Volcanoes Erupting All Over
- Thread starter Laura
- Start date
XPan
The Living Force
Mayon, Philippines
8 June 2023
Dome Growth, ash fall and pyroclastic clouds. Some time ago i had already read about a growing dome at the Mayon volcano. A volcano which is regarded to be one of the most beautiful ones in the world due to its symmetric shape. Today, German Vulkane.net wrote another article, as follow:
(Note: i changed the grainy, boring image from the article into more interesting ones, which were published at Vulkane.net's Facebook page, so still material "within their family")
Dome growth at Mayon volcano and increase of warning level
Country: Philippines | Coordinates: 13.25, 123.68 | Activity: Dome
Only three days after the Mayon volcano in the Philippines was raised to warning level 2, it has now been raised to warning level 3 due to a significant increase in volcanic activity, mainly affecting the dome that grows in the volcano's crater. According to PHILVOLCS volcanologists, between June 5 and 8, there were 267 rockfalls and debris avalanches that came off the fast-growing dome. Between June 1 and 4, there were 54 departures. Their number has thus increased fivefold. Volume of debris avalanches, their duration and rolling distances also increased. Thus, the associated seismic signals lasted up to three minutes. During this time, the debris avalanches traveled a good kilometer.
They move in the upper part of the southern slope. Today, the first three pyroclastic density currents were sighted. They formed at 6:18 am, 9:53 am, and 11:00 am and slid through the Bonga and Basud gullies located to the southeast and east of the summit area. The density currents lasted up to 5 minutes and, like the rockfalls and debris avalanches, moved about a kilometer down the slope. on the surveillance camera video, you can see that the density currents were barely more debris avalanches, trailing a small plume of ash and steam, but there is the potential for larger events.
Since February of this year, slow inflation has been observed, manifesting as ground heaving of the southeastern slope at mid and upper elevations. At the summit, extrusion of lava is taking place, slowly accelerating and washing the lava dome. Mayon is thus already in effusive eruption. If the dome growth continues, then the above phenomena may intensify. If major collapse events occur at the dome, there is a risk of major pyroclastic flows, which pose a danger to people living near the volcano. During the last major eruption in 2018, phreatic and phreatomagmatic explosions also occurred, eventually turning into paroxysmal episodes.
PHILVOLCS advises evacuation of the permanent hazard zone within a 6 km radius of the crater and instructs pilots to fly widely around the Mayon volcano area.
END OF ARTICLE
Some Mayon classics i found on the internet
8 June 2023
Dome Growth, ash fall and pyroclastic clouds. Some time ago i had already read about a growing dome at the Mayon volcano. A volcano which is regarded to be one of the most beautiful ones in the world due to its symmetric shape. Today, German Vulkane.net wrote another article, as follow:
(Note: i changed the grainy, boring image from the article into more interesting ones, which were published at Vulkane.net's Facebook page, so still material "within their family")
Mayon mit Domwachstum - News vom 08.06.23 - Vulkane Net Newsblog
Am philippinischen Mayon bahnt sich ein größerer Vulkanausbruch an: der Dom wächst und es gehen erste pyroklastische Ströme ab.
www.vulkane.net
Dome growth at Mayon volcano and increase of warning level
Country: Philippines | Coordinates: 13.25, 123.68 | Activity: Dome
Only three days after the Mayon volcano in the Philippines was raised to warning level 2, it has now been raised to warning level 3 due to a significant increase in volcanic activity, mainly affecting the dome that grows in the volcano's crater. According to PHILVOLCS volcanologists, between June 5 and 8, there were 267 rockfalls and debris avalanches that came off the fast-growing dome. Between June 1 and 4, there were 54 departures. Their number has thus increased fivefold. Volume of debris avalanches, their duration and rolling distances also increased. Thus, the associated seismic signals lasted up to three minutes. During this time, the debris avalanches traveled a good kilometer.
