Muxel
Dagobah Resident
I'd like to refute Laura's stance on butyrate/butter ("colonocytes need butyrate as food").
But first let me pick apart this article:
[quote author="Stephan Guyenet | Butyric Acid: an Ancient Controller of Metabolism, Inflammation and Stress Resistance | http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2009/12/butyric-acid-ancient-controller-of.html"]
Susceptible strains of rodents fed high-fat diets overeat, gain fat and become profoundly insulin resistant. Dr. Jianping Ye's group recently published a paper showing that the harmful metabolic effects of a high-fat diet (lard and soybean oil) on mice can be prevented, and even reversed, using a short-chain saturated fatty acid called butyric acid (hereafter, butyrate).
[/quote]
Lard is mostly unsaturated fat, and soybean oil is evil. Thus the rodents aren't exactly enjoying Inuit-grade food. Also, rodents eat veggies, not fat! WTF. This negates the whole study!
[quote author="Stephan Guyenet | Butyric Acid: an Ancient Controller of Metabolism, Inflammation and Stress Resistance | http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2009/12/butyric-acid-ancient-controller-of.html"]
In most animals, the highest concentration of butyrate is found in the gut. That's because it's produced by intestinal bacteria from carbohydrate that the host cannot digest, such as cellulose and pectin. Indigestible carbohydrate is the main form of dietary fiber.
It turns out, butyrate has been around in the mammalian gut for so long that the lining of our large intestine has evolved to use it as its primary source of energy. It does more than just feed the bowel, however. It also has potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. So much so, that investigators are using oral butyrate supplements and butyrate enemas to treat inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's and ulcerative colitis. Investigators are also suggesting that inflammatory bowel disorders may be caused or exacerbated by a deficiency of butyrate in the first place.
[/quote]
Omg see?!! Butyrate appears to be an ADAPTATION to a high-fiber diet, not something inherently natural to Paleo people. Colonocytes bascially learned how to feed on fermentation byproducts of gut bacteria that eat fiber! (Why these gut bacteria are there in the first place is another question. I didn't know we had gut bacteria that could partially feed on cellulose and produce butyrate as waste....that sounds more like something belonging to a cow's gut. Proof that agro turns us into cows?)
[quote author="Stephan Guyenet | Butyric Acid: an Ancient Controller of Metabolism, Inflammation and Stress Resistance | http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2009/12/butyric-acid-ancient-controller-of.html"]
Butyrate's role doesn't end in the gut. It's absorbed into the circulation, and may exert effects on the rest of the body as well. In human blood immune cells, butyrate is potently anti-inflammatory***.
[/quote]
And now we see why fiber-eating humans have certain gut bacteria that produce butyrates from fiber. It's a symbiosis brought about by agro. The humans that didn't have those gut bacteria would've died off because they wouldn't have been able to make butyrates, and would've been 100% susceptible to all the inflammatory effects of eating agro crap!
[quote author="Stephan Guyenet | Butyric Acid: an Ancient Controller of Metabolism, Inflammation and Stress Resistance | http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2009/12/butyric-acid-ancient-controller-of.html"]
There are two main ways to get butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids. The first is to eat fiber and let your intestinal bacteria do the rest. Whole plant foods such as sweet potatoes, properly prepared whole grains, beans, vegetables, fruit and nuts are good sources of fiber. Refined foods such as white flour, white rice and sugar are very low in fiber. Clinical trials have shown that increasing dietary fiber increases butyrate production, and decreasing fiber decreases it (free full text).
Butyrate also occurs in significant amounts in food. What foods contain butyrate? Hmm, I wonder where the name BUTYR-ate came from? Butter perhaps? Butter is 3-4 percent butyrate, the richest known source. But everyone knows butter is bad for you, right?
[/quote]
We've covered the fiber part. If you're not eating fiber, you don't need butyrate. This is along the lines of "you don't need such-and-such probiotics to help you digest poisonous things you shouldn't be eating anyway". Butter is "significant" because it has 3—4% butyrate? Do you know how tiny 3—4% IS? Disinfo, disinfo....
[quote author="Stephan Guyenet | Butyric Acid: an Ancient Controller of Metabolism, Inflammation and Stress Resistance | http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2009/12/butyric-acid-ancient-controller-of.html"]
After thinking about it, I've decided that butyrate must have been a principal component of Dr. Weston Price's legendary butter oil. Price used this oil in conjunction with high-vitamin cod liver oil to heal tooth decay and a number of other ailments in his patients. The method he used to produce it would have concentrated fats with a low melting temperature, including butyrate, in addition to vitamin K2*****. Thus, the combination of high-vitamin cod liver oil and butter oil would have provided a potent cocktail of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D3, K2), omega-3 fatty acids and butyrate. It's no wonder it was so effective in his patients.
[/quote]
Uh, no. The only potent thing here was the high-vit cod liver oil (great stuff BTW). The butter oil only served to provide butyrate, because Weston Price's patients were on agro diets and probably not getting enough fiber to synthesize their own butyrate. (Taking them off agro completely would've worked better, but butyrate boosts were practical for short-term relief from inflammation etc.)
Done. Okay, so what are butyrates? Chemistry people here would know it's an ester. Esters are the compounds that make fruits smell "nice". For example, bananas smell like bananas because of the ester isoamyl acetate. Fermented stuff like wines smell like "wine" because of the esters produced. Note the trend here? Agro/plant stuff > leads to / associated with > esters.
