obyvatel said:The wikipedia entry on dreadlocks ( link ) is interesting. In Rg Veda, there is a hymn dedicated to the "long-haired ones" called the "keshin" hymn (kesha in Sanskrit means hair). Here is an english translation of the hymn from _http://www.aarweb.org/syllabus/syllabi/g/gier/306/yogapp.htm
The long-haired one endures fire, the long-haired one endures poison, the long-haired one endures both worlds.
The long-haired one is said to gaze full on heaven, the long-haired one is said to be that light.
The wind-girt sages have donned the yellow robe of dust: along the wind’s course they glide when the gods have penetrated them.
Exulting in our seerhood, upon the winds we have ascended. Of us, you mortals, only our bodies do you behold.
Through the middle region flies the sage shinning down upon all forms; for his piety is he deemed the friend of every god.
The wind’s steed, the Lord of life’s friend, is the god-intoxicated sage: without both oceans he dwells, the upper and the lower. . . .
For him has the Lord of life churned and pounded the unbendable, when the long-haired one, in Rudra’s company, drank from the poison cup.
The reference to "enduring both worlds" has strong association to shamanism.
The C's have referred to hair being a sign of virility. Interestingly, the Sanskrit word "vira" is used to indicate an ascetic and warrior. A "vira" is an embodiment of virility - the asceticism (renouncing worldly pleasures) generates power - a parallel may be found in "conscious suffering" perhaps? In the Indian context, the "viras" are associated with following Shiva (or Rudra) and Shakti (primordial feminine one of whose forms is mother nature). Followers of this path often eat meat and indulge in activities which are considered improper according to the established religious norms.
Buddhists seem to have this tradition of shaving heads - yet the founder, Siddharta or Gautama Buddha is mostly depicted in pictures as having hair which is tied in a big top knot (need long hair to do that). The founder of the Jain religion is "Mahavira" - or the great "vira" who is also similarly depicted with hair. Yet the followers Jainism also tend to shave their heads as a symbol of renunciation.
You have brought up an extremely interesting hymn from the tenth part of the Rg Veda which is of a more recent date than the preceding books in that Veda, even though Oldenberg thought it portrayed a phenomenon of great antiquity, namely the ecstatic tradition made popular by Mircea Eliade's research into Central Asian Shamanism.
Whoever authored this hymn likely belonged to the Vedic tradition who reported on someone from outside his own tradition in surprisingly sympathetic terms. Jan Gonda, the famous expert of the Vedas, confirms that the long-haired sage being talked about in this hymn must have lived predominantly outside the brahminic culture and was either called a keshin or muni.
Now muni is closely related to the mauni babas of today(which means a Sadhu who has taken the vow of absolute silence).
The root of this word is "man", which means to contemplate or to meditate. It might be same as -man in Shaman/sarman.
So it seems that in ancient India, there were actually two distinct traditions which are explicitly mentioned. One belonging to the Vedic Rishi(=sage) culture, who, despite the fancy name, seem to have engaged in sacrificial priesthood activities that LKJ's work shines some light on. Even though ancient seers, namely the rishis, were said to have originated the Vedas, what followed must have been institutionalised communities occupied with ritual, prayer and legal work similar to the Levites. It is curious, therefore, that one of them, wrote down observations about someone who wasn't part of Brahmanical orthodoxy and who was active outside of the establishment, apparently engaged in austerities aimed at becoming able to see the unseen. Karel Werner proposes that there is strong indirect evidence for "spiritually highly advanced wanderers" roaming the landscape around the time the Brahmanical sacrificial priesthood was dominant. This keshin or muni differed entirely from the Brahmanical priest in that his experience seemed to not depend on either sacrifice of ritual. The munis are alluded to as wandering mendicants who, having abstained from then current forms of religious worship and most likely practising a meditative approach to the transcendent, gained a gradual shift of their consciousness into the realm of the spiritual, which gave them access to a higher knowledge, of the unseen and I suppose, looking at the hymn, also awareness of non-human beings. The hymn even suggests that they might have assisted the Vedics spiritually by way of some kind of self-sacrifice.
