Here are some thoughts about the 'lines of force' of philosophical concepts and how this intellectual mess came about. This is a gross over-simplification and doesn't do the various philosophical traditions justice, but I thought it might be fruitful to put my thoughts into words here to get a better grip on all this:
One of the major philosophical questions is of course "what is more real - the objective world of things or our internal, subjective world"? Behind it lurk such question as "can we know objective reality, and how? What is reality anyway?"
There are basically two camps:
The empiricists maintain that objective reality is what's 'out there'. There is no a priori knowledge, i.e. there is no truth per se in our thoughts; in order to know the truth, we must look at the outside world and study it accordingly. Taken to the extreme, this view leads to the kind of naive materialistic world view we find today in many scientific disciplines and in atheists: an object is an object, an atom is an atom, screw you and your strange philosophies. Consciousness is nothing but a by-product of the material world, if anything, it only screws our study of the material world and needs to be eliminated from the equation. Of course, faith, 'objective morality' and religion have no place in such a world view. Ultimately, it leads to nihilism: it can't bridge the gap between 'what is' and 'what ought to be'.
The early empiricists still had God in their equation, if only as a distant 'watchmaker' who created the mechanical universe. I guess this left some room for moral reasoning, as in the social contract theories or the utilitarian ethics à la John Stuart Mill: maybe maximizing wealth and well-being while not killing each other might be a good idea. Although these ideas become contradictory once you eliminate God from the equation, as happened later, because you can't answer the question why not killing each other or maximizing wealth is something worthwhile or even what it means, these concepts are still reflected in today's atheistic, 'liberal democracy' world view. The problem remains though that without consciousness/faith/religion it's impossible to bridge the gap between 'what is' and 'what out to be'. No wonder that ultimately, this die-hard empiricist philosophy gravitates towards nihilism: it just doesn't give us any reason to act morally, and there can't be any 'right' behavior, any worthwhile goals, any meaning.
Now the subjectivists (let's call them that), on the other hand, think that we can never fully access the objective 'outside' world; our perceptions are forever filtered by our a priori restrictions/knowledge. That is what Kant thought, and it might have been partly an attempt to save the 'primacy of consciousness' and as such, religion: there are things we can't know about the world out of principle; this leaves room for the mystical. The problem with this is that it can lead to relativism, as in 'your truth is as good as my truth'.
Now the postmodernists took this 'subjectivist' view and warped it into their pathological, schizoidal view of the world. They eliminated God/the mystical from the equation. Everything is subjective, and everything is just a power play - everyone fighting for dominance. This leads to extreme nihilism - there is no good or bad, there is no point in even discussing what's good or bad, everything goes, there is no truth etc. Needless to say, this 'philosophy' is a direct attack on empiricist science, which, despite its philosophical shortcomings, has a lot of merit. Worse yet, concepts such as social contracts or even basic common sense (that the empiricists still somewhat adhere to) not only become obsolete, but a tool for oppression that must be fought. This is what's happening right now. It's the postmodernist mind virus we are facing, and it is all the more dangerous since it preys on the revolutionary drive that exists in many people, especially young people. It also preys on legitimate criticism of empiricist science and uses this as an 'opening' for the infection with pathological content.
The problem though is this: both the empiricist/materialist world view and the postmodernist view ultimately lead to nihilism (though postmodernism leads to a more extreme and dangerous form of nihilism). How to solve this?
I think the solution is to acknowledge that yes, as Kant said, there are things we can't know (the thing-as-such/the essence of things, for example), and there is a priori knowledge and a priori restraints. This leaves room for a 'higher' reality that we can't access directly, for the primacy of consciousness, and for the fruitfulness of contemplating our 'a priori' knowledge. But here's the trick: we can actually study this a priori knowledge and these a priori restraints of our perception by looking at the world! For example, as Jordan Peterson said somewhere, our a priori knowledge is, at least in part, shaped by evolution. It is also shaped by various psychological and psychopathological phenomena. It is shaped by the interplay of our consciousness with 'the real world', individually and as a species throughout time. It may also be shaped by mass consciousness and the influence of 'morphic fields' and other phenomena not yet understood.
In other words, by studying our minds/our a priori restraints and a priori knowledge while simultaneously looking at the 'objective world', we may be able to overcome our internal restraints to an extent, to better tune our perception, and expand/transcend our a priori knowledge. This would be a form of esoteric growth to become better 'consciousness reading units'. It also bridges the gap between the 'objective world'/empiricism and the 'subjective world'/the world of thoughts and concepts. It's the marriage between science and religion, which also leaves room for a deeper discussion of ethics and uses consciousness as a tool to get a better understanding of 'what is', but also 'what out to be', what objective morality would look like.
I think it's useful to think about such things because otherwise we can easily get caught up in the conundrum of 'postmodernists' vs. 'enlightenment', which makes it look like it's a battle between 'science' and 'anti-science', 'liberals vs communism' etc., when the issues go much deeper than that. What's missing in both camps is the mystical, faith, consciousness. I think part of Jordan Peterson's popularity lies in the fact that he critizises postmodernism not only from an empiricist perspective but brings back religious and mystical concepts into the discussion. In his critique of materialism, he criticizes die-hard empiricism and postmodernism alike.
