The tragedy comes years after many marine experts and former OceanGate employees had sounded the alarm on the technology.
“Innovation is a wonderful thing,” said Bart Kemper, a mechanical engineer who is part of the Marine Technology Society, an industry group of ocean engineers, technologists, policymakers and educators.
“But," Kemper added, "everything that is new and not tried introduces uncertainty, and uncertainty is risk.”
The 23,000-pound vessel was made of “titanium and filament wound carbon fiber” and had been “proven to be a safe and comfortable vessel" that could "withstand the enormous pressures of the deep ocean,” OceanGate said on its website.
While carbon fiber has long been used within the aerospace industry, Kemper said it had not been proven to repeatedly withstand such deep-sea pressures.
The wreckage of the Titanic lies at a depth of about 13,000 feet. That is significantly deeper than the roughly 2,000 or 3,000 feet that a typical U.S. Navy submarine descends to.
At Titanic depths, the water pressure is nearly 400 times more than at the ocean’s surface,
experts told NBC News. Some 6,000 pounds would have been pressing down on every square inch of Titan’s exterior.
“It’s a design that’s not been used in this way at this depth,” Kemper said, comparing a submersible to a balloon. “All it has to do is fail in one spot and game over.”
In contrast, U.S. Navy submarines are made with carbon steel, a “tried and true material” that is reliable and thoroughly understood, according to Captain David Marquet, a retired Navy submarine commander.
“It’s not sexy. It’s not, some would say, innovative, but we understand how it reacts in these situations very clearly,” Marquet said.
Carbon fiber, the former sub commander said, is a relatively new material, especially for building submarine hulls. He said multiple repeated dives, inspections, X-rays and ultrasounds are needed to fully understand how the material responds to stress and pressure over time.
The Titan was diving 10 times deeper than the Navy takes its submarines, which meant it was undergoing 10 times more pressure, Marquet said.
“We are super scared of the pressure,” he said.
The Titan was only on its third Titanic trip since OceanGate Expeditions began offering them in 2021, with prices of a spot on the submersible reaching as high as $250,000.