I can attempt to interpret this hymn, based on my personal understanding and also thanks to more recent scholarship headed by Karel Werner in the late 70's.
Now, right away I want to make it clear that this hymn is cause for a heated debate because Indology of the time between 1850 and 1970 suffered from the same problems as all other inquiries into non-western religious traditions at that time, namely:
->Movements characterised by unorthodox, ecstatic, meat eating and seemingly "orgiastic" behaviour usually got associated with the "primitive" and "tribal". There was a definite evolutionist bias. Even Eliade couldn't escape for this popular notion of his time so he went looking around with pre-conceived ideas in his mind, mainly stemming from his earlier research into the Yoga Sutra of Patanjali. Many have followed this notion of the evolution of religious experience of mankind, ignoring keepers of knowledge from possibly ancient times.
The translation found on Wikipedia(bad source for most of this stuff) is one of the earlier, unusable translations. I'll use Karel Werner's version and add some commentary to hopefully make this interesting and relevant to the themes of the Cassiopaean research so far:
"Tapas" refers to any repeated practise done in seclusion. Most types of tantric visualisation serve to arouse inner heat to enter the central channel. As you refine jing chi(base metals in G. terminology) into chi, the area of the navel can feel like a simmering hot cauldron, according to my experience. Then there's various techniques like gTummo that literally heat you up so that you can survive in icy locations such as the Himalayas, even though that is just useful side-effect and not the main aim of that technique. There's more esoteric implications hidden behind this term and your suggestion, obyvatel, could be close to the truth. "Conscious suffering", as in activity which produces internal friction(=heat) which is necessary for crystallizing anything of lasting value is likely to have both literal(=how it feels when you cultivate) and esoteric meaning(from a larger perspective of the Work)1. The longhaired one carries within himself fire [tapas] and poison [soma] and both heaven and earth [ida and pingala, together forming sushumna]. To look at him is like seeing heavenly brightness in its fullness. He is said to be light itself.
"Poison" is the hardest part to interpret. Werner comments it as Soma, the legendary drink that has never been identified and yet compared to Ayahuasca, the vision inducing drug, based on the effect of DMT on the mind. Avinash Bose brought up the interesting notion that it could mean that the protagonist takes on the world's suffering by bearing/drinking poison. Knowing bits of the esoteric Indian landscape, I would suggest it probably means both. More on this later.
"Heaven and Earth" are linked to the ida and pingala channel which are the "Sun and Moon" channel in traditional Hatha Yoga. It makes sense given that these two side channels(or frontal and back channel in Taoist terminology) have to be united in the central channel(sushumna) in order for samadhi to occur(which is where the great insights and access to mental powers are said to occur)
When I first looked at the "Heaven and Earth" bit, I was thinking about the Shamans role as the medium between Heaven and Earth but I also remembered that the Cosmic tree that appears as "Meru" in Indian thought is normally associate with the Sushumna channel. The Cosmic tree is said to connect Heaven, Earth and the Underworld. Given that the Sushumna channel plays a vital role in developing samadhi in order to progress a long the esoteric evolution path and develop unusual powers which are mentioned further along the hymn, I tend to go with the yogic interpretation.
This kind of interpretation is further supported by the last part of the first phrase: "To look at him is like seeing heavenly brightness in its fullness. He is said to be light itself" If you have developed Samadhi, your face and body emit a strange shining countenance(know this from current practitioners I've met) which are apparent to the perceiver. After Samadhi, it is possibly to develop a body of light which is the infamous rainbow body in Dzogchen. Basically, after the channels and chakras are fully opened, it is possible to transform the entire body so that it can disintegrate as sheer light. This is well known in certain yogic circles, especially in Vajrayana, and how it may relate to 4th density(in C's terms) might be a topic for discussion some other time.
Of course, the C's have made a particular statement which may also be related to this
"Love is Light is Knowledge. Love makes no sense when common definitions are used as they are in your environment. To love you must know. And to know is to have light. And to have light is to love. And to have knowledge is to love."