Just my current thoughts on the matter.
One of the major philosophical questions is of course "what is more real - the objective world of things or our internal, subjective world"? Behind it lurk such question as "can we know objective reality, and how? What is reality anyway?"
There are basically two camps:
The empiricists maintain that objective reality is what's 'out there'. There is no a priori knowledge, i.e. there is no truth per se in our thoughts; in order to know the truth, we must look at the outside world and study it accordingly. Taken to the extreme, this view leads to the kind of naive materialistic world view we find today in many scientific disciplines and in atheists: an object is an object, an atom is an atom, screw you and your strange philosophies. Consciousness is nothing but a by-product of the material world, if anything, it only screws our study of the material world and needs to be eliminated from the equation. Of course, faith, 'objective morality' and religion have no place in such a world view. Ultimately, it leads to nihilism: it can't bridge the gap between 'what is' and 'what ought to be'.
The early empiricists still had God in their equation, if only as a distant 'watchmaker' who created the mechanical universe. I guess this left some room for moral reasoning, as in the social contract theories or the utilitarian ethics à la John Stuart Mill: maybe maximizing wealth and well-being while not killing each other might be a good idea. Although these ideas become contradictory once you eliminate God from the equation, as happened later, because you can't answer the question why not killing each other or maximizing wealth is something worthwhile or even what it means, these concepts are still reflected in today's atheistic, 'liberal democracy' world view. The problem remains though that without consciousness/faith/religion it's impossible to bridge the gap between 'what is' and 'what out to be'. No wonder that ultimately, this die-hard empiricist philosophy gravitates towards nihilism: it just doesn't give us any reason to act morally, and there can't be any 'right' behavior, any worthwhile goals, any meaning.
Now the subjectivists (let's call them that), on the other hand, think that we can never fully access the objective 'outside' world; our perceptions are forever filtered by our a priori restrictions/knowledge. That is what Kant thought, and it might have been partly an attempt to save the 'primacy of consciousness' and as such, religion: there are things we can't know about the world out of principle; this leaves room for the mystical. The problem with this is that it can lead to relativism, as in 'your truth is as good as my truth'.
Now the postmodernists took this 'subjectivist' view and warped it into their pathological, schizoidal view of the world. They eliminated God/the mystical from the equation. Everything is subjective, and everything is just a power play - everyone fighting for dominance. This leads to extreme nihilism - there is no good or bad, there is no point in even discussing what's good or bad, everything goes, there is no truth etc. Needless to say, this 'philosophy' is a direct attack on empiricist science, which, despite its philosophical shortcomings, has a lot of merit. Worse yet, concepts such as social contracts or even basic common sense (that the empiricists still somewhat adhere to) not only become obsolete, but a tool for oppression that must be fought. This is what's happening right now. It's the postmodernist mind virus we are facing, and it is all the more dangerous since it preys on the revolutionary drive that exists in many people, especially young people. It also preys on legitimate criticism of empiricist science and uses this as an 'opening' for the infection with pathological content.
The problem though is this: both the empiricist/materialist world view and the postmodernist view ultimately lead to nihilism (though postmodernism leads to a more extreme and dangerous form of nihilism). How to solve this?
I think the solution is to acknowledge that yes, as Kant said, there are things we can't know (the thing-as-such/the essence of things, for example), and there is a priori knowledge and a priori restraints. This leaves room for a 'higher' reality that we can't access directly, for the primacy of consciousness, and for the fruitfulness of contemplating our 'a priori' knowledge. But here's the trick: we can actually study this a priori knowledge and these a priori restraints of our perception by looking at the world! For example, as Jordan Peterson said somewhere, our a priori knowledge is, at least in part, shaped by evolution. It is also shaped by various psychological and psychopathological phenomena. It is shaped by the interplay of our consciousness with 'the real world', individually and as a species throughout time. It may also be shaped by mass consciousness and the influence of 'morphic fields' and other phenomena not yet understood.
In other words, by studying our minds/our a priori restraints and a priori knowledge while simultaneously looking at the 'objective world', we may be able to overcome our internal restraints to an extent, to better tune our perception, and expand/transcend our a priori knowledge. This would be a form of esoteric growth to become better 'consciousness reading units'. It also bridges the gap between the 'objective world'/empiricism and the 'subjective world'/the world of thoughts and concepts. It's the marriage between science and religion, which also leaves room for a deeper discussion of ethics and uses consciousness as a tool to get a better understanding of 'what is', but also 'what out to be', what objective morality would look like.
I think it's useful to think about such things because otherwise we can easily get caught up in the conundrum of 'postmodernists' vs. 'enlightenment', which makes it look like it's a battle between 'science' and 'anti-science', 'liberals vs communism' etc., when the issues go much deeper than that. What's missing in both camps is the mystical, faith, consciousness. I think part of Jordan Peterson's popularity lies in the fact that he critizises postmodernism not only from an empiricist perspective but brings back religious and mystical concepts into the discussion. In his critique of materialism, he criticizes die-hard empiricism and postmodernism alike.
Just my current thoughts on the matter.