In 1917 Lumiere used starch
Iodide for the treatment of infected wounds, as an alternative to most antiseptics which dissolved in protein environment. His challenge was to obtain an active antimicrobial agent, stable as «in vitro» so as «in vivo», the effect of which could continue for several hours or days. The compound of iodine with natural superpolymer starch gave very promising results. Lumiere proved antimicrobial properties of the drug in the following way: he placed 10g of muscle tissue in the initial stages of microbial decomposition in two glass bottle banks. He pour 100 ml of water solution of iodine with the content of 25 mg of free iodine in one of the glass bottle banks and 10 ml of water solution of starch with the content of 25 ml of iodine in the second glass bank. The bottles were shaken several times. In half an hour it wasn’t possible to find free iodine in the first glass bottle bank. The next day the content of the bottle showed the picture of complete bacterial decay. The solution in the second bottle preserved blue color during a month and the content didn’t have any signs of decomposition.
In 1956, V. O. Mokhnach started researches of antibacterial, antiviral and antimycotic effect of various compounds of iodine with starch and its components were started in different institutions.
There were started studies of antibacterial action of starch iodide by the hospital named after S.P. Botkin in Leningrad. M.A. Rapoport studied the effect of amyloodinium (starch iodide), mainly on enteric bacteria: Eberthella typhi abdominalis, Salmonella paratyphi A, S. paratyphi B, Shigella dysenteriae Flexner, Sh. dysenteriae Sonne. Even in the 10-40-fold dilutions of the drug and containing 1 g of crystalline iodine per 100 ml of amyloodinium solution, which was used for the treatment of patients, there was observed the rapid death of these bacteria.
In 1957, the Leningrad Institute of
Antibiotics , A.I. Drozdov tested activity amyloodinium «in vitro» against to some types of yeast, yeast-like fungi and dermatophytes. Dilutions of drugs were prepared in normal saline solution, which served as a control and, in a volume of 1 ml. In each dilution they added 500 thousand yeast test-organisms or fungal elements. Seeding from corresponding dilutions was done in accordance with sectors in Petri dishes with wort agar. Analysis of results was done at a temperature of 37 ° C in 5 days of growth for yeasts and yeast-like fundus and in 10 days - for dermatophytes. They took Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, Saccharomyuces cerevisiae, Trychophyton gypseurn, T. crateriforme, Microsporon lanosum, Epidermophyton K.-W as test organisms.
Tests showed that 20-fold dilution of the drug, i.e. at concentrations of crystalline iodine of 18-20 mcg / ml, all test organisms except Candida krusei, died already in a half an hour of exposure. C. krusei was more resistant: it died in 6 hours. At the same time the control gave a big growth of this organism.
Antimicrobial action of iodine polysaccharides not only very effective but in some cases significantly superior to aqueous solutions of potassium poliyodide.
The latter, of course, deserves a special attention as studied polysaccharides - starch, amylose – don’t have any anti-microbial properties, but, in contrast, they are nutrients for microbes. In the presence of starch and amylose iodine molecules form compounds with them, colored in the intense blue color. Tens and hundreds of iodine molecules, included in the content of the polysaccharide, form a single molecule with sharing electrons, tied up to the compound of high-polymer molecule. Due to the fluctuations of the electron density in these compounds, the latter may become donors of iodine compounds in the form of J +1. These iodine compounds have strong oxidizing properties, which explain their intensive antimicrobial action with a broad antimicrobial spectrum.
In 1958, the Department of Microbiology, of the Leningrad Sanitary Medical Institute conducted studies of the action of iodide of starch, and amylose-iodine and amylopectin iodine in regard to the number of pathogenic microbes and the Department of Spore-Bearing Plants of the Botanical Institute named after V.L. Komarov under the guidance of M.A. Litvinov conducted studies in regard to saprophytes.
It was established that the effect of amylose-iodine greatly exceeds effects of solutions of polyiodide and potassium iodidewith the same content of molecular iodine. This paradoxial fact deserves a special attention, because the studied polysaccharides don’t have any antimicrobial properties, but, in contrast, they are nutrients for microbes. Nevertheless, the addition of this "nutrient" to a solution of iodine-iodide increases its antimicrobial effect. The lowest bactericidal concentration of iodine against to Staphylococcus aureus and Bacterium coli in iodine-iodide is 16, amylose-iodine - 2 mcg / ml.
Oxyanions of iodine, binding iodine in the state of oxidation of 1-/+, provides a high antibacterial effect of starch iodide.
Starch-iodine complex has antibacterial activity; it is characterized by a strong absorption band in the spectrum from XM - ~ 600 nm and according to studies of Mokhnach V.O. it concludes iodine in the form of positive monovalent.
A high antibacterial effect and non toxicity amylose-iodine are used with great success for the treatment of such severe pathology, such as chemical burns of the esophagus.