They move in the upper part of the southern slope. Today, the first three pyroclastic density currents were sighted. They formed at 6:18 am, 9:53 am, and 11:00 am and slid through the Bonga and Basud gullies located to the southeast and east of the summit area. The density currents lasted up to 5 minutes and, like the rockfalls and debris avalanches, moved about a kilometer down the slope. on the surveillance camera video, you can see that the density currents were barely more debris avalanches, trailing a small plume of ash and steam, but there is the potential for larger events.
Since February of this year, slow inflation has been observed, manifesting as ground heaving of the southeastern slope at mid and upper elevations. At the summit, extrusion of lava is taking place, slowly accelerating and washing the lava dome. Mayon is thus already in effusive eruption. If the dome growth continues, then the above phenomena may intensify. If major collapse events occur at the dome, there is a risk of major pyroclastic flows, which pose a danger to people living near the volcano. During the last major eruption in 2018, phreatic and phreatomagmatic explosions also occurred, eventually turning into paroxysmal episodes.
PHILVOLCS advises evacuation of the permanent hazard zone within a 6 km radius of the crater and instructs pilots to fly widely around the Mayon volcano area.
END OF ARTICLE
Some Mayon classics i found on the internet
XPan
The Living Force
Kilauea, Hawai'i
8 June 2023
Just various images and a video, which in short summarizes the ongoing eruption at the Kilauea volcano.
www.bigislandvideonews.com
• Images by Linda Nichols.
8 June 2023
Just various images and a video, which in short summarizes the ongoing eruption at the Kilauea volcano.
VIDEO: Kilauea Volcano Eruption Update - Wind Vortex, New Map
HAWAIʻI VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK - The eruption of Kilauea volcano that started early Wednesday morning continues, and the alert level remains at Warning.
www.bigislandvideonews.com
• Images by Linda Nichols.
Hawwian authorities hope to quell fears that the latest eruption poses no significant risk to the general public.
Head scientist discusses Kilauea's eruption
KHON2 News
Canadian Wildfire Smoke Disrupts U.S. Air Travel -Mayon Volcano Pyroclastic Flow -Aliens Have Landed
Premiered 2 hours ago
Head scientist discusses Kilauea's eruption
Canadian Wildfire Smoke Disrupts U.S. Air Travel -Mayon Volcano Pyroclastic Flow -Aliens Have Landed
XPan
The Living Force
Mayon, Philippines
9 June 2023
The photo that was posted at german Vulkane.net show beautifully how the "plug" has formed in the crater of the Mayon Volcano. Plugs or domes are always a worrisome sign, due to that volcanoes tend to pressure up over time - with the danger of suddenly releasing very strong explosions and glowing avalanches.
Vulkane.net wrote:
Mayon facing major volcanic eruption
Country: Philippines | Coordinates: 13.25, 123.68 | Activity: Dom
Further increase in activity at Mayon triggers evacuations
The Philippine volcano Mayon continues to be effusive and builds on its lava dome. The red-hot dome in the crater is now visible to the naked eye. Seismicity is slightly elevated and ground uplift due to magma inflation is recorded. Today PHILVOLCS reported 199 seismic signals caused by rockfalls and debris avalanches. In addition, 6 pyroclastic density currents went off in the last 24 hours. Their slip distances were up to 2000 m. Steam rose up to 800 m above crater level and drifted southward. Sulfur dioxide emissions amounted to a good 360 tons and are thus only slightly elevated.
Since it is not foreseeable whether the dome growth will stop in the medium term, the evacuation of more than 10,000 people living in the area of the danger zone has been initiated. Mayon is located in Albay province on Luzon, about 330 kilometers south of the Philippine capital Manila. In a statement released to the local press, the province's governor, Edcel Greco Lagman, said, "I want the death toll in our province to be as low as possible. I hope we can evacuate all residents to safer places." A spokesman for the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) said the volcano is in a "relatively high level of unrest" and a dangerous eruption is possible within weeks or even days. A bright crater appearance and glowing rockfall emanating from new molten lava on the summit of the Mayon volcano were also observed last night," the institute said in a statement Friday.
