I would like to comment on the second part. Overall, I really enjoyed this part, as well as the previous one. I have no objections, I would just like to add my comment, referring to the lack of time in the philosophical context, and how it is that we observe and measure anyway in daily life. Maybe someone will find my comment interesting. If something is unclear then of course I will extend what I wrote.
To the point. Thinking about time, one should turn, I think, to the fact of the existence of Consciousness and the points of reference between the states in which consciousness is at the moment, taking into account the informational nature of our reality. The existence of a pen and every moment in its life is a "frame" (as in a movie) and a set of information that characterizes the pen in a given situation. And so we have, the creation of a pen, a pen lying on a shelf, a pen in hand, the death of the pen, and the moment the pen falls, each of these events is mapped somewhere on the information level.
In turn, these individual events are also mapped into even shorter and more detailed "frames". A pen falling off is one "big frame". But the falling process itself can also be divided into consecutive "frames", for example, the falling of a pen from the height of the millimeter on the millimeter, somewhere on the information level it is exactly mapped, and each such difference in the millimeter is a different frame. For the observer who exists beyond matter, there is no sense of time for him as there is for us. He can say that it took "forever" to drop the pen. Why? Because a given observer focused his awareness on every possible arrangement of the pen while it falls and it turns out that after dividing it into all possible "frames" there are millions of them.
Another observer chose to focus on the result of the fall, he saw only two "frames" of the pen above the desk and the pen lying still, oh how fast that pen flew, somebody can tell, just at "speed of light", he didn't even notice how it flew. Let's add the life of the pen. Some observer (outside the material world) may say that this is an incredibly long life and so much is happening in the life of the pen, and another will choose to see the pen in one general frame and if he has to determine the lifetime of the pen, he will say that it was one glow that "lasted a second".
The whole universe is one big already created structure, on which we move, choosing where to focus our consciousness, changing the focus, is also a journey through this structure and the same through "time". "Time" is the relative references resulting from the relationships in which the consciousness that is at different points on this Structure is currently located.
Also, returning to the question, let me paraphrase it first: How to relate the philosophical point of view that time does not exist to the practical observation of the falling of the pen, where we see that now we let it go from above, and in a second it falls on the table.
When we refer to the idea of the lack of time given to us by philosophers, we kind of adopt an immaterial and information-based view of reality, where every moment the pen falls off is something that is reflected at the information level and you can break it "bit by bit" by walking on the beginning of the situation of the pen falling, and then jumping to the end, or shift your attention to the point when it is in the air and keep this situation indefinitely (as long as you don't get bored of it) to get everything you can observe.
When we refer to a practical observation made by ourselves in material reality. We see first of all that the process is analog, not like "digital" in a sense, in the non-material world, where we can parse "bit by bit". We don't have that option here. In the material world, our consciousness does not have such "freedom", in the material world our consciousness is "captured" and "let go".
Imagine that we have a pure sine wave that represents an analog process.
And now what is going to pass through this sinusoid is our consciousness. Such an observation of a falling pen, the moment of releasing the pen, on the sine wave it will be the moment when the sine wave goes up, at this time our consciousness is "snatched", then the pen flies (at this point the consciousness passes through the top of the sinusoid), then the pen drops down and stops (at this point our consciousness goes down from this sinusoid) and is "let go" freely.
Observation from the non-material perspective (the philosophical one where time does not exist), if we were to apply this to a sinusoid, it would involve quantizing the sinusoid. And consciousness would not be "hijacked", but it could freely wander between certain "samples" left and right. [If the concept of sine or quantization says nothing, let's look at the wiki:
Quantization (signal processing) - Wikipedia .]
If I were to elaborate on it, I would write that in non-material reality the perception of reality is rather "digital", that is, not that there are literally computers or anything like that, but we see the world from an information perspective, where at the lowest level , we will most severely see the Truth and the Lie (which also reflects Being and Non-Being).
There is no material reality. In the material reality, the processes take place analogously, so that we move our consciousness through certain jumps that are like these sine waves, instead of observing something bit by bit, our consciousness is "carried away" and "thrown out" by such one pulsation, and what is going along this path is kind of blurry (we can't see bit by bit).
Is it good or not? Well, in a sense, this makes our consciousness a prisoner, but we perceive that the reality we observe is fluid and life in it is in a sense more effective, like going down a pipe in an aquapark, on the one hand, this downhill ride is forced by the pipe structure but it allows us to have fun and adventure driving and what a nice experience.
The question: why such a thing is happening in our material reality at all, I think it just comes naturally from the way it (3 Density) was designed (Intelligent Design).
And what about Time and measuring it (for example in seconds), first of all, measuring anything is something arbitrary and subjective, secondly, what is worth noting, adding time or subtracting it does not speed up the process, we always measure something that has already happened as a result. And time forecasts are only "more or less" and do not determine anything, which only emphasizes the subjective and contractual nature of measuring time, as we use it (which is also the result of how Nature / Intelligent Desing created us).
