The Ice Age Cometh! Forget Global Warming!

[angelburst29]

Pakistan Government Warns Citizens to Prepare for Global Cooling (Video)
http://investmentwatchblog.com/pakistan-government-warns-citizens-to-prepare-for-global-cooling/

The Pakistan Meteorological Bureau put out a lengthy 59 page report warning the citizens of Pakistan that Global cooling will begin in 2019 and there needs to be a strategy with urgent action in order for the society to cope with the changes. This is the second country to now come out and tell its citizens to prepare, Russia was first, now Pakistan.


A category 5 cyclone with winds at 165 mph is heading right toward the paradise islands of Fiji! (Video)
http://investmentwatchblog.com/a-category-5-cyclone-with-winds-at-165-mph-is-heading-right-toward-the-paradise-islands-of-fiji/

Friday Feb. 19, 2016 - Fiji’s capital doesn’t see tropical cyclones all that often.

It has already hit Tonga once, and could be much stronger the second time.

This is the exception to that – it’s probably one of the strongest cyclones to affect the capital in the last decade or two.

The current path would take the cyclone just north of Suva, population 100,000, overnight on Saturday/Sunday, reaching Nadi, population 52,000, during the day on Sunday.”

Tropical Cyclone Winston is forecast to impact all Fijian island groups over the weekend, the agency said, potentially bringing destructive winds, heavy rains, dangerous storm surge and a high risk of both flash and river flooding.

 

[angelburst29]

The photo of this Hawaiian wave could give you nightmares! Bet - it's higher than the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor?

Giant Waves Lash Hawaii Oceanfront Homes In Historic Surf Event (Photos - Videos)
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/monster-swells-slam-hawaii_us_56ce50b8e4b0871f60ea185b?

02/25/2016 - Every so often, Mother Nature shows off her raw and unforgiving power.

In Hawaii, that force has been on display all week, thanks to a pair of gigantic, back-to-back swells, which generated waves large enough to overtake beach parks, wash across roadways and damage oceanfront properties.

"We're seeing very, very huge wave heights," Honolulu Mayor Kirk Caldwell said this week. "We're seeing very dangerous situations."

The initial swell brought wave faces of up to 70 feet in certain areas Monday, Hawaii News Now reports. A stronger-than-usual El Niño was fueling one of the strongest surf events in Hawaii in 50 years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

In an unprecedented move, state officials shut down a 12-mile stretch of Kamehameha Highway, on the north shore of Oahu, in response to ocean surges that washed over the roadway.

In addition to flooding, several areas experienced severe coastal erosion. A 30-foot stretch of beach on the north shore of Oahu reportedly disappeared overnight.

Despite numerous beaches being closed, lifeguards were kept busy, rescuing dozens of people and issuing hundreds of warnings, the Honolulu Star-Advertiser reports.

The historic event also wreaked havoc on oceanfront properties, including a home on Oahu that all but toppled into the ocean.

If Monday's pounding swell wasn't enough, the National Weather Service warned Wednesday that another followed close behind. On north-facing shores, surf was forecast to rise rapidly from Wednesday and reach heights of 40 to 50 feet through Thursday.

But the potentially perilous one-two punch had the Hawaii surf community abuzz.

Just two weeks after being forced to call off the legendary big wave surf contest "The Eddie" because of unfavorable conditions, event organizers gave the contest a green light for Thursday. If conditions were to hold up, it would mark the first time the prestigious event has run since December 2009.

 

[angelburst29]

Double rainbow fills stormy skies from Tennessee to New Jersey (Photos - Video)
http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/double-rainbow-pictures-photos-severe-february-storms-eastern-us/55639229

February 26, 2016 - From Tennessee to New Jersey, strong storms brought a rare February sight this week.

Double rainbows were spotted across the eastern United States as a violent springlike storm system trekked into the region.

"A push of warm and moist air and strong energy moving through the upper levels of the atmosphere gave way to strong thunderstorms from the mid-Atlantic to the Northeast on Wednesday evening," AccuWeather Meteorologist Maggie Samuhel said.

"Usually moisture like that doesn't make it as far north this time of the year," she said.