Are esters the same as ketones? No. Shouldn't our colonocytes be eating ketones and not esters? Thus, butyrate is a sham.
But first let me pick apart this article:
[quote author="Stephan Guyenet | Butyric Acid: an Ancient Controller of Metabolism, Inflammation and Stress Resistance | http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2009/12/butyric-acid-ancient-controller-of.html"]
Susceptible strains of rodents fed high-fat diets overeat, gain fat and become profoundly insulin resistant. Dr. Jianping Ye's group recently published a paper showing that the harmful metabolic effects of a high-fat diet (lard and soybean oil) on mice can be prevented, and even reversed, using a short-chain saturated fatty acid called butyric acid (hereafter, butyrate).
[/quote]
Lard is mostly unsaturated fat, and soybean oil is evil. Thus the rodents aren't exactly enjoying Inuit-grade food. Also, rodents eat veggies, not fat! WTF. This negates the whole study!
[quote author="Stephan Guyenet | Butyric Acid: an Ancient Controller of Metabolism, Inflammation and Stress Resistance | http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2009/12/butyric-acid-ancient-controller-of.html"]
In most animals, the highest concentration of butyrate is found in the gut. That's because it's produced by intestinal bacteria from carbohydrate that the host cannot digest, such as cellulose and pectin. Indigestible carbohydrate is the main form of dietary fiber.
It turns out, butyrate has been around in the mammalian gut for so long that the lining of our large intestine has evolved to use it as its primary source of energy. It does more than just feed the bowel, however. It also has potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. So much so, that investigators are using oral butyrate supplements and butyrate enemas to treat inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's and ulcerative colitis. Investigators are also suggesting that inflammatory bowel disorders may be caused or exacerbated by a deficiency of butyrate in the first place.
[/quote]
Omg see?!! Butyrate appears to be an ADAPTATION to a high-fiber diet, not something inherently natural to Paleo people. Colonocytes bascially learned how to feed on fermentation byproducts of gut bacteria that eat fiber! (Why these gut bacteria are there in the first place is another question. I didn't know we had gut bacteria that could partially feed on cellulose and produce butyrate as waste....that sounds more like something belonging to a cow's gut. Proof that agro turns us into cows?)
[quote author="Stephan Guyenet | Butyric Acid: an Ancient Controller of Metabolism, Inflammation and Stress Resistance | http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2009/12/butyric-acid-ancient-controller-of.html"]
Butyrate's role doesn't end in the gut. It's absorbed into the circulation, and may exert effects on the rest of the body as well. In human blood immune cells, butyrate is potently anti-inflammatory***.
[/quote]
And now we see why fiber-eating humans have certain gut bacteria that produce butyrates from fiber. It's a symbiosis brought about by agro. The humans that didn't have those gut bacteria would've died off because they wouldn't have been able to make butyrates, and would've been 100% susceptible to all the inflammatory effects of eating agro crap!
[quote author="Stephan Guyenet | Butyric Acid: an Ancient Controller of Metabolism, Inflammation and Stress Resistance | http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2009/12/butyric-acid-ancient-controller-of.html"]
There are two main ways to get butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids. The first is to eat fiber and let your intestinal bacteria do the rest. Whole plant foods such as sweet potatoes, properly prepared whole grains, beans, vegetables, fruit and nuts are good sources of fiber. Refined foods such as white flour, white rice and sugar are very low in fiber. Clinical trials have shown that increasing dietary fiber increases butyrate production, and decreasing fiber decreases it (free full text).
Butyrate also occurs in significant amounts in food. What foods contain butyrate? Hmm, I wonder where the name BUTYR-ate came from? Butter perhaps? Butter is 3-4 percent butyrate, the richest known source. But everyone knows butter is bad for you, right?
[/quote]
We've covered the fiber part. If you're not eating fiber, you don't need butyrate. This is along the lines of "you don't need such-and-such probiotics to help you digest poisonous things you shouldn't be eating anyway". Butter is "significant" because it has 3—4% butyrate? Do you know how tiny 3—4% IS? Disinfo, disinfo....
[quote author="Stephan Guyenet | Butyric Acid: an Ancient Controller of Metabolism, Inflammation and Stress Resistance | http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2009/12/butyric-acid-ancient-controller-of.html"]
After thinking about it, I've decided that butyrate must have been a principal component of Dr. Weston Price's legendary butter oil. Price used this oil in conjunction with high-vitamin cod liver oil to heal tooth decay and a number of other ailments in his patients. The method he used to produce it would have concentrated fats with a low melting temperature, including butyrate, in addition to vitamin K2*****. Thus, the combination of high-vitamin cod liver oil and butter oil would have provided a potent cocktail of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D3, K2), omega-3 fatty acids and butyrate. It's no wonder it was so effective in his patients.
[/quote]
Uh, no. The only potent thing here was the high-vit cod liver oil (great stuff BTW). The butter oil only served to provide butyrate, because Weston Price's patients were on agro diets and probably not getting enough fiber to synthesize their own butyrate. (Taking them off agro completely would've worked better, but butyrate boosts were practical for short-term relief from inflammation etc.)
Done. Okay, so what are butyrates? Chemistry people here would know it's an ester. Esters are the compounds that make fruits smell "nice". For example, bananas smell like bananas because of the ester isoamyl acetate. Fermented stuff like wines smell like "wine" because of the esters produced. Note the trend here? Agro/plant stuff > leads to / associated with > esters.
Are esters the same as ketones? No. Shouldn't our colonocytes be eating ketones and not esters? Thus, butyrate is a sham.