Jan. 29, 2021 -- An international team of researchers studying COVID-19 has made a startling and pivotal discovery: The virus appears to cause the body to make weapons to attack its own tissues.
The finding could unlock a number of COVID’s clinical mysteries. They include the puzzling collection of symptoms that can come with the infection; the persistence of symptoms in some people for months after they clear the virus, a phenomenon dubbed long COVID; and why some children and adults have a serious inflammatory syndrome, called MIS-C or MIS-A, after their infections.
“It suggests that the virus might be directly causing autoimmunity, which would be fascinating,” says lead study author Paul Utz, MD, who studies immunology and autoimmunity at Stanford University in Stanford, CA.
The
study, which has not yet been peer reviewed, also deepens the question of whether other respiratory viruses might also break the body’s tolerance to itself, setting people up for
autoimmune diseases like
multiple sclerosis,
rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus later in life.
Utz says he and his team are next going to study
flu patients to see if that virus might also cause this phenomenon.
“My prediction is that it isn’t going to be specific just to
SARS-CoV-2. I’m willing to bet that we will find this with other respiratory viruses,” he says.
The study comes on the heels of a handful of
smaller, detailed investigations that have come to similar conclusions.
The study included data from more than 300 patients from four hospitals: two in California, one in Pennsylvania, and another in Germany.
Researchers used blood tests to study their immune responses as their infections progressed. Researchers looked for autoantibodies -- weapons of the
immune system that go rogue and launch an attack against the body’s own tissues. They compared these autoantibodies to those found in people who were not infected with the virus that causes COVID.
As previous studies have found, autoantibodies were more common after COVID -- 50% of people hospitalized for their infections had autoantibodies, compared to less than 15% of those who were healthy and uninfected.
Some people with autoantibodies had little change in them as their infections progressed. That suggests the autoantibodies were there to begin with, possibly allowing the infection to burn out of control in the body.
“Their body is set up to get bad COVID, and it’s probably caused by the autoantibodies,” Utz says.
But in others, about 20% of people who had them, the autoantibodies became more common as the infection progressed, suggesting they were directly related to the
viral infection, instead of being a
preexisting condition.
Some of these were antibodies that attack key components of the immune system’s weapons against the virus, like interferon. Interferons are proteins that help infected cells call for reinforcements and can also interfere with a virus’s ability to copy itself. Taking them out is a powerful evasive tactic, and
previous studies have shown that people who are born with genes that cause them to have lower interferon function, or who make autoantibodies against these proteins, appear to be at higher risk for life-threatening COVID infections.
“It seems to give the virus a powerful advantage,” says study author, John Wherry, PhD, who directs the Institute for Immunology at the University of Pennsylvania.
“Now your immune system, instead of having a tiny little hill to climb, is staring at Mount Everest. That really is devious.”
In addition to those that sabotage the immune system, some people in the study had autoantibodies against muscles and connective tissues that are seen in some rare disorders.
Utz says they started the study after seeing COVID patients with strange collections of symptoms that looked more like autoimmune diseases than viral infections --
skin rashes,
joint pain, fatigue, aching muscles,
brain swelling, dry eyes, blood that clots easily, and inflamed blood vessels.
“One thing that’s very important to note is that we don’t know if these patients are going to go on to develop autoimmune disease,” Utz says. “I think we’ll be able to answer that question in the next 6 to 12 months as we follow the long haulers and study their samples.”
Donna Farber, PhD, a professor of microbiology & immunology at Columbia University called the study's findings very interesting. She points out that most of the patients in the study appeared to be extremely ill and suffering from extensive organ damage from their infections. She says one possible explanation for the autoantibodies could be that the body is producing them to try to check it's own raging immune responses to the virus.
"Rather than driving the disease, these antibodies are formed in response to the high level of tissue and inflammatory molecules released due to the virus-associated and immune mediated damage," she says. "Many types of infections can lead to transient autoimmunity or autoimmune disease--that is well established," she says.
Farber, who was not involved in the study, says long covid seem to be uncommon and for those affected, eventually goes away. All this suggests that "this virus can really hit the body, but doesn’t alter the immune system to lead to long-term autoimmune disease."
Utz says it will be important to study autoantibodies in long haulers to see if they can identify exactly which ones seem to be at work in the condition. If you can catch them early, it might be possible to treat those at risk for enduring symptoms with drugs that suppress the immune system.
And more study will be needed to find out whether this autoimmune attack persists. One thing is for sure, he says: COVID will be with us for a long, long time.
“We have to realize that there’s going to be long-term damage from this virus for the survivors. Not just the long haulers, but all the people who have lung damage and heart damage and everything else. We’re going to be studying this virus and it’s badness for decades,” Utz says.
www.globalresearch.ca
Hopefully, then we won't have to kick him out of office.
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