In conclusion, Mokhnach V.O. writes, that water solutions of starch iodide don’t contain any elemental iodine in the form of the molecule I2 what explain their non toxicity. Most of antibacterial effects are attributed to oxyanion /0~(/1 +), which contains a highly positive monovalent iodine. It can be assumed that starch iodide complex has antiseptic properties itself.
The action of amylose-iodine accelerates immunological reactions in the body.
Iodamide exceeds antiseptic effect of iodoform, hygroscopicity of the drug helps to rapid absorption of secretions from the surface of wounds and sores. In the opinion of the author , intoxication at external use of the drug is excluded.
The main advantages of polymers-iodine are their intensive chemotherapeutic effect, low toxicity and cost, and a lack of development of microbial resistance to iodine as well. V.O. Mokhnach (1962) gave the most complete description of the medicinal properties polymer-iodine that received the name of - blue iodine.
The main advantages of polymers-iodine are their intensive chemotherapeutic effect, low toxicity and cost, and a lack of development of microbial resistance to iodine as well. V.O. Mokhnach (1962) gave the most complete description of the medicinal properties polymer-iodine that received the name of - blue iodine.
Blue iodine was discovered several times. For the first time the scientist from Leningrad V.O. Mokhnachev tried the drug on himself during the Great Patriotic War, when had severe bacterial dysentery. And in the 50s he participated in testing the drug effect on a big group of people suffering dysetery, colitis and enterocolitis of moderate and high severity in the medical hospitals of Leningrad.
Stool of patients taking at that time blue iodine, stabilized in the first 5 days since the beginning of treatment. A bacteria clearance of the intestinal tract occurred on 5th -10th day. Excellent results! The daily dose of the drug for those patients was 500 g. It was spent 7 daily doses for the treatment of each patient. It often happens that higher doses of drugs are used in the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal infections. It should be mentioned that Mokhnach V.O. himself increased the dose of blue iodine up to 1500-2000 mg per day.
People know about healing properties of blue iodine as they personally experienced magic properties of this drug numerous times. Indeed, having antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal effects, it helps to treat the most serious diseases, which cannot be treated even with fashionable imported drugs.
Alcohol and aqueous solutions of iodine are known to every person from childhood. We use them throughout our life as an effective antiseptic for the treatment of wounds. But its toxicity makes it unsuitable for intake in large doses. On the contrast, the blue iodine is non-toxic.
Theoretically, we can assume that the complex of the blue iodine drug halogenates (iodizes) DNA and RNA, containing viruses, both inside and outside of the cell due the mechanism of recognition and due to specific chemical interactions. This happens by means of the substitution of a hydrogen atom in groups of purine and pyrimidine bases which composep DNA and RNA containing viruses. New agents being synthesized due to halogenation any longer don’t have properties of the virus.
The ability of iodine easily penetrate to the cell membrane makes the drug especially valuable for all infections, which pathological process take place in the intracellular structures.
Blue iodine kills dysentery bacillus within three days, but it is necessary drink it up to seven days. Of course, dysentery is a very dangerous disease and demands medical interference. But blue iodine may save your live until arrival of doctors.
Blue iodine is iodinated starch. The compound of iodine with starch neutralizes its toxic properties in regard to human cells and animals, enhances it for pathogens (Usefulintestinal microflora of the gastrointestinal tract is also not subjected to "murderous" effect of iodine blue), so blue iodine does not cause poisoning and can be consumed in large doses.
Besides when administered, starch, being part of the drug, coats stomach ulcers and other affected places of the gastrointestinal tract, creating a protective layer that helps to rapid healing. Iodine stimulates activity of the pancreas, which is the protector of our body.
Blue iodine is simply irreplaceable in cases of acute and chronic diseases of infectious nature.
Blue iodine kills dysentery bacillus within three days, but it is necessary drink it up to seven days. Of course, dysentery is a very dangerous disease and demands medical interference. But blue iodine may save your live until arrival of doctors.
Blue iodine is used at the treatment of stomatitis, stomach ulcer, and nonhealing wounds, conjunctivitis and diarrhea with blood, colitis and enterocolitis, tonsillitis, various kinds of poisonings and burns.
Irrigation of the large intestine with blue iodine prevents the processes of decay, causes a local bactericidal action.
Blue iodine is the best remedy in cases of chemical poisoning and burns.
Blue iodine is daily administered as enemas of 50 grams within a week in cases of the ulcerative lesions of the large intestine.
Blue iodine improves elasticity of blood vessels, which allows to recommend it for the treatment of not only effects of stroke. Blue iodine helps to normalize high and low blood pressure. In addition, due to its the sedative properties, it can be taken as a depressant. It treats thermal and chemical burns, especially when there is no possibility to provide urgent medical assistance.
Depending on the severity of condition it is recommended to do syringing within seven or ten days in cases of gynecological diseases of inflammatory nature. Simultaneously with the syringing it is necessary to take 1-2 tablespoons of blue iodine.
One third or even a half of a glass of blue iodine can be taken on an empty stomach in cases helminthic invasions. Blue iodine is safe even at bathing of eyes of infants.