The Mayon volcano is 2,462 meters high and a popular attraction for visitors to the region due to its conical shape. It is considered the most active volcano in the Philippines - it last erupted in January 2018. There have also been no less than 50 eruptions in the last 500 years. The most devastating eruption took place in 1814, when 1200 people were killed and the city of Cagsawa was buried under volcanic mud from a lahar.
Mayon is not the only troubled volcano on Luzon. To the southwest of the island is Taal Volcano, which is also under scrutiny by volcanologists due to increased sulfur dioxide emissions. Volcano Island's subsurface is also inflating, and there is a possibility that the volcano is preparing for a new eruptive phase.
END OF ARTICLE
9 June 2023
The photo that was posted at german Vulkane.net show beautifully how the "plug" has formed in the crater of the Mayon Volcano. Plugs or domes are always a worrisome sign, due to that volcanoes tend to pressure up over time - with the danger of suddenly releasing very strong explosions and glowing avalanches.
Vulkane.net wrote:
Mayon vor größerem Vulkanausbruch - News vom 09.06.10 - Vulkane Net Newsblog
Der philippinische Vulkan Mayon ist weiterhin effusiv tätig und baut an seinem Lavadom. Gut 10.000 Menschen werden evakuiert.
www.vulkane.net
Mayon facing major volcanic eruption
Country: Philippines | Coordinates: 13.25, 123.68 | Activity: Dom
Further increase in activity at Mayon triggers evacuations
The Philippine volcano Mayon continues to be effusive and builds on its lava dome. The red-hot dome in the crater is now visible to the naked eye. Seismicity is slightly elevated and ground uplift due to magma inflation is recorded. Today PHILVOLCS reported 199 seismic signals caused by rockfalls and debris avalanches. In addition, 6 pyroclastic density currents went off in the last 24 hours. Their slip distances were up to 2000 m. Steam rose up to 800 m above crater level and drifted southward. Sulfur dioxide emissions amounted to a good 360 tons and are thus only slightly elevated.
Since it is not foreseeable whether the dome growth will stop in the medium term, the evacuation of more than 10,000 people living in the area of the danger zone has been initiated. Mayon is located in Albay province on Luzon, about 330 kilometers south of the Philippine capital Manila. In a statement released to the local press, the province's governor, Edcel Greco Lagman, said, "I want the death toll in our province to be as low as possible. I hope we can evacuate all residents to safer places." A spokesman for the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) said the volcano is in a "relatively high level of unrest" and a dangerous eruption is possible within weeks or even days. A bright crater appearance and glowing rockfall emanating from new molten lava on the summit of the Mayon volcano were also observed last night," the institute said in a statement Friday.
The Mayon volcano is 2,462 meters high and a popular attraction for visitors to the region due to its conical shape. It is considered the most active volcano in the Philippines - it last erupted in January 2018. There have also been no less than 50 eruptions in the last 500 years. The most devastating eruption took place in 1814, when 1200 people were killed and the city of Cagsawa was buried under volcanic mud from a lahar.
Mayon is not the only troubled volcano on Luzon. To the southwest of the island is Taal Volcano, which is also under scrutiny by volcanologists due to increased sulfur dioxide emissions. Volcano Island's subsurface is also inflating, and there is a possibility that the volcano is preparing for a new eruptive phase.
