If there are electrical gradients—voltage gradients—in living systems, what are their essential characteristics? They must have magnitude and, since they are electrical, they must have directional properties; in other words, polar properties, a positive and a negative aspect
To learn more about these gradients one of the first things undertaken in the laboratory was-naturally enough-to measure human beings. At first sight, this could be an exceedingly complicated problem, but with the advice of Professor Leslie Nims, a very simple approach was adopted.
With our silver-silver chloride electrodes in a common physiological salt solution, the known self-potential in the electrode was reduced by selection to a minimum, usually not greater than one-half a millivolt. Then with two cups available, one electrode was introduced into the salt solution of one cup and another electrode into the salt solution of a second cup. It was a simple matter, then, to dip the finger of the hands into these cups; the index finger of the left hand into the left-hand cup, and the index finger of the right hand into the right hand cup. This completed the external circuit in the measuring device.
Immediately it was clear that there was a voltage gradient between the left finger and the right finger. This could be checked readily, for all that was necessary was to move the right-hand finger into the left-hand cup and vice versa. If the readings were valid, the magnitude should be the same in the second series of measurements as in the first. Normally, with our experiments these measurements were repeated ten times, or until we had reproducible, reliable results.
As soon as it was found that such measurements could be made readily, the question arose whether there was any, significant difference between human beings and those measurements. As a result a great many measurements were carried out in the laboratory, using the personnel of the laboratory as subjects. We found to our delight that the magnitudes of the potentials were rarely less than two millivolts and often many times higher.
The spread--or magnitude--of the measurements was so great that it was found possible to divide human beings into four categories. Individuals with low voltage gradients [presumably less than 2 millivolts] between the right and left forefinger; at the other extreme, individuals with voltage gradients between the right and left forefinger of something in the order of ten millivolts. In between, there was a third group, a low-high group, around five or six millivolts, and a fourth high-low group around two to four millivolts.
Interestingly enough, these were quite consistent during the period of measurement but, what is more remarkable, they were quite consistent with the passage of time. These experiments were carried out over many days to be sure that the results were reliable. If the electrical gradients in the living system were the result of the chemistry of the organism, the constancy which we recorded would simply not be possible.
We could not see any significant relationships between the individuals with low potential gradients and those with high potential gradients by any techniques which we were able to devise. The subjects were all males, and it was suggested that there might be an electrical difference between males and females. Hence, measurements were made on female members of the laboratory group, day after day, week after week, and month after month. [The voltage gradients of these females showed "remarkable increases" for 24-hour periods during ovulation.]
...
Somatic symptoms show correlates especially with the polarity quantity, the ‘high-minus” field configurations notable also in preadolescent and aging adult groups.
In clinically diagnosed schizophrenic patients, voltage patterns range from the highest to the lowest intensities found. The greatest field strengths, states of excitation, occur, regardless of apparent duration of malfunctioning, until about middle age in the forties. Improvement is preceded by, or correlated with, sustained voltage drops of greater stability, and polarity may also be reversed. The lowest field strengths, states of exhaustion, are usually observed in chronic inert patients. The most dramatic voltage rises have preceded those rare occasions when torpid schizophrenic behaviour shifts into animated, spontaneous functioning. Since exaggerated or inhibited behaviour is found with high field intensifications and as exhausted behaviour may resemble inhibited behaviour, the field profile is necessary to indicate objectively what is going on.
In 1956, at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, the phylogenetic basis of behaviour disorders was presented, a construct deriving from considerations of basic behaviour changes paralleling the evolution of the nervous system. Space will not permit even a statement of this theory here. Suffice it to say, all behaviour disorders not perverted by culturally false notions of 'normal' reflect, by this construct, an imbalance in the harmonious integration of the old and new parts of the brain.
Adult human subjects, as well as other forms of life, run downhill electrically with age, undergoing polar reversals into minus polarity, depending on the electrode placement, an entirely relative matter. Field profiles of infants and preadolescent children likewise have shown predominantly minus polarity. Typical Caucasian men during adolescence and early adulthood tend to show moderately high intensities of almost uniformly plus polarity. Caucasian women, on the other hand, dip minus much earlier than men. Pilot studies suggest that, aside from the unique design of each individual; inherent racial differences may be of prime significance in determining intensity, variability, and polarity at various ages. Orientals showing more minus readings than Caucasians of the same age, Negroes exhibiting far greater field intensification of plus polarity.
...
Irreducible factors in the causation of behaviour and somatic disorders have been discovered the behaviour perturbations favouring the intensity factor, the somatic disorders emphasizing the polarity vector.
Hypnosis as well as health and disease and aging have thus been measured in terms of changing intensities and directions of natural energy, an approach fusing the time-factor, or electro-cyclic phenomena, to the assessment of all living things pervading the entire phylogenetic tree.
Thus, a significant wedge has been driven into the problem of known periodicities in certain clinical conditions, as well as the obvious energy of youth, the profound and protracted disorders frequently arising in older-age groups, and the natural essence of 'hypnosis' itself.
During longitudinal studies of patients and controls several infectious diseases have been monitored inadvertently, reinforcing the importance of the field quantity as a unique property for each individual at any given time, continuously changing in accord with specific electro-cyclic periods.
It appears, therefore, as though an objective measure of those properties of protoplasmic organization which establish the essential attributes of feeling, behaviour, and thinking has emerged, based on [principles which are not] 100% deterministic and mechanical.