In central Pennsylvania, a bright double rainbow hung in the sky for roughly 10 minutes, treating locals to an impressive sight.

"It had a longer life than a typical rainbow," Samuhel said.

 

[angelburst29]

'Blue Ice' is stacking up near Michigan's Mackinac Bridge (Photos)
http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2016/02/blue_ice_stacks_up_near_michig.html

MACKINAW CITY, MI – Images of "blue ice" stacking up along the shore near Michigan's iconic Mackinac Bridge are finding lots of fans this week.

Kelly Alvesteffer and her finace, Rob LaLone, were sitting in a restaurant near the Straits of Mackinac over the weekend when they noticed the peculiar hue of the ice out the window.

"We instantly saw it. It was like, 'Look at the blue ice,'" said Alvesteffer, who with LaLone photographs student sports teams for Cedar Springs Public Schools. They are two of a handful of photographers whose blue ice photos are catching people's attention.

Their impromptu trip north netted them dozens of photos for their Facebook pages – and a few images that got a lot of attention after being displayed on a Mackinac Bridge website. More than 1,500 social media shares later, the couple is a bit stunned.

"We were very surprised at how it took off like that," LaLone said Wednesday. "For one thing, we didn't know if (blue ice) was a normal thing or not."

Stunning images of Great Lakes blue ice have cropped up in past winters, adorning ice caves near Lake Superior and tinting snow piles along the shore of Sleeping Bear Dunes.

But what makes it blue? The hue comes from a couple factors, and has to do with the size and shape of molecules in the ice crystals – and how they interact with light, according to the U.S Geological Service.

 

[Yupo]

Speaking of rainbows and double rainbows, here is an interesting theory:

_http://milesmathis.com/rainbow2.pdf

 

[mkrnhr]

Speaking of rainbows and double rainbows, here is an interesting theory:

_http://milesmathis.com/rainbow2.pdf

Quite a funny read indeed, although I made it only to around the middle. The first thing one should do to deconstruct any model, is to understand the model. In this he fails astonishingly to understand middle school level geometry. In his defence, it could be argued that the references he cites are attempts to describe physical phenomena with words, i.e. without maths, which is IMHO nonsense, and inherently confusing. As for his "theory", I guess the failure of the first part of the text doesn't give enough credibility to delve into the hypothesis. This blogger was a thing once when other alternative science bloggers used to quote him without understanding what he was writing, but they stopped taking it seriously after a while.

 

[MikaelYosef]

A friend who knows i have an interest in odd weather sent me the pictures attached today. I believe they're the Nacreous clouds being discussed, she described them as rainbow clouds.

Having followed recent weather i'm fairly certain they've been spotted in the UK a few times recently - Scotland and Wales i believe - and subsequently posted on social media.

Today we are at the tail end of Storm Henry. It's not particularly cold at ground level 8/9 - 13C but yesterday's winds were quite strong and gusty, which is why the below quotes were of interest. The photos aren't amazingly clear but come from a reliable friend were taken in Birmingham - which is like in the middle of the UK, 'the midlands'.

So the location is drifting further south but the conditions required seem to correlate. Also the fluctuating temperatures seem to point to the polar vortex meandering.

Nacreous clouds are located in the stratosphere some 9 to 16 miles high. Their iridescent "mother of pearl" colors come from sunlight striking tiny ice crystals inside the clouds.

Very low temperatures near -85o C are required to form the crystals, which is why nacreous clouds are seen mainly during winter over places like Alaska, Iceland and Scandinavia.

Clouds do not usually form in the stratosphere because of the dry conditions Pitts said such stratospheric ice clouds are rare because they only form when the jet stream in the Arctic is properly aligned with the edge of the polar vortex, a large air pressure system over the poles.

"They like stormy weather that perhaps creates gravity waves to loft the necessary moisture to make them upwards across the tropopause into the stratosphere.

form in the stratosphere far above the usual realm of weather.

Take an unusually cold lower stratosphere (15-25km high), use some gravity waves generated by high winds and storms in the troposphere to stir in some water vapour, and -- voilà!