END OF ARTICLE
At 8:44 this morning, a new #earthquake of magnitude 3.6 occurred near Pozzuoli, within the #CampiFlegrei caldera. Having occurred at a depth of only 2.6 km, the quake was felt very intensely between Pozzuoli, Bacoli and Quarto
Europe's largest supervolcano prepares for a new eruption
Europe's largest supervolcano prepares for a new eruption
XPan
The Living Force
Mayon, Philippines
12 June 2023
A little update to the situation at the Mayon Volcano in the Philippines, via German Vulkane.net, as follow:
Dome growth generates lava flow at Mayon
Country: Philippines | Coordinates: 13.25, 123.68 | Activity: Dome
On the Philippine island of Luzon, Mayon continues to be effusively active, building its lava dome. It is now so large that it is growing beyond the crater rim, generating a short viscous lava flow. Glowing debris avalanches are constantly issuing from its front. On long-exposure images, this makes it look as if the lava flow is much longer than it actually is. As soon as larger blocks detach from the lava front, they can fragment and generate pyroclastic flows. This happened three times in the last 24 hours. So far, the pyroclastic flows have been comparatively small, but as the dome continues to grow, this could soon change. Then even the 6 km exclusion zone imposed around the crater will no longer be sufficient. More than 10,000 people have been evacuated from the immediate danger zone. They are settling there, although it is generally forbidden. But poverty and population pressure leave them no other choice.
It becomes really dangerous if the character of the eruption should change and explosions should occur. These often occur when water comes into play. In the last eruption in 2018, paroxysms occurred at a later stage of the eruption.
PHILVOLCS volcanologists reported 260 rockfall events in 24 hours, in addition to the three density flows mentioned above. In addition, seismicity also increased and 21 volcanotectonic earthquakes were recorded. Sulfur dioxide emissions increased and amounted to 642 tons per day.
Visibility of the volcano in the morning hours is still quite good in the eye, but in June the rainy season begins in the Philippines, so the visibility of the volcano may change soon. If there should be heavy rains, then you have to expect phreatic eruptions and lahars.
END OF ARTICLE
12 June 2023
A little update to the situation at the Mayon Volcano in the Philippines, via German Vulkane.net, as follow:
Vulkan Mayon mit Lavastrom - News vom 12.06.23 - Vulkane Net Newsblog
Auf der philippinischen Insel Luzon ist der Mayon weiter effusiv aktiv und baut an seinem Lavadom. Ein Lavastrom fließt über die Flanke.
www.vulkane.net
Dome growth generates lava flow at Mayon
Country: Philippines | Coordinates: 13.25, 123.68 | Activity: Dome
On the Philippine island of Luzon, Mayon continues to be effusively active, building its lava dome. It is now so large that it is growing beyond the crater rim, generating a short viscous lava flow. Glowing debris avalanches are constantly issuing from its front. On long-exposure images, this makes it look as if the lava flow is much longer than it actually is. As soon as larger blocks detach from the lava front, they can fragment and generate pyroclastic flows. This happened three times in the last 24 hours. So far, the pyroclastic flows have been comparatively small, but as the dome continues to grow, this could soon change. Then even the 6 km exclusion zone imposed around the crater will no longer be sufficient. More than 10,000 people have been evacuated from the immediate danger zone. They are settling there, although it is generally forbidden. But poverty and population pressure leave them no other choice.
It becomes really dangerous if the character of the eruption should change and explosions should occur. These often occur when water comes into play. In the last eruption in 2018, paroxysms occurred at a later stage of the eruption.
PHILVOLCS volcanologists reported 260 rockfall events in 24 hours, in addition to the three density flows mentioned above. In addition, seismicity also increased and 21 volcanotectonic earthquakes were recorded. Sulfur dioxide emissions increased and amounted to 642 tons per day.
Visibility of the volcano in the morning hours is still quite good in the eye, but in June the rainy season begins in the Philippines, so the visibility of the volcano may change soon. If there should be heavy rains, then you have to expect phreatic eruptions and lahars.
END OF ARTICLE
This could destroy Mexico City in the future.
UNAM scientists foresee the birth of a new volcano south of Mexico City
The Chichinautzin mountain, which guards the southern limits of Mexico City, is a mountain range considered an active volcanic field, made up of more than 300 monogenetic volcanoes, such as the Xitle volcano, which was born almost 2,000 years ago, a period of time that has given UNAM researchers the certainty that a new volcano is about to be born in this region. When, how and where, are still great unknowns that they are trying to decipher.
