Giulio Andreotti, who has died aged 94, was the ultimate insider of Italian political life. For half a century he was at the heart of power. His tenure at the highest echelons of government was unequalled in Europe. From the early 1960s to the early 90s, he was – almost uninterruptedly – either prime minister or a senior minister. Andreotti was in all but six of the 45 governments that ran from May 1947 to April 1992, led seven of them and, at various times, was the minister of defence, foreign affairs (five times), finance, treasury, and interior. He held the post of prime minister for longer than any other postwar Italian politician except Silvio Berlusconi, yet he never led the Christian Democratic party.
His tenacity in remaining at the centre of affairs became a source of fascination in itself. Just as Julius Caesar had become Divo Giulio, the god Julius, so the makers of the 2008 film Il Divo, a biopic about Andreotti, attributed to the infinitely pragmatic modern Giulio seemingly mesmeric powers all the more striking for his superficial drabness.
Andreotti was the most controversial figure in the political life of what came to be known as Italy's First Republic (from 1946 to the political and constitutional turmoil of 1992-94). As a senior Christian Democrat, he played a leading part in all significant political watersheds while never taking a major political initiative. Few of Italy's contentious issues left him untainted, from those surrounding the construction of Rome's Fiumicino airport, which opened in 1961; to the murky banking scandals of Roberto Calvi, found hanging under Blackfriars bridge, London, in June 1982; and Michele Sindona, found poisoned in his cell in 1986 while serving a life sentence for murder.
Magistrates asked parliament 27 times for permission to investigate Andreotti, and 27 times parliament rejected the request. Yet he was never directly implicated, let alone indicted, in the most significant of them all, the mother of all scandals, the great Tangentopoli ("bribesville") affair of the 1990s that brought down the Christian Democratic party along with the other four parties that made up almost all the governments of the First Republic. Andreotti's personality and, above all, his innermost political convictions, remained shrouded in mystery – an extraordinary achievement for someone so frequently in the public eye, so often investigated by the press and magistrates, so often interviewed, and so prolific a writer.
This most powerful of men lived modestly with his wife, Livia, whom he had married in 1945, and with whom he had two sons and two daughters. Andreotti, who had interceded on behalf of endless supplicants like a true padrino (godfather), did not use his power to pursue personal wealth or to enhance the prospects of his closest relatives.
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