AddeD: just had chance to thoroughly check the links and yes it seems that the UK has had some rather beautiful clouds on show after storm Henry.

These photographs actually look more like irisation _https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_iridescence - similar in appearance to nacreous but very different in terms of their location and physical make up _https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud.

 

[angelburst29]

West Coast - Carbon Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide readings are off the charts - Is it a precursor to a massive earthquake?

Major Carbon Monoxide Explosion West Coast
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMcdzYKaJhE

Published on Feb 27, 2016

Current wind map - http://earth.nullschool.net/#2016/02/26/0000Z/chem/surface/level/overlay=so2smass/orthographic=-130.95,38.24,2358/loc=-120.813,36.395

 

[Yupo]

This blogger was a thing once when other alternative science bloggers used to quote him without understanding what he was writing, but they stopped taking it seriously after a while.

I can definitely relate. I do find entertainment value in some of his delightfully snarky posts. Some is math based and beyond my capability to fairly assess. Some of it goes right off the deep end.

 

[angelburst29]

Couple watching stormy seas did NOT expect this to happen (Video)

The sea can be a powerful force of nature.

And that’s demonstrated perfectly in this shocking footage, when a huge wave crashes through a cove in Portal, France and hits a retired couple.

http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/life/642825/couple-gets-dragged-into-sea-by-wave-in-france-video-and-pictures?utm_source=traffic.outbrain&utm_medium=traffic.outbrain&utm_term=traffic.outbrain&utm_content=traffic.outbrain&utm_campaign=traffic.outbrain

 

[Pierre]

West Coast - Carbon Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide readings are off the charts - Is it a precursor to a massive earthquake?

Major Carbon Monoxide Explosion West Coast
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMcdzYKaJhE

Published on Feb 27, 2016

Current wind map - http://earth.nullschool.net/#2016/02/26/0000Z/chem/surface/level/overlay=so2smass/orthographic=-130.95,38.24,2358/loc=-120.813,36.395

Very good find!

Emissions of sulfur dioxide is a documented precursor of volcanic eruptions (and we know how correlated volcanic eruptions and quakes are):

_https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_of_volcanic_activity

As magma nears the surface and its pressure decreases, gases escape. This process is much like what happens when you open a bottle of fizzy drink and carbon dioxide escapes. Sulphur dioxide is one of the main components of volcanic gases, and increasing amounts of it herald the arrival of increasing amounts of magma near the surface. For example, on May 13, 1991, an increasing amount of sulphur dioxide was released from Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. On May 28, just two weeks later, sulphur dioxide emissions had increased to 5,000 tonnes, ten times the earlier amount. Mount Pinatubo later erupted on June 12, 1991. On several occasions, such as before the Mount Pinatubo eruption and the 1993 Galeras, Colombia eruption, sulphur dioxide emissions have dropped to low levels prior to eruptions. Most scientists believe that this drop in gas levels is caused by the sealing of gas passages by hardened magma. Such an event leads to increased pressure in the volcano's plumbing system and an increased chance of an explosive eruption.

Besides sulfur dioxide is one of the main causes of acid rains.

 

[Windmill knight]

Emissions of sulfur dioxide is a documented precursor of volcanic eruptions (and we know how correlated volcanic eruptions and quakes are):

_https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_of_volcanic_activity

As magma nears the surface and its pressure decreases, gases escape. This process is much like what happens when you open a bottle of fizzy drink and carbon dioxide escapes. Sulphur dioxide is one of the main components of volcanic gases, and increasing amounts of it herald the arrival of increasing amounts of magma near the surface. For example, on May 13, 1991, an increasing amount of sulphur dioxide was released from Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. On May 28, just two weeks later, sulphur dioxide emissions had increased to 5,000 tonnes, ten times the earlier amount. Mount Pinatubo later erupted on June 12, 1991. On several occasions, such as before the Mount Pinatubo eruption and the 1993 Galeras, Colombia eruption, sulphur dioxide emissions have dropped to low levels prior to eruptions. Most scientists believe that this drop in gas levels is caused by the sealing of gas passages by hardened magma. Such an event leads to increased pressure in the volcano's plumbing system and an increased chance of an explosive eruption.

