7. may 2005, at. 2:00Af Ove Sten Rasmussen
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DELAYED LIBERATION Bornholmians rejoicing over the German capitulation in May 1945, were to last only three days, before the Soviet bombs rained down on the Ronne and the Nexø
The wound is still not healed and the puzzle is far from solved to the bottom.
Even 60 years after tracked on Bornholm island, the reverberations of bitter disappointment over the rock-island's fate in the otherwise happy days of may 1945, when the BBC had served in the German capitulation, but the accidents still pouring over the Rønne and Nexø on 7. and 8. may.
As the message of freedom sounded the 4. may in the evening, doubted the no on that the miracle was true for the whole of Denmark. Bornholm celebrated the liberation with the same euphoria as the rest of the country, and the freedom fighters began the 6. may to solve the task with the arrests after the Frihedsrådets lists. A special assignment was in charge of to discipline the many deserted German soldiers, who were flown to the island, together with the German refugees, and now wandered.
And sometimes that was partying like never before.
The allied force, which was to receive the German troops surrender on English soil, arrived at the Kastrup Airport on Friday, 5. may under the leadership of the british major-general R. H. Dewing.
If similar had happened on the island of Bornholm with a representative of the western allies, could the later sorrow and suffering may be avoided. But here appeared instead the soviets as a deliverer, and it refused the island's German commander, commander Gerhard von Kamptz, to recognise. He let the German anti-aircraft guns bombard the soviet reconnaissance aircraft.
As a result, soviet aircraft on 7. may, without notice, thundered against Rønne and Nexø, scattering death and destruction. Commander von Kamptz stood firm on his refusal to surrender, even after the russians had dropped leaflets with the requirements of kapitulationsforhandlinger before noon. 10 the next morning. Otherwise, new bombings.
It should surely now be the moment in which the newly minted Danish liberation governmnet entered in the character. The Bornholm management tried all afternoon to get in touch with foreign minister Christmas Møller (K) – more and more desperately, but still in vain. The foreign minister sat the whole day in meetings, which could not be interrupted. When he went home, it was with the message that he would not be disturbed!
The hope of the Danish government's action was first reported in the early morning. At four o'clock began the evacuation of Rønne and Nexø, which thankfully was almost deserted, when the soviet bombers came again. This time went no life tabt.De first commander-in-chief, general Dwight D. Eisenhower, did to the british field marshal Montgomery is clear that Bornholm was Danish and therefore should be treated as such.
This meant that there could not be sent british flights to the island, unless the Danish government asked for it. Only after the bombing of Rønne and Nexø made the government of such a request, but late on the evening of the same day overhaledes events of the final German collapse. The total German værnemagts capitulation was signed in Karlhorst in Berlin on 8. may.
The German commander on Bornholm had now been supplemented with a German general, but it was still maintained that the germans only wanted to surrender to the british military.
At his arrival in Denmark, general Dewing the instruction from the field marshal Montgomery for not immediately sending british forces to the island of Bornholm for the sake of "possible international complications," and because of rumors that the Soviet union was interested in the island. The british government was, however, strongly interested in preventing a soviet invasion of the island of Bornholm, was called, and Montgomery therefore asked his superiors Eisenhower on clear guidelines, while Dewing kept a small force ready to fly to the island.What was the Danish government's position?
A shocked American public had certainly expected a statement of what the government now intended to do. One listened, in this respect, in vain to the speech of the prime minister in the liberation government, Vilhelm Buhl (P), held at the Parliament's first session in parliament 9. may. The prime minister said not a word on the situation on the island of Bornholm!
On the same day landed five soviet torpedo boats, marines in the port of Ronne. They met no resistance, since Germany's total capitulation was a fact.
Still maintained the island's German leadership, that the surrender should be made to the british military. Now cut general Eisenhower through to the German high command: The German surrender to the british the 4. may also had effect in the island of Bornholm. But the German troops were as a result of the Wehrmacht total capitulation the 8. may obey the Soviet commander on the island.