Unlike large volcanoes such as Popocatepetl, where the location of its crater is known, in the case of monogenetic volcanoes it is not known, so the site of the next eruption cannot be predicted. So since 2008, Dr. Hugo Delgado Granados, researcher at the Institute of Geophysics of the UNAM, together with his colleague Roberto Villalpando of the UAM Azcapotzalco, published the Method for forecasting the location of a new volcano south of Mexico City, which is done by monitoring diffuse carbon dioxide emissions in the ground.
"Monogenetic volcanic fields are areas where a magmatic event takes place through the ascent of magma, but instead of leaving through the same crater, through the same volcano, in each event there is the creation of a new volcano," said Hugo Delgado in an interview with MILENIO.
In a more recent study, published in 2019, volcanologist Martín del Pozzo and her colleague Amiel Nieto-Torres, argue that an eruption in the Chichinautzin Monogenetic Field poses a major volcanic hazard to Mexico City, home to more than 20 million people.
The Chichinautzin volcanic field covers the municipalities of Tlalpan, Xochimilco and Milpa Alta, due to the fact that it is uncertain when, how and where it will be born, the signals it may emit are being monitored for possible formation.
www.milenio.com
UNAM scientists foresee the birth of a new volcano south of Mexico City
The Chichinautzin mountain, which guards the southern limits of Mexico City, is a mountain range considered an active volcanic field, made up of more than 300 monogenetic volcanoes, such as the Xitle volcano, which was born almost 2,000 years ago, a period of time that has given UNAM researchers the certainty that a new volcano is about to be born in this region. When, how and where, are still great unknowns that they are trying to decipher.
Unlike large volcanoes such as Popocatepetl, where the location of its crater is known, in the case of monogenetic volcanoes it is not known, so the site of the next eruption cannot be predicted. So since 2008, Dr. Hugo Delgado Granados, researcher at the Institute of Geophysics of the UNAM, together with his colleague Roberto Villalpando of the UAM Azcapotzalco, published the Method for forecasting the location of a new volcano south of Mexico City, which is done by monitoring diffuse carbon dioxide emissions in the ground.
"Monogenetic volcanic fields are areas where a magmatic event takes place through the ascent of magma, but instead of leaving through the same crater, through the same volcano, in each event there is the creation of a new volcano," said Hugo Delgado in an interview with MILENIO.
In a more recent study, published in 2019, volcanologist Martín del Pozzo and her colleague Amiel Nieto-Torres, argue that an eruption in the Chichinautzin Monogenetic Field poses a major volcanic hazard to Mexico City, home to more than 20 million people.
The Chichinautzin volcanic field covers the municipalities of Tlalpan, Xochimilco and Milpa Alta, due to the fact that it is uncertain when, how and where it will be born, the signals it may emit are being monitored for possible formation.
Científicos de la UNAM prevén el nacimiento de volcán al sur de CDMX
El estudio Evaluación de la amenaza espacio-temporal de un campo volcánico monogenético, cerca de la Ciudad de México, destaca que los flujos de lava del volcán
www.milenio.com
XPan
The Living Force
Campi Flegrei • Pozzuoli - Naples, Italy
13 June 2023
So, the Italians made a study about the dynamics under the supervolcanic area west of Naples, known under the name of Phlegraen fields or Campi Flegrei. The thesis is in support of an elevated risk for a volcanic eruption. German Vulkane.net wrote about this study as follow:
New Campi Flegrei study sees eruption risk
New study confirms that the Campi Flegrei caldera volcano in southern Italy has an increased risk of eruption.
For several days now, a new study by Italian researchers has been circulating the web, which took a close look at the Campi Flegrei caldera volcano. Using naturally occurring earthquakes, the study examined the behavior of the rock layers that previously formed an impenetrable barrier to the magma.
