Roof knocking (
Hebrew: הקש בגג)
[1] or "
knocks on the roof" is a term used by the
Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to describe its practice of
dropping non-explosive or low-yield devices on the roofs of targeted civilian homes[2] in the Palestinian territories as a prior warning of imminent bombing attacks to give the inhabitants time to flee the attack.
[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The practice was employed by the IDF during the
2008–2009 Gaza War,
Operation Pillar of Defense in 2012, and
Operation Protective Edge in 2014 to target the homes of police officers or
Hamas political or military leaders.
[10]
During the
October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict a strike by IDF on a high-rise building in Gaza reportedly also came after roof knocking.
[11][12]
History
As early as 2006 the IDF had the practice of warning the inhabitants of a building that was about to be attacked.
[13] Roof knocking was used during the 2008–2009
Gaza War,
Operation Pillar of Defense in 2012, and
Operation Protective Edge in 2014. In the six months prior to its use,
Israel collected data on
Hamas members, which they used to issue warnings.
[6] Typically, Israeli intelligence officers and
Shin Bet security servicemen contacted residents of a building in which they suspected storage of military assets and told them that they had 10–15 minutes to flee the attack,
[4][9][14][15][16] although in some cases the delay has been as little as five minutes.
[17]
Adoption by the U.S. military
In 2016, it was published that the
US military adopted the Israeli battlefield tactic in its war against
Islamic State.
[18] It was used in an attack against an ISIS storage facility in
Mosul,
Iraq. As women and children lived in the house, a
Hellfire missile was initially shot at the roof as a warning.
[18]
Defiance
In some cases, residents who were warned about an impending bombing climbed up voluntarily to their roofs to show they would not leave.
[4] When Nizar Rayan, a top Hamas military commander, was warned but didn't leave his home, he and his family of 15 were killed in the subsequent bombing.[4][6] When faced with similar situations, IDF commanders have either bombed, called off the bombing or launched a warning missile at empty areas of the roof, in order to frighten the people gathered on the roof into leaving the building.[3][8][19]
The New York Times stated that according to Israel,
Hamas asked residents to stand on the roofs of buildings to dissuade Israeli pilots from attacking their homes.
[8] However, Amnesty International argued that Hamas' purported call may have been "motivated by a desire to avoid further panic" among civilians, considering both the lack of shelters in Gaza and the fact that some civilians who heeded the IDF's warnings had been casualties of Israeli attacks.
[20] Many reporters, including from the
BBC,
[21] The Independent,
[22] and
The Guardian[23] have said that they have found no evidence of Hamas forcing Palestinians to stay and become unwilling human shields.
Reactions
The practice has been controversial, as
many human rights and news organizations have shown that 'roof knocks' have killed and injured civilians.
[16] In July, 2014,
Amnesty International called for a United Nations investigation into what it alleged were war crimes committed by Israeli fighters, and Philip Luther, Middle East and North Africa Programme Director for the organization, condemned the practice.
[24] The spokesperson for
Gaza Health Ministry indicated that the same missiles used to give warnings are also used in assassinations, resulting in dozens of casualties and deaths where "remains were scattered, making it impossible to identify them immediately".
[25]
The Goldstone Report commented that civilians inside their homes "cannot be expected to know whether a small explosion is a warning of an impending attack or part of an actual attack". It stated that the practice is not an effective advance warning, and is instead likely to "cause terror and confuse the affected civilians".[26]
The Israeli Government stated "While these warnings, could not eliminate all harm to civilians, they were frequently effective," and that aerial video surveillance by IDF forces showed civilians departing from targeted areas prior to an attack as a direct result of the warnings.
[27] According to the Israeli army, striking homes suspected of storing weapons, when sufficient warning is given to the residents, falls within the boundaries of
international law and is legitimate.
[28] In November 2014, the most senior US military official, General
Martin Dempsey, cited "roof knocking" as an example where Israel "did some extraordinary things to limit civilian casualties" during Operation Protective Edge.
[29]
Salah Abdul Ati, the directory of the Palestinian
Independent Commission for Human Rights in Gaza, described the "policy of destroying homes" a war crime and accused Israel of attempting to circumvent international law to avoid accountability.
[25]
Marouf Hasian Jr., a professor of
Communication at the
University of Utah, describes the talk of the "beneficent usage" of "knock on roof" tactics as one that
"plays well in front of American or Israeli audiences who feel that older Geneva Convention rules are too 'quaint' and too solicitous of the rights of civilians who may be aiding and abetting terrorist, but it infuriates critics who argue that satellite surveillance is being used in discriminatory systems that assume that homes of police officers or Hamas political or military leaders can be "precisely" targeted to minimize collateral damage".[10]