Very interesting. So, considering the video, if there is indeed an explosion or earthquake in the making on the US west coast, it could be as early as within a month, and a sign of it being imminent could be a drop on the now increased gases.

 

[Pierre]

Emissions of sulfur dioxide is a documented precursor of volcanic eruptions (and we know how correlated volcanic eruptions and quakes are):

_https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_of_volcanic_activity

As magma nears the surface and its pressure decreases, gases escape. This process is much like what happens when you open a bottle of fizzy drink and carbon dioxide escapes. Sulphur dioxide is one of the main components of volcanic gases, and increasing amounts of it herald the arrival of increasing amounts of magma near the surface. For example, on May 13, 1991, an increasing amount of sulphur dioxide was released from Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. On May 28, just two weeks later, sulphur dioxide emissions had increased to 5,000 tonnes, ten times the earlier amount. Mount Pinatubo later erupted on June 12, 1991. On several occasions, such as before the Mount Pinatubo eruption and the 1993 Galeras, Colombia eruption, sulphur dioxide emissions have dropped to low levels prior to eruptions. Most scientists believe that this drop in gas levels is caused by the sealing of gas passages by hardened magma. Such an event leads to increased pressure in the volcano's plumbing system and an increased chance of an explosive eruption.

Very interesting. So, considering the video, if there is indeed an explosion or earthquake in the making on the US west coast, it could be as early as within a month, and a sign of it being imminent could be a drop on the now increased gases.

It could happen quickly or later or not at all according to this excerpt from 'Volcanoes, earthquakes and tsunamis':

The high sulphur dioxide from Mount Etna in 1989 was a precursor that preceded the eruption by more two years, but some volcanoes pass through similar degassing crisis without the ensuing eruption

So, wait and see!

 

[Chad]

<sniiiiiip>

And he also predicted a tropospheric cooling for the future / in opposite with a stratospheric warming with can be connected with what Gérald Messadié said :

the rapid growth of the differences between the troposphere and the upper layers can not proceed beyond a certain limit, as indicated by the laws of thermodynamics. An inversion can occur and even brutally.

This cooling of the uper atmosphere is realy fascinating. I know this subject only since a few months and i find very suspicious that we talk all day about the anthropogenic warming and very little about this cooling.

I've been thinking about this idea of upper atmosphere heating followed by an inversion. I think this is contradicted by plain evidence. Specifically, the increasing appearances of nacreous clouds at lower latitudes as well as the increase of contrails due to upper atmosphere cooling and that cooler air sinking lower, compressing the troposphere where the heating from within the earth is contained. [...]

There are probably more articles on sott that need a different search term to pull them up and undoubtedly many that we missed from the larger media.

Notice the "pat answers" that are formulated and included, more or less, in each of the reports. And the early attribution to "global warming."

Yeah, I think a sudden, brutal inversion is possible, it just ain't gonna be a hot stratosphere... just the opposite.

I saw this and it a reminded me of the above discussion. Now i'm not that up on the subject to comment, but this was released by the UK Met office AND we are due for snow/wintry conditions, so they say, and Piers Corbyn predicted snow in February. It has gotten much colder in the last week or two.

Either way, this is what the mainstream are saying:

Could sudden stratospheric warming bring a cold start to spring?
29 02 2016
http://blog.metoffice.gov.uk/2016/02/29/could-sudden-stratospheric-warming-bring-a-cold-start-to-spring/
Our atmospheric scientists are predicting a dramatic change in high altitude winds 50km above the ground and the imminent occurrence of an event known as a sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in early March.

Professor Adam Scaife, Head of Monthly to Decadal Prediction explains: “Sudden stratospheric warming events occur high up in the atmosphere and involve a complete reversal of the high altitude polar jet stream – they can even affect weather at the surface, and for the UK a sudden stratospheric warming increases the risk of wintry weather.”

The phenomenon begins with a wave-like disturbance which travels up into the high-altitude jet stream. Scaife said: “This disturbance can grow to a point where it turns over and breaks, just like a wave on a beach.”