The volcano forms a 15×12 kilometer diameter caldera
that occupies a large part of the Gulf of Pozzuoli and also extends on land. While the actual caldera rim is visible only to experts, several cinder cones and crater lakes make it clear even to the layman that one is in a volcanic area. In German, the area is called Phlegraean Fields, which shows that the name givers were aware of the volcanic character of the area, but not necessarily that one is inside a large volcano. More than 360,000 people live in the immediate vicinity of the volcano; many of them live in the middle of the volcano.
Just over 38,000 years ago
it erupted in a gigantic eruption that would very likely kill every one of the residents today, and would also have a massive impact on life in much of Europe beyond the death zone. Since then, there have been several normal-sized volcanic eruptions. The last occurred in 1538, when the Monte Nuovo cinder cone was formed. The better-known Solfatara crater erupted in 1158, and today its area is home to the most impressive post-volcanic phenomena.
Bradyseismos
The Campi-Flegrei is also known for a phenomenon called bradyseismos: perennial phases occur during which the ground rises by several and then slowly sinks again. The ground deformations are accompanied by strong seismicity. Thousands of weak earthquakes occur, mostly in the range of microseismicity, but they can also exceed the perceptibility threshold and have magnitudes in the 3s range. Ground uplift is caused by magmatic fluids (gas and water) that accumulate in the subsurface and sometimes escape at the surface. In order to accumulate in the rock layers near the surface or to escape at the surface, the fluids must pass through almost impenetrable sedimentary layers.
The most stable of these layers lies at a depth of 2.5 km.
The layers seal the caldera at the top, so that magma cannot rise, but accumulates at a depth of about 8 km below the sedimentary layers. As a result, the pressure in the magma body increases and the rock layers come under stress. Rock can react to these stresses in two ways: by deformation and fracture. In most cases, even the hardest rock has a certain elasticity and deforms under stress. This deformation can manifest itself at the earth's surface in an uplift of the ground, especially if a large area is affected that comes under stress. Rocks, even rock layers several kilometers thick, are deformable up to a certain point, but as soon as a threshold value is exceeded, the rock breaks. The first to fracture are zones that are already weakened and where the stress acts most strongly. Cracks form, which are permeable not only to gas and water, but also to magma.
The study in question now examined the stress conditions
of the Campi Flegrei and came to the conclusion that the cover layers of the caldera reacted deformably - the expert speaks of ductile - to increasing stresses until the summer of 2020. Since then, fracturing of the rocks has increased, resulting in stronger earthquakes at depths below 2 km. Fractures are formed through which magma could rise. However, the fractures are still too fine to expect an eruption in the short term. The researchers put forward three scenarios of what they think could happen:
(a) A new equilibrium of stresses in the subsurface occurs as a result of increased fluid flow in the crust, and the ground subsides again.
b) The flow of magmatic fluids fluctuates in the crust and cracks form, which are resealed by mineralization from the fluids. A sequence of slow uplift and subsidence phases occurs. As an example for this scenario the processes of the Yellowstone Caldera are used, but in my opinion they apply exactly also to the events of the Campi Flegrei, because we are in the 4th uplift phase since the beginning of the 20th century. Between the uplift phases there were 3 phases of ground subsidence until now.
c) The uplift continues and the lid layers rupture completely - an immediate consequence would be phreatic eruptions when the accumulated fluids break through. This scenario could then also culminate in a magmatic volcanic eruption. The fissure system at Sofatara-Pisciarelli is a prime location for a fracture, the researchers said.
The bottom line is
that this study confirms what was already suspected: the volcano could erupt again in the long term. How big an eruption will be is not yet to be estimated. However, it is just as well that the bradyseismos will continue for decades or centuries without a volcanic eruption. Based on the observed cracking, the eruption risk appears to be higher than many experts have previously assumed.