The same day, the soviet general staff to reinforce the military presence on the island of Bornholm by the transferring the 9000 men under major-general Fyodor Korotkovs management. A number that was later reduced.
The Russians were on Bornholm for 11 months. The evacuation began on 17. march 1946. And then there was the dancing on the pier in Rønne.
According to the official versions was the Soviet conquest and occupation of the Danish island the most natural case of the world, and the 11-month-long occupation constituted no problem at all for any of the parties, notes professor dr. phil. Bent Jensen in the book "The long liberation – the island of Bornholm occupied and liberated 1945-46".
He adds, however, that all the official descriptions, provides a shortened and partly the sign description of the process from occupation to broaching. The unofficial part of the reality was that the Soviet occupation concerned both the people on the island of Bornholm and the Danish government in Copenhagen. It was the only action, it almost seemed like nothing.
The Danish prefect of the island of Bornholm, P. Chr. von Stemann, as was the Danish official, who, during the entire course had daily and direct contact with the soviet authorities on the island, criticises in his memoirs, the Danish government's cautious policy.
The prefect write exactly that the Danish authorities were afraid of the russians. He mentions examples of how a more outspoken and undaunted appearance, in his opinion, would have been accepted by the soviet occupation forces. Bornholm was a serious problem in the bilateral relationship between the small state Denmark and the great power of the Soviet union, and the Soviet decision to leave the island in the spring of 1946 was at the time called "the largest national event we have experienced since the liberation".
Moscow never told the government anything about how long you intended to keep the island of Bornholm occupied, and it was this uncertainty, combined with the presence of the large soviet garrison, who tormented both Bornholmians and the other part of the nation.
When it was all over, wrote a newspaper from Copenhagen about the strong feelings, the message about the evacuation had triggered, and which showed "how big the issue was for us, and how hot it was us at heart".
The Soviet occupation of the Danish island south of Sweden concerned the Swedish government and the general public.
The rebuilding of Rønne and Nexø received an impressive nice contribution from the Swedish state, which gave the towns of 300 wooden houses. 60 years later they are still in use as good homes and a beautiful memory of brotherly spirit.
A collections in Denmark was also a fine stimulant to repair the damage and restore homes after one of the most peculiar events of the time of occupation
"The Bornholmians have never forgiven the rest of Denmark the celebration of the 5. may – before the peace reached their island," writes the historian dr. phil. Hans Kirchhoff in the book "Collaboration and resistance during the occupation".
The emotions are just as intelligible, as they are unfair. The city of Copenhagen had not forgotten the island of Bornholm. Both the government, general Dewing and the Wehrmacht pushed for the british to intervene. In London they had long foreseen, to the island of Bornholm could cause complications, but this did not prevent Churchill and the british Foreign Office to propose that one went in the country without notifying the Russians first. It was the Eisenhower. as head of the western alliance's command SHAEF who said no. For the island was too close to the Soviet zone to that the general wanted to act alone. He would ask first, and when he 8. may offered the Russians to liberate the island, thanked the man no. And thus it was . As general Dewing later said, was the island of Bornholm a "secondary detail question", over which they could not risk creating a conflict.
Hans Kirchhoff continues: The Russian bombing of Rønne and Nexø on 7. and 8. may 1945 was pointless and unnecessarily brutal. But it came to pass, as part of the war.
And for a nation that in years past had lost 20 million of its inhabitants, and 25 percent of its productive capacity, was the bombing of the island of Bornholm a minor affair.
BOMBS AGAINST BORNHOLM
The Soviet bombardment of Bornholm, 7. and 8. may 1945 was carried out of the 119 battle and bombers, covered by 62 fighters.
10 people were killed and 35 wounded.
387 houses were leveled with the ground, and a total of 3756 properties were affected by the devastation.
indland@kristeligt-dagblad.dk