Melatonin, as you've probably heard by now, is a substance that is mostly manufactured in an organ called the pineal (which means "pine cone") gland. Although revered for centuries in the East as a center of consciousness, this odd little blob of an organ nestled inside the brain was once thought to be useless as far as Western medicine was concerned. However, over the past couple of decades, hundreds of experiments have demonstrated that the pineal gland is acutely sensitive to daylight and our environmental temperature in a way that dramatically affects our immune system, reproductive organs, psychological health, and the aging process itself.
Several substances are produced and secreted by the pineal gland. Among them, a protein called epithalamin has a long list of beneficial effects on the body ranging from increasing one's learning capacity to slowing down the aging rate. Serotonin is widely recognized to have a strong influence on sleep, pain, and simply "feeling good." Another pineal product, arginine vasotocin, is a potent protein capable of rapidly putting you into deep sleep. There are several other pineal gland products involved in maintaining health, but the most recently celebrated pineal hormone is, of course, melatoninthe "fix and rejuvenate" night-time hormone.
Foods High in Melatonin
(picograms/gram)
Oats 1,796
Sweet corn 1,366
Rice 1,006
Ginger 583
Tomatoes 500
Banana 460
Barley 378
In recent years, science has determined that the pineal gland functions primarily as the "drummer" for the body's symphony of chemical events. This symphony is composed of two parts. The night-time chemical melody is restorative and repair-oriented; the daylight melody supports all the mental and physical work that must be accomplished.
Interest in melatonin supplementation, however, is due to the fact that melatonin blood levels take a rather dramatic drop as aging progresses. The plunge takes us from a night-time high of 120 pg/ml in the blood of children, to around 60 pg/ml in the twenties and thirties, and then to 20 pg/ml in the forties. By the sixties and seventies, the protective effects of melatonin dwindle to practically nothing.
Youth in a Bottle
Recently, when word spread of the downward spiral of one's natural melatonin, the temptation to buy youth for $5.95 a bottle became too irresistible for manyeven if caution was screaming all the way to the health-food store. Common sense might tell you that switching a bowling ball for a tennis ball is not the best way to make the complex chemical juggling act of the pineal gland any easier. In assessing the risk, both England and Canada have banned the sale of melatonin in health stores. It is considered a drug and must be obtained via a physician for a specific medical condition. In this country, the FDA has not yet attempted to remove melatonin from health food stores, but such a step may be prove to be necessary.
Fortunately, research has provided us with several insights into natural alternatives to keep melatonin at optimal levels for our respective ages. Sleeping with the chickens would be a good start. Stressing our body with reading or watching TV
until late at night is common to most Americans. We don't need an expensive scientific study to tell us that such habits are not particularly healthful, but several recent studies have been done along these lines of inquiry and demonstrate that even modest exposure to light at night can significantly squelch melatonin production. Couple this with stress (which also reduces melatonin) and it becomes painfully clear that we are accelerating aging and debilitating our immune and nervous systems. As the sun sets, the pineal gland shifts gears and slowly "spits and sputters" out melatonin in greater and greater quantities until it hits a peak production around two or three in the morning. Thereafter it falls fairly rapidly until dawn when that other hormone, serotonin, steps in. The balance of these two hormones appears to play a key role in preserving optimum health and a cheerful mood.
Melatonin Depletion
What we eat can either promote plasma melatonin and protect the pineal gland's health or deplete and destroy melatonin production. A recent report in the journal Sleep Research (1995) found that caffeine as found in coffee, black tea, several types of soda drinks and chocolate cut melatonin production to half the usual amount for up to 6 hours. This resulted in insomnia or disturbed sleep for most of the study subjects. A couple of glasses of wine at 7:00 p.m. may put you "out" at night but the cost will be an important reduction in melatonin and its ability to give the quality of sleep that restores and rejuvenates the body. Regular daytime use of either of these drinks will likely jeopardize melatonin's natural anti-oxidant and immune-system maintenance effects which are vital to cell protection during the
waking hours.
On the other hand, several different foods are now known to possess natural melatonin (see table). In fact, some plants possess remarkably high amounts of melatonin but they are not particularly great to serve for lunch, such as banana peels or a type of livestock grazing grass called tall fescue. Dr. Russell J. Reiter, a renowned authority on melatonin, found in experiments with rats that when they were fed a meal rich in natural melatonin, they had significantly higher levels of the hormone for hours afterward.
In an odd twist of human physiology, research has also demonstrated that moderate food restriction can increase the number of melatonin receptors in the body thus preserving the pineal gland from over-exertion. In other words, if we consider melatonin as the body's chemical voice, then the pineal gland will no longer have to strain its vocal chords because fasting causes the body's cells to turn up their "hearing aids" (e.g., cell receptors).
In a study done in rats deliberately given a tumor-promoting toxin (dimethylbenzathracene), those rats that were given melatonin and were underfed had a highly protective effect against tumor production when compared with either underfeeding (which has a pretty powerful wallop against tumors itself) or melatonin alone. Interestingly, short-term fasting in menopausal women was shown to significantly elevate daytime plasma melatonin levels to values normally found only at nighttime. Additional research found that the gastrointestinal tract was capable of manufacturing melatonin too, thus preserving the pineal gland's production machinery for the nighttime. To the individual interested in natural health, all this information suggests that the quality of fruits and vegetables is likely to be even more powerful against disease when consumed in moderate quantities.
References
Agnieszka et al. "Food Restriction Enhances Melatonin Effect on the
Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Female Rats." Journal of Pineal Research 1992:13:1Ö5.
Reiter R.J., Robinson J., Your Body's Natural Wonder Drug: Melatonin. Bantam Books,1995.