I arrived at the Human Eyebeam Detection System, for which I hope to receive a patent in 2009, through a series of additional steps. I continued to think about what kind of energy the human eyebeam might be composed of, and I narrowed it down to electromagnetic energy. I learned in medical school that the human brain generates an electromagnetic field that we measure as an EEG. When there is a sudden, severe, chaotic electrical storm in the brain, this is readily detectable on an EEG, and readily detectable behaviorally as a generalized seizure.
To take an EEG, electrodes are applied to the scalp, and good conduction is ensured by using a conducting paste under each electrode. The EEG reading proves that the field is transmitted through the skull. I then thought to myself that the field obviously doesn’t stop at the surface of the skin – it extends out into space. I learned by literature and internet searches that electrical engineers can detect a human EEG at three feet distance from the person, using sensitive electrodes and an electromagnetically insulated room. The insulated room is required to eliminate the background noise that would otherwise swamp out the EEG signal.
Unfortunately, I also learned by talking to a contractor that one of these rooms costs $250,000.00 to build. I continued with my thinking. I decided that the human eyebeam must be more intense than the general electromagnetic (EM) field of the brain because it does not have to pass through the skull. There must be some degree of signal attenuation due to the meninges, skull, scalp muscles and skin. Also, I thought, there may be some focusing of the brain EM field out through the eyes simply because of the internal geometry of the skull, but, more importantly, I thought there might be an increased amplitude to the eyebeam due to conscious focusing combined with signal transmission in reverse along the optic nerve and out through the eyeball.
I then said to myself that it would be possible to set an EEG electrode inside an EM-insulated room so that software connected to it was not activated by the general EM field passing through the skull and out into the room, but only by the higher-amplitude signal of the eyebeam. This would result in the electrode activating the software only when a person looked directly at it. What I had, then, was an on-off switch activated by looking at it from a distance. In principle, this on-off switch could be connected to any device on the planet, from garage door openers, to alarm clocks, to security systems, to weapons, to personal computers, to toys, to electric coffee pots.
The only hitch was the requirement for a $250,000.00 EM-insulated room to use the device. I solved this problem, at least for a range of applications, when I realized that the person didn’t have to be inside the room. The “room” could be the size of a pair of binoculars, and the person could look into it through apertures at one end, with the electrodes inside the room at the far end, connected to a computer. The computer could be miniaturized and the digital information could be downloaded via a wire, a memory stick or a wireless connection to a larger computer or computer network.
I now had the equivalent of a Ghost-Buster Box, except that it would be an Eyebeam Buster Box. I realized that I could challenge the magician and skeptic of the paranormal, James Randi, who offers a prize of $1 million to anyone who can objectively demonstrate the paranormal. I realized that the human eyebeam met his criteria for a paranormal phenomenon that lies outside science and defies the laws of known science. Randi specifies on his web page (
www.randi.org) that a successful challenge does not depend on demonstrating the mechanism of the phenomenon, only the phenomenon itself. The human eyebeam qualifies because it is not permitted by modern science, and is regarded as paranormal.
I also thought about commercial applications of a Human Eyebeam Detection System. If one could set the electrodes in an EM-shielded box that was open at one end, and if the electrodes were sufficiently recessed and sensitive, then one should be able to use the system in an urban environment. If the electrical engineering problems could be overcome, then countless possible applications would follow. A quadriplegic or a baby could turn on a light or an alarm system by looking at a sensor upon awakening, without any need for an EM-insulated room.
In a hospital, an initial EEG could be taken by a nurse who handed a pair of EEG binoculars to a patient, either as a routine screen or after a seizure. This would be far cheaper than sending the person down to the EEG lab, especially in off-hours. The equipment would be particularly useful for distinguishing real epileptic seizures from pseudo-seizures – this differentiation is often difficult or impossible to make by observation. This is an application I am particularly interested in as a psychiatrist, because pseudo-seizures are not rare in survivors of childhood sexual abuse.