Healing blue iodine rejuvenates the body. Blue iodine is quite compatible with remedies of traditional medicine. For example, a combination of blue clay and blue iodine is effective in the treatment of indigestion. It is well known that clay has a wonderful property to pull toxins out from the body. On this reasons the interaction of these wonderful traditional remedies is very successful.
In the normal reaction of the body you can safely gargle the throat in cases of tonsillitis, taking 2-3 sips of blue iodine.
In cases of conjunctivitis, 2-3 drops of a specially prepared solution (1 teaspoon of blue iodine dissolved in 10 tablespoons of warm distilled water) can be instilled in eyes in the morning and in the evening within a week. Many patients take a glass of the drug, mixed with fresh juice for better taste, 2-3 times a day before a meal, in cases of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract .
There is a pharmaceutical drug iodinol prepared on the basis of polyvinyl alcohol. Iodinol is also blue iodine. It is also is an excellent antiseptic, non-toxic, inexpensive and a very stable product that can be stored for a long time. The main active substance of iodinol is molecular iodine, which has antiseptic properties. Polyvinyl alcohol is a high molecular compound, a synthetic polymer which gives as a same intensively blue color reaction with the solution of iodine-iodide, as a natural polymer starch.
The content of polyvinyl alcohol in iodinol slows isolation of iodine and prolongs its interaction with tissues of the body. It also reduces the irritating effect of iodine on the tissues. Doctors recommend to use it in cases of chronic tonsillitis, conjunctivitis, purulent edemas, trophic ulcers, septic wound and burns, for disinfection in surgery and gynecology.
In the Russian Federation there was patented a composition for the treatment of dermatomycosis (%): Iodine - 1,6-4,1;
Potassium Iodide - 2,9-7,3; polyvinyl alcohol - 8,3-13,4; ethyl alcohol – 14,7 -36,7; glycerin - 3,1-5,0; water - up to 100,0.
The invention is related to medical drugs, in particular to drugs based on iodine. It may be used for the treatment of dermatomycosis such as trichophytosis, microsporia, favus in humans and animals.
The well known treatment of dermatomycosis that includes Miconazole and Clotrimazole creams, medications for the treatment of skin as Chlorhexidine and Eliconazole, as well as lime sulfur and antifungal drugs for oral administration.
The Institute of Emergency in Leningrad has conducted a research on the introduction polymers-iodine like amyl iodine and iodinol in the treatment.
Long-term studies of the properties of aqueous solutions of iodine with starch, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone showed that the biologically active form is a part of the polarized molecule I2 and oxyanions IO-, precisely iodine in a positive monovalent form with the degree of oxidation +1.
In the human body, under the influence of iodide oxidase, nonreactive iodide anion inert coverts into physiologically active I+1. A blue coloration and antiseptic properties of iodine-containing substances are related with exactly this form of iodine. The connection between biological activity of halogen compounds and their coloring is proved in this way.
Widely used drug Lipiodol was developed by the Guerbet laboratory in Paris. It is poppyseed oil, 38% of which is iodine. The drug is deposited in the skin and is slowly absorbed into the blood. One capsule of Lipiodol contains 200 mg of iodine.
The Institute for Scientific Research attached to Emergency hospital named after N.V. Sklifosovsky together with the Department of Medical Purpose Biopolymers of the National Scientific and Research Experimental Institution developed a medical composition that contains an immobilized biocompatible copolymer of iodine which has expressed bactericidal properties. The drug contains 1.5% iodine and was named yodopor.
Yodpolikom, film-forming polymer containing iodine, is used for cleansing preparation an operational field. The concentration of iodine in the form of a film is 33%. In comparison with alcoholic solutions of iodine, Yodpolikom doesn’t irritate the skin. After a cleansing preparation of a surgical field, yodpolikom dries on the skin within 1-2 minutes, forming a solid thin film of brown color, which is insoluble and unwashable in water. The film, besides the hermetic nature and its bactericidal properties , provides a complete bacterial impermeability for a long time (more than one day), and it can be easily removed with alcohol and gradually washes away within 3-5 days.
Due to the ability of Yodpolikom to form a antibacterial film, the drug can be recommended for treatment of postoperative sutures, in the period before and after removal of skin sutures. At that the use of gauze bandage is not obligatory.
Iodine containing substances can be ionic and nonionic. Ionic substances increase the osmolarity of the blood and the plasma. In some cases, they may cause allergic reactions dangerous to the lives of patients. The use of non-ionic contrast agents reduces the risk of complications, and in spite their cost they are much more commonly used for parenteral administration.
Contrast iodine-containing substances may be fat-or water-soluble. Fat-soluble drugs have a higher viscosity and are slowly absorbed by tissues. On this reason they are used only for sialography and hysterosalpingography. The water-soluble drugs with quick absorption, can be used instead barium sulphate for the study of the gastrointestinal tract, if patients have contraindications to the use of barium.