To get back to the Hymn:
I am not arguing with Werner's take on this. It is likely a visual depiction of what they looked like: Naked and smeared in ashes, similar to the naked sadhus of today.2. The sages, girdled with the wind [digambar, naked], are clad in dust of yellow hue [khak, ashes]. They follow the path of the wind when the gods have penetrated [entered] them.
"Path of the Wind" refers to the mode of practise. "Wind"(Vayu) often meaning Energy. If the mendicant is trying to go for Samadhi, it is certainly an energy cultivation practise. The passage about Gods entering them is curious. I think it refers to communication with possibly higher entities or classic spirit possession which is still undertaken by Aghoris in India today. It is also known that in Samadhi, it might be possible to be helped by non-human teachers. This can mean 4th or 6th density, in Cassiopaean terms.
This is a complex passage. Jhanas(pali terms for meditative absorption states variously classified into either 8 or up to 13 levels) are pretty intoxicating(from my experience) and you can literally become a Jhana junkie when you stay in the second one which is characterised by rapture and sheer ecstasy yet also a profound sense of calm. The hymn here is probably referring to something higher as well in the realms of samadhi which are reached by Emptiness Meditation in Ch'an Buddhism now. For such to happen, your consciousness literally has to ascend the energy channels of the body until they are purified enough for Samadhi to occur. And that can only happen if you detached from thought in silence. If this is followed up until full transformation occurs(internal alchemy is completed) it is true that the perceiver would just see a body, yet not necessarily be able to guess the inner development. The reference to mortals is that the earlier "Heaven and Earth" reference can also be understood in terms of that the keshin regards himself as an immortal dwelling between the higher spiritual world and the lower world inhabited by mortals. In the Indian-Sino sphere, a path to immortality has been sought right from the beginning it seems, with the Indians more focused on spiritual immortality while the Chinese pursued physical immortality as their main quest. This is a generalisation but it suffices here.3. 'Uplifted [intoxicated] by our sagehood [mauneya, silence asceticism] we have ascended upon the winds. You mortals see just our bodies.'
The first part has usually been interpreted as referring to the siddhi of yogic flight(even Eliade took it as such). Regarding this position in the hymn, I am inclined to think that it could refer to a statement by Gurdijeff:4. The sage flies through the inner region, [middle region, air] illuminating all forms below. Given to holy work he is the companion of every god.
As the sage has attained some level of understanding and unlocked mind's potential to some degree, it is possible that he can now raise the lower centers to their proper place(illuminating them with knowledge)"It is the lower centers that are undeveloped. And it is precisely this lack of development, or the incomplete functioning, of the lower centers that prevents us from making use of the work of the higher centers."
The second sentence can refer to either a textual device approving of this man's actions or it again might refer to contact with higher densities.
It is a strange way of phrasing things because I am used to the idea that the mind is the rider and that the energy/chi/prana is the horse. Vayu, as I've previously alluded to, is normally the God that represents the Wind/Energy or the refinement of Breath but is also represented as the deity of Life itself.5. Being the wind's horse, the Vayu's companion and god-inspired, the sage is at home in both oceans, the eastern and the western.
"God-inspired", again reinforcing the idea of contact with higher densities?
"the sage is at home in both oceans, the eastern and the western." This is a highly cryptic passage, with a suggestion being that ocean usually means consciousness which supposedly makes up both mind and matter leading to the idea that the sage has realised the essential unity of mind and matter.
It is hazardous to interpret anything into this phrase. It is probably just the admiration of the writer for the keshin/muni. Or "knowing their aspiration" might just mean being able to discern between STO and STS.6. Wandering in the track of celestial beings and sylvan beasts, the longhaired one, knowing their aspiration, is a sweet and most uplifting friend.
This phrase is chock-full of deeper meaning. It is based on Samudra Manthan, a famous story found in the Purunas. I think it is pretty clear that it is an alchemical allegory. Here's a version of the story which certainly contains fragments(I underlined what I think are especially significant passages):For him Vayu [the storm-god] churned, even pounded that which is hard to bend, as the longhaired one drank the poison [drug] the cup [gourd-kamandal], together with Rudra.