Perhaps the Human Eyebeam Detection System could be included in virtual reality goggles and could be used to provide a biofeedback signal, or information about arousal state, say, in someone with a fear of heights who rides up in a virtual glass elevator.
If a practical on-off switch was feasible, I thought, there was no end to the potential applications. The system could provide another level of security in vaults, classified spaces, or other locations.
The James Randi Educational Foundation Paranormal Challenge
Submitting a claim to the James Randi Educational Foundation paranormal challenge (
www.randi.org) required some prior tinkering and experimentation. In December, 2007 I took a five-day neurofeedback course that provided the basics in how to apply electrodes to the scalp and use the hardware and software I had purchased from a manufacturer. The equipment I used was a Brain Master Atlantis II (
www.brainmaster.com) that I purchased for less than $2000.00 and the course director was John Demos (2005), an experienced neurofeedback clinician. I also joined the International Society for Neurofeedback Research (
www.isnr.org).
Once I had completed the course, I knew that human brainwaves are divided into several categories according to their frequency in Hertz, or cycles per second (we skimmed over this in medical school and in my psychiatry residency, but never studied it thoroughly). For neurofeedback purposes, the beta range is often subdivided into beta proper and SMR, as shown below, but the Brain Master software divides it into Lobeta, Beta and Hibeta: Hertz
Delta 1-4
Theta 4-8
Alpha 8-12
SMR* 12-15 (SMR = sensorimotor rhythm)
Beta 13-21
High Beta 20-32
Gamma 38-42
I learned about the distribution of different frequencies over the scalp, where to place electrodes, and the findings concerning depression, anxiety, attention deficit disorder and other psychiatric disorders. In some disorders, the amplitude in microvolts (µV) of a certain frequency band can be too high over a certain part of the scalp, while in another it can be too low. For instance, in depression there is often, but not always, too much alpha over the left hemisphere, while in anxiety disorders there can be too much beta over the anterior right hemisphere. None of these patterns occur in all cases and none is specific to any disorder, but when the classical pattern is present, neurofeedback training in that specific frequency band over that specific part of the skull can result in dramatic improvement in the anxiety or depression.
Since the human eyebeam does not exist in western science, however, there was no information about it in the course or the text book. I therefore had to build a Human Eyebeam Detection System by trial and error. After some initial efforts, I decided to use a pair of diving goggles from a sporting goods store as my EM-insulated “room.” I mounted an electrode on the inside of the mask in front of my right pupil, and fed the electrode wire out under the mask to the connector, which in turn fed the signal to the Atlantis II unit, which processed it and sent it to my laptop computer. For EM insulation I used layers of tin foil from a grocery store and wire mesh from a hobby and craft store, which I taped to the front of the right half of the goggles.
I spent hours fiddling with the equipment and taking test EEG’s of my own eyebeam until I got the system adjusted satisfactorily. I had learned in my neurofeedback course about “alpha blocking,” which is well recognized and validated in the EEG field. If you measure the alpha band with a person’s eyes open, you will get a certain amplitude, measured in micro-volts (µV). If you repeat the reading with the person’s eyes closed, however, the amplitude of the alpha waves goes up noticeably. In other words, opening your eyes blocks alpha.
By trial and error I discovered that a considerable degree of blocking for the human eyebeam occurs in the delta band, with the pattern reversed: delta amplitude goes up when you open your eyes. This can also be observed if you place an electrode on the scalp just above the right eye, in a location called Fp2 in the EEG literature. Delta blocking in the human eyebeam could, in principle be due to the delta being blocked by the eyelid when you close your eyes, but since reversed delta blocking also occurs at Fp2, the data prove that delta blocking in the eyebeam is a real difference in the brain and the eyebeam, not an artifact of the eyelid getting in the way.