Normally the jet stream flows from west to east with some north and south oscillation, but the force from this high altitude disturbance pushes against the jet stream until the winds actually reverse and flow from east to west instead. Air then falls into the Arctic and is compressed so that it starts to warm: the temperature can rise by as much as 50C in just a few days.

Professor Scaife added: “This reversal of high altitude winds can also burrow down into the lower stratosphere. Once it is within reach of weather systems in the lower atmosphere the Atlantic jet stream often weakens and moves south. This allows cold air from the east into northern Europe and the UK.”

Sudden stratospheric warming events occur on average every couple of years and our long-range forecasts have consistently suggested an increased risk of sudden stratospheric warming towards the end of this winter. The last big event was in early 2013 and was followed by a cold end to winter. Although the impact of the current event is unlikely to be as severe, it increases the risk of cold north easterlies and wintry weather for the UK over the next few weeks.

Does this mean we’ll see snow at Easter?
You may have seen in the media that we will see snow at Easter. At this stage it is too early to provide details about what the weather will bring for Easter. Beyond a week ahead we can’t say what will happen on specific days, but we can give an idea of what type of weather we can expect.

As always we are working with our customers such as EasyJet and other major airlines, airports such as Heathrow and Gatwick, local councils, and energy providers, together with government partners in Highways England and Transport Scotland to ensure they are prepared for the current wintry conditions and whatever the weather may bring in the coming weeks.


The accompanying video explaining (2mins):

http://<iframe width="560" height="...a4" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

 

[Cosmos]

Emissions of sulfur dioxide is a documented precursor of volcanic eruptions (and we know how correlated volcanic eruptions and quakes are):

_https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_of_volcanic_activity

As magma nears the surface and its pressure decreases, gases escape. This process is much like what happens when you open a bottle of fizzy drink and carbon dioxide escapes. Sulphur dioxide is one of the main components of volcanic gases, and increasing amounts of it herald the arrival of increasing amounts of magma near the surface. For example, on May 13, 1991, an increasing amount of sulphur dioxide was released from Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. On May 28, just two weeks later, sulphur dioxide emissions had increased to 5,000 tonnes, ten times the earlier amount. Mount Pinatubo later erupted on June 12, 1991. On several occasions, such as before the Mount Pinatubo eruption and the 1993 Galeras, Colombia eruption, sulphur dioxide emissions have dropped to low levels prior to eruptions. Most scientists believe that this drop in gas levels is caused by the sealing of gas passages by hardened magma. Such an event leads to increased pressure in the volcano's plumbing system and an increased chance of an explosive eruption.

Very interesting. So, considering the video, if there is indeed an explosion or earthquake in the making on the US west coast, it could be as early as within a month, and a sign of it being imminent could be a drop on the now increased gases.

It could happen quickly or later or not at all according to this excerpt from 'Volcanoes, earthquakes and tsunamis':

The high sulphur dioxide from Mount Etna in 1989 was a precursor that preceded the eruption by more two years, but some volcanoes pass through similar degassing crisis without the ensuing eruption

So, wait and see!

Well quite interesting indeed, but notice that what the guy has discovered there is the surface concentraion of Carbon Monoxide and not Sulfor Dioxide...

The surface concentration of Carbon Monoxide is still pretty high in that area:
http://earth.nullschool.net/#2016/02/26/0000Z/chem/surface/level/overlay=cosc/winkel3/loc=-18.314,8.199

Any other place that has similar amounts right now is the east coast of china (near north korea and japan).

By far the higest concentration of Carbon Dioxide is currently also on that US spot:
http://earth.nullschool.net/#2016/02/26/0000Z/chem/surface/level/overlay=co2sc/winkel3/loc=-18.314,8.199

In regards to Sulfur Dioxide, it seems to be more all over the place (in the world):
http://earth.nullschool.net/#2016/02/26/0000Z/chem/surface/level/overlay=so2smass/winkel3/loc=-18.314,8.199

What is quite interesting though, is the fact that that that US-Zone, where the Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide levels are very high right now, is right where the "Big One" is expected to happen. And the big methane leak, that is currently happening in the US, is right at that spot too:

https://www.edf.org/climate/aliso-canyon-leak-sheds-light-national-problem
https://www.google.de/maps/place/Aliso+Canyon,+Los+Angeles,+CA+91344,+USA/@31.9642914,-119.3945531,5.25z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x80c29ad0c40f5009:0xbddb70cb3c384f20

And wikipedia tells us about Carbon monoxide:

Carbon monoxide occurs dissolved in molten volcanic rock at high pressures in the Earth's mantle.[47] Because natural sources of carbon monoxide are so variable from year to year, it is extremely difficult to accurately measure natural emissions of the gas.