The nectar of immortality, amrta is normally linked to a specific phase in yogic training which occurs after a foundation has been created(normally around 100 days of Emptiness meditation whilst maintaining the jing elixir, meaning being total celibacy) and before entering samadhi. A friend of mine who has experienced this thinks that this amrta might be sweet dew pituitary hormones secreted in the mouth. If it leads to immortality alone is highly questionable, however, all texts and commentary insist on its strong rejuvenation effect.Legend Behind Samudra Manthan
Once Indra - the King of Gods, while riding on an elephant came across Durvasa Muni who offered him a special garland. Indra accepted the garland but put in on the trunk of the elephant. The elephant was irritated by the smell and it threw the garland on the floor. This enraged the sage as the garland was a dwelling of Sri (fortune) and was to be treated as prasada. Durvasa Muni cursed Indra and all devas to be bereft of all strength, energy, and fortune.
In battles that followed this incident, devas were defeated and asuras (demons) led by Bali gained control of the universe. Devas sought help from Lord Vishnu who advised them to treat asuras in a diplomatic manner. Devas formed an alliance with asuras to jointly churn the ocean for the nectar of immortality and to share it among them. Lord Vishu told Devas that we would arrange that they alone obtain the nectar.
The Churning of the Ocean
The churning of the milk - ocean was an elaborate process. Mount Mandara was used as churning rod and Vasuki, the King of Serpents, became the churning rope. Lord Vishnu himself had to intercede in so many ways to aid the Devas. All kinds of herbs were cast into the ocean and many great beings and objects were produced from the ocean and were divided between asuras and gods. It is said that following things emerged from the Samudra Manthan:
Sura or Varuni - Goddess and creator of wine
Apsaras - various divine nymphs
Kaustubha - a rare diamond said to be the most valuable jewel in the world
Uchhaishravas - the divine white horse
Kalpavriksha - the wish-granting tree
Kamadhenu - the wish fulfilling cow
Airavata - the white elephant
Lakshmi - the Goddess of Fortune and Wealth. Vishnu and Her were reunited after having been separated for many ages.
Haalaa-Hala - the Poison
During the Sagar Manthan by the gods and demons, haalaa-hala, a pot of poison also came out of the ocean. This terrified the Gods and demons as the poison was so toxic that it effects would have wiped out the entire creation. On the advice of Lord Vishnu, Gods approached Lord Shiva for help and protection as only he could swallow it without being affected. On the request of gods and out of compassion for living beings, Lord Shiva drank the poison. However, Parvati - Lord Shiva’s consort pressed his neck so that the poison could not reach his stomach. Thus, it stayed in his throat neither going up nor going down and Shiva remained unharmed. The poison was so potent that it changed the color of Lord Mahadeva’s neck to blue. For this reason, Lord Shiva is also called Neelakantha (the blue-necked one) where ‘Neela’ means blue and ‘Kantha’ means neck or throat.
As part of the therapy, doctors advised gods to keep Lord Shiva awake during the night. Thus, Gods kept a vigil in contemplation of Lord Shiva. To amuse Shiva and to keep him awake, the gods took turn performing various dances and playing music. As the day broke out, Lord Shiva, pleased with their devotion blessed them all. Shivaratri is the celebration of this event by which Shiva saved the world. Since then, on this day and night - devotees fast, keep vigil, sing glories of Lord and meditate.
Churning Out Divine Nectar
At last, Dhanvantari - the Divine Physician appeared with a pot of Amrita (nectar of immortality) in his skilful hands. Fierce fighting ensued between devas and asuras for the nectar. To protect the nectar from asuras, devas hid the pot of nectar at four places on the earth - Prayag, Haridwar, Ujjain and Nasik. At each of these places, a drop of the nectar spilled from the pot and since then, it is believed that these places acquired mystical power. Grand Kumbh Mela is celebrated at the four places after every 12 year for this reason.
Eventually, Lord Vishnu took the form of a beautiful woman, Mohini. While her beauty bewildered the asuras, Mohini seized the nectar and returned it to the Devas, who drank it immediately.