Summary:
• Increase in earthquakes at depths below 2.5 km indicate cracking in the rock cover.
• The cracks could expand into larger fractures.
• Magma could rise through the fractures.
• Volcanic eruption could occur.
END OF ARTICLE
13 June 2023
So, the Italians made a study about the dynamics under the supervolcanic area west of Naples, known under the name of Phlegraen fields or Campi Flegrei. The thesis is in support of an elevated risk for a volcanic eruption. German Vulkane.net wrote about this study as follow:
Campi-Flegrei-Neue Studie sieht Ausbruchsrisiko - Vulkane Net Newsblog
Seit einigen Tagen geistert eine neue Studie italienischer Forscher durchs Netz, die den Calderavulkan Campi Flegrei unter die Lupe nahm.
www.vulkane.net
New Campi Flegrei study sees eruption risk
New study confirms that the Campi Flegrei caldera volcano in southern Italy has an increased risk of eruption.
For several days now, a new study by Italian researchers has been circulating the web, which took a close look at the Campi Flegrei caldera volcano. Using naturally occurring earthquakes, the study examined the behavior of the rock layers that previously formed an impenetrable barrier to the magma.
The volcano forms a 15×12 kilometer diameter caldera
that occupies a large part of the Gulf of Pozzuoli and also extends on land. While the actual caldera rim is visible only to experts, several cinder cones and crater lakes make it clear even to the layman that one is in a volcanic area. In German, the area is called Phlegraean Fields, which shows that the name givers were aware of the volcanic character of the area, but not necessarily that one is inside a large volcano. More than 360,000 people live in the immediate vicinity of the volcano; many of them live in the middle of the volcano.
Just over 38,000 years ago
it erupted in a gigantic eruption that would very likely kill every one of the residents today, and would also have a massive impact on life in much of Europe beyond the death zone. Since then, there have been several normal-sized volcanic eruptions. The last occurred in 1538, when the Monte Nuovo cinder cone was formed. The better-known Solfatara crater erupted in 1158, and today its area is home to the most impressive post-volcanic phenomena.
Bradyseismos
The Campi-Flegrei is also known for a phenomenon called bradyseismos: perennial phases occur during which the ground rises by several and then slowly sinks again. The ground deformations are accompanied by strong seismicity. Thousands of weak earthquakes occur, mostly in the range of microseismicity, but they can also exceed the perceptibility threshold and have magnitudes in the 3s range. Ground uplift is caused by magmatic fluids (gas and water) that accumulate in the subsurface and sometimes escape at the surface. In order to accumulate in the rock layers near the surface or to escape at the surface, the fluids must pass through almost impenetrable sedimentary layers.
The most stable of these layers lies at a depth of 2.5 km.
The layers seal the caldera at the top, so that magma cannot rise, but accumulates at a depth of about 8 km below the sedimentary layers. As a result, the pressure in the magma body increases and the rock layers come under stress. Rock can react to these stresses in two ways: by deformation and fracture. In most cases, even the hardest rock has a certain elasticity and deforms under stress. This deformation can manifest itself at the earth's surface in an uplift of the ground, especially if a large area is affected that comes under stress. Rocks, even rock layers several kilometers thick, are deformable up to a certain point, but as soon as a threshold value is exceeded, the rock breaks. The first to fracture are zones that are already weakened and where the stress acts most strongly. Cracks form, which are permeable not only to gas and water, but also to magma.
