the body. It was clearly possible for a disturbance of the mind to upset the L-field, and thus initiate pathological conditions that would later affect the body. In this way mental stress led to the development of ulcers and innumerable other physical ills.
This experiment led Russell to make an important contribution of his own. He proposed a theory of thought fields, which he called T-fields. He suggested, in effect, that thought itself had field properties, and he pointed to the results of recent research in telepathy in Russia for support. We shall return to the Russian experiments later. Here we may simply note that the Russian experiments have to all intents and purposes established telepathy as a scientific fact. At the same time they have failed utterly to discover an explanation in terms of electromagnetic waves or radiations of any kind. Russell points out that this leaves field theory as the only way out. We must assume that thought itself has field properties. It is like the force of gravity that operates at any distance, through anything, and is not subject to time. It operates the way an electromagnetic field does.
Russell reaches the further conclusion that thought fields, or "T-fields," since they can disturb and dominate the L-fields, are primary. This amounts to saying that thought is the primary force in the universe. Here it is necessary to reiterate our observation regarding field theory: that it does not pretend to explain how forces operate. It restricts itself to observing their effects. Just as we know nothing of the nature of gravitation or of electromagnetism, so we must confess entire ignorance of the nature of thought-force. But we can assert that it exists and that it has field properties.
Russell points out that a field is not dependent upon the material it organizes. A magnet may attract iron filings and form them into a pattern. If the filings are then thrown out and new filings substituted, the magnet organized them into the same pattern. The L-field of the body, in the same way, might survive the body and organize other bodies. The T-field may exist indefinitely, as long as the force that created them exists. And what force can this be but the ultimate creative force?
Russell considers the L-fields and the T-fields to be entirely separate, even though the T-field can, as shown in the hypnosis experiment, dominate the L-field. Russell defines the differences between them as follows:
Of the two kinds of fields, the electromagnetic L-fields are common to the whole human race, because all human bodies are organized in the same general pat-tern. But the thought fields, which are composed of individual memories and experiences, are peculiar to each individual and exclusively his own. (43: 85)
Thus, according to Russell, the T-field is the entity, the person, the soul or spirit of the individual. It is independent of any particular body, immortal, brought into existence by the thought field of the universe, which we may call God if we wish.
After stating that one of the properties of the T-fields is that they extend indefinitely through space, like other fields, Russell goes on to say,
A far more remarkable . . . property of T-fields is that they attach themselves to—or if you prefer localize themselves in—any kind of matter of any shape or size.
Thoughts can attach themselves to objects, from which sensitive people can pick them up. This would explain the remarkable "psychometric" gift of certain psychics, notably that of the famous Dutchman Peter Hurkos.
I had the opportunity of meeting Hurkos and watching him work. I must say I was completely convinced of the reality of his talent. He asked me if I had something on my person that I could hand him. I handed him my wallet, which contained photographs of each of my sons. Hurkos, having just come from the Netherlands, had never known me or my sons. However, he gave me an uncannily accurate account of both of them.
I watched Hurkos as he opened my wallet to the picture of my son Fred. He hardly glanced at the picture, but he passed his fingers across it. The photograph itself was under clear plastic, so he did not actually touch it. However, he immediately said, "This boy has recently been very ill. You did not discover his condition in time and you nearly lost him. It was a growth of some sort in his head."
The facts were these. Fred had complained of a sore spot on his scalp. The local doctor was not alarmed, but my wife took the boy from our home in Provincetown to the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston where he was examined by specialists. They found that he had a very rare and usually fatal illness— an eosinophilic granuloma. They were barely in time with the operation. A second growth was successfully treated by radiation.
When Hurkos passed his fingers over the photo of my second son, Willie, his face lit up with pleasure and he said, "Oh, with this boy you never need to use severity. He will always cooperate with you." Which was exactly right. Then he said, "He will be able to accomplish anything he wants to in mechanics." Willie has since had a brilliant career in that field.
Psychometry is an undoubted fact. It has been a great mystery, and it says much for Mr. Russell's T-fields that they can explain it. Russell says,
Here is an important clue to various problems: for instance, if a small jewel can "anchor" a T-field representing a whole series of past events, it is easy to see how the cells of our brains can serve to "anchor"—or localize—the T-fields of our thoughts and memories. (43: 68-69)
For my own part, I speculate that both these types of fields may have their importance in our understanding of psychology. The L-field, being concerned with the organization and operation of the body, even though it is subservient to the T-field to serve which the body has Been created, is the field of the unconscious. The basic emotional patterns involved in the whole development of the body (including the interpersonal relationships with parents, etc.) provide the genesis of the "archetypes" that were the subjects of the researches of Dr. Carl Jung. They constitute, as he put it, a collective unconscious of the race, because, as Russell says, the L-field of the body is the same for all human beings. The T-fields, of course, are the area of the consciousness, and it is natural that close relationships will exist between them.
To sum up, we have seen that in fields physics, while the field can be proved by its effects, it is an enigma. We can see that Dr. Burr's L-fields display all the attributes of what we call purpose, intelligence, spirit. These include purpose in planning, organizing power in realizing the plan, with an implicit intelligence infinitely beyond the capabilities of the conscious intellect. In Russell's T-fields we have the forte of individual thought and memory. Soul or spirit cannot be proved directly, but we find that through these electromagnetic fields they are proved indirectly. Furthermore, they provide a basis for the ideas of immortality and reincarnation.
