EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A new Pew Research Center survey of Muslims around the globe finds that most adherents of
the world’s second-largest religion are deeply committed to their faith and want its teachings
to shape not only their personal lives but also their societies and politics. In all but a handful of
the 39 countries surveyed, a majority of Muslims say that Islam is the one true faith leading to
eternal life in heaven and that belief in God is necessary to be a moral person. Many also think
that their religious leaders should have at least some influence over political matters. And
many express a desire for sharia – traditional Islamic law – to be recognized as the official law
of their country.
The percentage of Muslims who say they want sharia to be “the official law of the land” varies
widely around the world, from fewer than one-in-ten in Azerbaijan (8%) to near unanimity in
Afghanistan (99%). But solid majorities in most of the countries surveyed across the Middle
East and North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia favor the
establishment of sharia, including 71% of Muslims in Nigeria, 72% in Indonesia, 74% in Egypt
and 89% in the Palestinian territories.
At the same time, the survey finds that even in many countries where there is strong backing
for sharia, most Muslims favor religious freedom for people of other faiths. In Pakistan, for
example, three-quarters of Muslims say that non-Muslims are very free to practice their
religion, and fully 96% of those who share this assessment say it is “a good thing.” Yet 84% of
Pakistani Muslims favor enshrining sharia as official law. These seemingly divergent views are
possible partly because most supporters of sharia in Pakistan – as in many other countries –
think Islamic law should apply only to Muslims. Moreover, Muslims around the globe have
differing understandings of what sharia means in practice.
The survey – which involved more than 38,000 face-to-face interviews in 80-plus languages
with Muslims across Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa – shows that Muslims tend to be
most comfortable with using sharia in the domestic sphere, to settle family or property
disputes. In most countries surveyed, there is considerably less support for severe
punishments, such as cutting off the hands of thieves or executing people who convert from
Islam to another faith. And even in the domestic sphere, Muslims differ widely on such
questions as whether polygamy, divorce and family planning are morally acceptable and
whether daughters should be able to receive the same inheritance as sons.
In most countries surveyed, majorities of Muslim women as well as men agree that a wife is
always obliged to obey her husband. Indeed, more than nine-in-ten Muslims in Iraq (92%),
Morocco (92%), Tunisia (93%), Indonesia (93%), Afghanistan (94%) and Malaysia (96%)
express this view. At the same time, majorities in many countries surveyed say a woman
should be able to decide for herself whether to wear a veil.
Overall, the survey finds that most Muslims see no inherent tension between being religiously
devout and living in a modern society. Nor do they see any conflict between religion and
science. Many favor democracy over authoritarian rule, believe that humans and other living
things have evolved over time and say they personally enjoy Western movies, music and
television – even though most think Western popular culture undermines public morality.
The new survey also allows some comparisons with prior Pew Research Center surveys of
Muslims in the United States. Like most Muslims worldwide, U.S. Muslims generally express
strong commitment to their faith and tend not to see an inherent conflict between being
devout and living in a modern society. But American Muslims are much more likely than
Muslims in other countries to have close friends who do not share their faith, and they are
much more open to the idea that many religions – not only Islam – can lead to eternal life in
heaven. At the same time, U.S. Muslims are less inclined than their co-religionists around the
globe to believe in evolution; on this subject, they are closer to U.S. Christians.
Few U.S. Muslims voice support for suicide bombing or other forms of violence against civilians
in the name of Islam; 81% say such acts are never justified, while fewer than one-in-ten say
violence against civilians either is often justified (1%) or is sometimes justified (7%) to defend
Islam. Around the world, most Muslims also reject suicide bombing and other attacks against
civilians. However, substantial minorities in several countries say such acts of violence are at
least sometimes justified, including 26% of Muslims in Bangladesh, 29% in Egypt, 39% in
Afghanistan and 40% in the Palestinian territories.
These are among the key findings of a worldwide survey by the Pew Research Center’s Forum
on Religion & Public Life. The survey was conducted in two waves. Fifteen sub-Saharan
African countries with substantial Muslim populations were surveyed in 2008-2009, and some
of those results previously were analyzed in the Pew Research Center’s 2010 report “Tolerance
and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa.” An additional 24 countries in
Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa were surveyed in 2011-2012; results regarding
religious beliefs and practices were first published in the Pew Research Center’s 2012 report
“The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity.” The current report focuses on Muslims’ social
and political attitudes, and it incorporates findings from both waves of the survey.
Other key findings include:
• At least half of Muslims in most countries surveyed say they are concerned about
religious extremist groups in their country, including two-thirds or more of Muslims in
Egypt (67%), Tunisia (67%), Iraq (68%), Guinea Bissau (72%) and Indonesia (78%). On
balance, more are worried about Islamic extremists than about Christian extremists.
• Muslims around the world overwhelmingly view certain behaviors – including
prostitution, homosexuality, suicide, abortion, euthanasia and consumption of alcohol –
as immoral. But attitudes toward polygamy, divorce and birth control are more varied.
For example, polygamy is seen as morally acceptable by just 4% of Muslims in BosniaHerzegovina
and Azerbaijan; about half of Muslims in the Palestinian territories (48%)
and Malaysia (49%); and the vast majority of Muslims in several countries in subSaharan
Africa, such as Senegal (86%) and Niger (87%).
• In most countries where a question about so-called “honor” killings was asked,
majorities of Muslims say such killings are never justified. Only in two countries –
Afghanistan and Iraq – do majorities condone extra-judicial executions of women who
allegedly have shamed their families by engaging in premarital sex or adultery.
• Relatively few Muslims say that tensions between more religiously observant and less
observant Muslims are a very big problem in their country. In most countries where the
question was asked, Muslims also see little tension between members of Islam’s two
major sects, Sunnis and Shias – though a third or more of Muslims in Pakistan (34%)
and Lebanon (38%) consider Sunni-Shia conflict to be a very big problem.
• Muslims in sub-Saharan Africa are more likely than Muslims surveyed in other regions
to say they attend interfaith meetings and are knowledgeable about other faiths. But
substantial percentages of Muslims in sub-Saharan Africa also perceive hostility
between Muslims and Christians. In Guinea-Bissau, for example, 41% of Muslims say
“most” or “many” Christians are hostile toward Muslims, and 49% say “most” or “many”
Muslims are hostile toward Christians.
• In half of the countries where the question was asked, majorities of Muslims want
religious leaders to have at least “some influence” in political matters, and sizable
minorities in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa think religious leaders should have
a lot of political influence. For example, 37% of Muslims in Jordan, 41% in Malaysia and
53% in Afghanistan say religious leaders should play a “large” role in politics.
• Support for making sharia the official law of the land tends to be higher in countries like
Pakistan (84%) and Morocco (83%) where the constitution or basic laws favor Islam
over other religions.
• In many countries, Muslims who pray several times a day are more likely to support
making sharia official law than are Muslims who pray less frequently. In Russia,
Lebanon, the Palestinian territories and Tunisia, for example, Muslims who pray several
times a day are at least 25 percentage points more supportive of enshrining sharia than
are less observant Muslims. Generally, however, there is little difference in support for
sharia by age, gender or education.