Carbon monoxide is a short-lived greenhouse gas and also has an indirect radiative forcing effect by elevating concentrations of methane and tropospheric ozone through chemical reactions with other atmospheric constituents (e.g., the hydroxyl radical, OH.) that would otherwise destroy them.[48] Through natural processes in the atmosphere, it is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide is both short-lived in the atmosphere (on average about two months) and spatially variable in concentration.

And about Carbon Dioxide Wikipedia tells us:

The combustion of all carbon-based fuels, such as methane (natural gas), petroleum distillates (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, propane), coal, wood and generic organic matter produces carbon dioxide and, except in the case of pure carbon, water. As an example, the chemical reaction between methane and oxygen is given below. [...]

Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the industrial production of hydrogen by steam reforming and ammonia synthesis. These processes begin with the reaction of water and natural gas (mainly methane).[24]

Acids liberate CO2 from most metal carbonates. Consequently, it may be obtained directly from natural carbon dioxide springs, where it is produced by the action of acidified water on limestone or dolomite. The reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) is shown below:

[...]

Such reactions are accompanied by foaming or bubbling, or both, as the gas is released. They have widespread uses in industry because they can be used to neutralize waste acid streams.

[...]

Coal bed methane recovery:

In enhanced coal bed methane recovery, carbon dioxide would be pumped into the coal seam to displace methane, as opposed to current methods which primarily rely on the removal of water (to reduce pressure) to make the coal seam release its trapped methane.[42]

[...]

In Earth's atmosphere:

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (early 2016) having an average concentration of 402 parts per million by volume[3] (or 611 parts per million by mass). Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide fluctuate slightly with the seasons, falling during the Northern Hemisphere spring and summer as plants consume the gas and rising during northern autumn and winter as plants go dormant or die and decay. Concentrations also vary on a regional basis, most strongly near the ground with much smaller variations aloft. In urban areas concentrations are generally higher[44] and indoors they can reach 10 times background levels.

Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.[46] Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels. Other human activities, including deforestation, biomass burning, and cement production also produce carbon dioxide. Volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while human activities emit about 29 billion tons.[47]

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see Structure and bonding above). This process causes carbon dioxide to warm the surface and lower atmosphere, while cooling the upper atmosphere. The increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2, and thus in the CO2-induced greenhouse effect, is the reason for the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. Although carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas primarily responsible for the rise, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and various other long-lived greenhouse gases also contribute. Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of those other gases combined, and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime.

Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide. This produces a positive feedback for changes induced by other processes such as orbital cycles.[52] Five hundred million years ago the carbon dioxide concentration was 20 times greater than today, decreasing to 4–5 times during the Jurassic period and then slowly declining with a particularly swift reduction occurring 49 million years ago.[53][54]

Local concentrations of carbon dioxide can reach high values near strong sources, especially those that are isolated by surrounding terrain. At the Bossoleto hot spring near Rapolano Terme in Tuscany, Italy, situated in a bowl-shaped depression about 100 m (330 ft) in diameter, concentrations of CO2 rise to above 75% overnight, sufficient to kill insects and small animals. After sunrise the gas is dispersed by convection during the day.[55] High concentrations of CO2 produced by disturbance of deep lake water saturated with CO2 are thought to have caused 37 fatalities at Lake Monoun, Cameroon in 1984 and 1700 casualties at Lake Nyos, Cameroon in 1986.[56]

On November 12, 2015, NASA scientists reported that human-made carbon dioxide (CO2) continues to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years: currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.