Now, look again at this last passage:
Intuitively speaking, I think it could be a symbol for the act of churning our own true Self by fighting our way through our progams and assumptions(that which is hard to bend) until we arrive at an objective view of existence. Secondly, to go back to physical transformation, the arising of true chi(Vayu) pounds against blockages in the body until it finally dissolves them, which produces side-effects similar to venom as the body and consciousness detoxifies. So I don't necessarily think it is Soma(drug) again. If Soma is actually a drug.For him Vayu [the storm-god] churned, even pounded that which is hard to bend, as the longhaired one drank the poison [drug] the cup [gourd-kamandal], together with Rudra.
Drinking the poison from the cup, together with Rudra...boy, I wish I could penetrate this phase which is obviously highly suggestive of something...Rudra is the ancient form of the later Shiva, Lord of Yogis. Rud- means to howl. In the Rg Veda, Rudra stands for both the pleasant as well as the wrathful aspects of God, to use Sufi terminology. Shiva only retains a kind of auspicious, benign nature.
It is certainly possible that the notion that the keshin/muni takes on the suffering of the world by drinking the poison from the cup is in emulation of Shiva's act of drinking the Hala-Hala poison in order to save the other gods and the world from destruction.
I'll now address some of the points you have raised obyvatel:
And I think this virility is a complex issue. For example, once you have figured out the proper diet and perform the right techniques with the right motivations, you are likely rushing towards a more functional being than most. You might be considered virile, especially considering that we have the possible mention of the central channel unification, rejuvenating amrta(which may not be the secretion I alluded to but could also refer to 4th density attainment) and and probably refined breathing, which can provoke pre-natal chi(Taoist terminology) which, by the way, is the true face of Kundalini, from what I know so far. Gurdijeff's notion of the Kundabuffer is cryptic to say the least and I don't think it is related to the Kundalini which is a natural phase of most Esoteric schools of Buddhism and Taoism.obyvatel said:The C's have referred to hair being a sign of virility. Interestingly, the Sanskrit word "vira" is used to indicate an ascetic and warrior. A "vira" is an embodiment of virility - the asceticism (renouncing worldly pleasures) generates power - a parallel may be found in "conscious suffering" perhaps? In the Indian context, the "viras" are associated with following Shiva (or Rudra) and Shakti (primordial feminine one of whose forms is mother nature). Followers of this path often eat meat and indulge in activities which are considered improper according to the established religious norms.
Buddhists seem to have this tradition of shaving heads - yet the founder, Siddharta or Gautama Buddha is mostly depicted in pictures as having hair which is tied in a big top knot (need long hair to do that). The founder of the Jain religion is "Mahavira" - or the great "vira" who is also similarly depicted with hair. Yet the followers Jainism also tend to shave their heads as a symbol of renunciation.
Shiva is normally likened to pristine formless awareness which provokes Shakti which stands for pre-natal chi/Kundalini. Strangely though, in Taoist terminology, gender seems to be reversed because I have been taught that Emptiness corresponds to yin(female) which provokes yang to arise(pre-natal chi). Another puzzle.
These munis and the later Mahasiddhas(which I think are somewhat linked together) could have been aware about the crucial difference between a Vegetarian diet and a fatty Meat diet. Generally, Tantrics are usually much more knowledgeable about the practical things than the "true believers".
Mahavira must have been quite the hardliner. For his extreme asceticism he probably was declared a great hero(another meaning of Maha-Vira), yet his possibly long hair wasn't carried on by his later followers I suppose. But then again, the Jains I've seen are clearly quite the orthodox sect so that possible esoteric meanings hidden in particular customs might get lost very quickly.
Tantric Buddhism in China, Japan and Tibet reverted back to these Muni-kind of appearances and customs. While Novices or Monks, they would be shaven and robed and following the traditional rules while it is apparent that monks who decided to become yogis, only remaining loosely tied to their original monasteries by then, started to have long, matted hair and adopted the customs of...probably the ancient munis?