The data from my initial experiments proved that the human eyebeam exists and has a greater intensity (amplitude in µV) than the general field emerging through the skull. The eyebeam is physiologically active in that it fluctuates with brain state (it exhibits reversed alpha blocking). In addition, the electrophysiology of the eyebeam differs from that of nearby brain: alpha blocking is reversed in the eyebeam and follows the same pattern as delta in the eyebeam (eyebeam amplitude goes up with eyes open at these two frequencies); at Fp2 conventional alpha blocking is observed (at Fp2, alpha goes up with eyes closed). This reversal of alpha blocking in the eyebeam compared to Fp2 is something that needs further study.
Typical numbers obtained with my equipment are: Table 6.1. Simultaneous Amplitude Readings (µv) of the Eyebeam and on the Scalp (Fp2) with Eyes Open and Closed
Table 6.1. Simultaneous Amplitude Readings (µv) of the Eyebeam and on the Scalp (Fp2) with Eyes Open and Closed
For these experiments, the ground electrode was on my right mastoid, the reference electrode for the eyebeam was on my right earlobe, and the reference electrode for Fp2 was on my left earlobe. This information is included for anyone wanting to replicate the findings using standard silver chloride electrodes. Data were obtained from 10-second assessment sessions.
I thought that an effective way to demonstrate the reality of the human eyebeam, for the James Randi challenge, would be to use the standard Brain Master neurofeedback software, and set the reward threshold for delta at, say, 20 µV for a training session (this would have to be determined by trial and error). The reward tone does not sound during assessment sessions, which are selected using the software. The most useful reward threshold value varies a bit from person to person, and must be determined by trial and error. The readings in Table 6.1 are average values over a 10-second assessment run, and show that delta is above 15 µV when your eyes are open (it may fluctuate below 15 µV once in a while, since this is an average value over 10 seconds).
In neurofeedback training, you can set the reward feedback threshold in several different ways, but, basically, if you want to reduce the amplitude of a selected frequency band, say, alpha, at a certain standard scalp location, you set the software so that it rewards the brain when the amplitude goes below a threshold value. Then you choose a tone from a catalog of tones and run a training session. When alpha is above threshold there is silence, and when it is below there is a tone. Other software provides visual rewards, but the principles are the same.
Conversely, if alpha is too low, you set the software so that the tone is heard only when the amplitude is above threshold. In response to the feedback, the brain adjusts the amplitude of the selected frequency band at that location, and the clinical problem is treated, when the procedure works.
I submitted a challenge to the James Randi Educational Foundation. The challenge had to follow the rules on his web page (
www.randi.org), which it did and I included quotations from Toulmin and Schrodinger as well as a Gerald Winer paper to establish that the human eyebeam is “paranormal” according to both western science and James Randi’s criteria.
My challenge was that I could send an energy beam out of my eyes, capture it in a set of goggles I had constructed, and use the energy to make a tone come out of a speaker. I said that there are various names for this type of energy and I said that I think it is the energy called chi in Chinese medicine, and called the human aura in the west. James Randi states in his challenge rules that he does not want to hear about the theory or the philosophy behind the challenge, he only wants to see the phenomenon demonstrated. Additionally, his rules state that once a paranormal challenge has been accepted, as mine was, subsequent demonstration of the scientific mechanism behind the phenomenon does not invalidate the challenge. This rule confirms that it is the phenomenon that is classified as paranormal for purposes of the challenge.
That is why my challenge was accepted. The human eyebeam meets all the criteria for “the paranormal” required by modern science, and by the rules of the James Randi challenge. There is in fact nothing “paranormal’ about brain waves emerging through the eye, since they also emerge through the skull. That is the whole point: “paranormal” is a sociological category, not a scientific category. Many things are consigned to the category of “paranormal” by western science, including the human eyebeam. Some things in this category are real, however, and perfectly scientific.
Once a “paranormal” phenomenon is measured and understood, then it is switched from the category of paranormal to the category of scientific. But it never was paranormal in the first place: putting it in that category was based on attitude and bias, not on scientific thinking. This is true of human energy fields in general. The intellectual purpose of my James Randi challenge was to get an independent confirmation from a skeptic of the paranormal that the human eyebeam is a “paranormal phenomenon.” James Randi was accurately representing all of western science in this regard, not merely stating a personal opinion.