The study in question now examined the stress conditions
of the Campi Flegrei and came to the conclusion that the cover layers of the caldera reacted deformably - the expert speaks of ductile - to increasing stresses until the summer of 2020. Since then, fracturing of the rocks has increased, resulting in stronger earthquakes at depths below 2 km. Fractures are formed through which magma could rise. However, the fractures are still too fine to expect an eruption in the short term. The researchers put forward three scenarios of what they think could happen:
(a) A new equilibrium of stresses in the subsurface occurs as a result of increased fluid flow in the crust, and the ground subsides again.
b) The flow of magmatic fluids fluctuates in the crust and cracks form, which are resealed by mineralization from the fluids. A sequence of slow uplift and subsidence phases occurs. As an example for this scenario the processes of the Yellowstone Caldera are used, but in my opinion they apply exactly also to the events of the Campi Flegrei, because we are in the 4th uplift phase since the beginning of the 20th century. Between the uplift phases there were 3 phases of ground subsidence until now.
c) The uplift continues and the lid layers rupture completely - an immediate consequence would be phreatic eruptions when the accumulated fluids break through. This scenario could then also culminate in a magmatic volcanic eruption. The fissure system at Sofatara-Pisciarelli is a prime location for a fracture, the researchers said.
The bottom line is
that this study confirms what was already suspected: the volcano could erupt again in the long term. How big an eruption will be is not yet to be estimated. However, it is just as well that the bradyseismos will continue for decades or centuries without a volcanic eruption. Based on the observed cracking, the eruption risk appears to be higher than many experts have previously assumed.
Summary:
• Increase in earthquakes at depths below 2.5 km indicate cracking in the rock cover.
• The cracks could expand into larger fractures.
• Magma could rise through the fractures.
• Volcanic eruption could occur.
END OF ARTICLE
Kilauea Volcano Update for Thursday, June 22
HAWAIʻI VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK - Things are quiet at Kīlauea volcano, after the eruption paused on June 19th.
www.bigislandvideonews.com
Kīlauea Volcano Downgraded today.. West Coast earthquake update. FRI night 6/30/2023
Jul 1, 2023
The beginning of a new cycle of solar activity - Nature
ON November 15, a high latitude sunspot marked the beginning of a new cycle of solar activity. The present cycle is on the decline and is approaching its minimum, a new cycle thus starting before the old one has completely disappeared. At this time the sunspots belonging to the old cycle...
www.nature.com
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The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reports that Mayon Volcano in Albay has been experiencing continuous weak volcanic earthquakes since Monday afternoon.
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reports that Mayon Volcano in Albay has been experiencing continuous weak volcanic earthquakes since Monday afternoon.
Additionally, satellite observations have detected a notable rise in sulfur dioxide emissions on Monday, with a sharp increase in average SO2 emission measured by a campaign survey reaching 1,558 tonnes per day.
Time lapse made from Joey Sarte Salceda’s livestream on FB #MayonVolcano #Mayon #volcano #volcan #eruption #Philippines #timelapse #bulkang #bulkangmayon
Mayon this evening. Still really lively….Time lapse made from Joey Sarte Salceda’s livestream on FB
#MayonVolcano #Mayon #volcano #volcan #eruption #Philippines #timelapse #bulkang #bulkangmayon
Attachments
Sunday, Jul. 9, 2023
Solar Max is boosting this process. Right now, the active sun is heating Earth's upper atmosphere, increasing the rate of O vs. O2 collisions. Brighter-than-normal airglow is the result.
#volcan #volcano #Semeru No change in eruption but strong rain falls induced powerfull lahars by remobilizing ash deposits
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9 Billion Suspension Bridge SecondsNewly Built in LumajangHit by the Semeru Flash FloodLandslides and flash floods caused by the overflow of the Leprak River from Mount Semeru's lava flow also damaged public facilities.https://google.com/amp/s/www.jati
Solar Max is boosting this process. Right now, the active sun is heating Earth's upper atmosphere, increasing the rate of O vs. O2 collisions. Brighter-than-normal airglow is the result.
#volcan #volcano #Semeru No change in eruption but strong rain falls induced powerfull lahars by remobilizing ash deposits
Line-2
9 Billion Suspension Bridge SecondsNewly Built in LumajangHit by the Semeru Flash FloodLandslides and flash floods caused by the overflow of the Leprak River from Mount Semeru's lava flow also damaged public facilities.https://google.com/amp/s/www.jati
