Mercury salts when heated with Na2CO3 yield metallic Hg and are reduced to metal by H2O2 in presence of an alkali hydroxide. Cu, Fe, Zn and many other metals ppt. metallic Hg from neutral or slightly acid solns. of mercury salts. Soluble ionized Mercuric salts give a yellow ppt. of HgO with NaOH and a red ppt. of HgI2 with alkali iodide. Mercurous salts give a black ppt. with alkali hydroxides and a white ppt. of calomel with HCl or soluble chlorides. They are slowly decomposed by sunlight.
Use: In barometers, thermometers, thermostats, hydrometers, pyrometers; in mercury arc lamps producing ultraviolet rays, fluorescent lamps, mercury vapor lamps; manuf. all mercury salts, mirrors; as catalyst in oxidation of organic compounds; extracting gold and silver from ores; making amalgams, electric rectifiers, mercury fulminate, ammunition; In dental amalgams for filling teeth; in determining N by Kjeldahl method, for Millon's reagent; as cathode in electrolysis, electro analysis, exterior house paint, ceramics, and many other uses.
Toxicity: Readily absorbed via respiratory tract (elemental mercury vapor, mercury compound dusts), intact skin, and G.I. tract. Spilled and heated elemental mercury is particularly hazardous.
Acute: Soluble salts have violent corrosive effects on skin and mucous membranes; severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea; kidney damage; death usually within 10 days.
Chronic: Inflammation of mouth and gums, swelling of salivary glands, excessive flow of saliva, loosening of teeth; kidney damage; muscle tremors, jerky gait, spasms of extremities; personality changes, discouragement, depression, irritability, nervousness, dementia, loss of motor coordination.
{dementia - loss or impairment of mental powers due to organic causes.}
Mercury has been found to accumulate in vital organs and tissues, such as the liver, brain, and heart muscle. Major symptoms of mercury toxicity include Emotional Instability, tremors, gingivitis, and kidney failure. Some also believe mercury may be linked to multiple sclerosis and epileptic seizures. Further, its affect on the body's immune system is potentially devastating, possibly contributing to diseases such as leukemia and hematopoietic dycrasias.
Recent studies have found that substantial amounts of mercury vapor are released from dental amalgam after chewing gum for just ten minutes.
No governmental agency has established safe standards for mercury intake from dental amalgams. Some experts believe "there is No Safe Level of mercury exposure."
Mercury exposure is of particular concern in the developing fetus and in children due to their low body weight. — Source —
The Problem With Mercury
The problem is Mercury simply "Loves Sulfur" too much. So much so, that it will compete with other molecules for Sulfur and can usually "steal" Sulfur out of other molecular structures, in effect killing them.
Mercury (Hg) interacts with brain tubulin and disassembles microtubules that maintain neurite structure. -reference-
If it can't steal Sulfur, Mercury will bond to the Sulfur atom the best it can. This usually prevents the molecule from performing its function.
Sulfur is part of our blood cells as well as many other proteins and enzymes. Many systems in our bodies are very much like today's Industrial Assembly Lines. If one work station stops functioning the whole system can backup or get very crazy.
Enzymes perform very specialized functions within our body's chemical assembly line. It shouldn't be very hard to visualize the whole process going out of whack if someone doesn't show up for work. Imagine cars coming off the assembly line without tires, or headlights, or oil light sensors, or fuses — you get the idea.
From our viewpoint, Enzymes are really "Hyper" little fellows. In the lab, they have been clocked doing Two Million Reactions Per Minute ! (2,000,000 /min.) That means in a 24-hour period, they can do their job 2,880,000,000 times. (Two Billion, Eight Hundred Eighty Million Reactions per Day)
Today a typical adult carries ten amalgams weighing a total of about ten grams, of which five grams is mercury. What little research there is on the rate at which mercury escapes amalgam suggests about half a gram of mercury will escape from these ten fillings over the ten-year life of these fillings, and most of this mercury will be absorbed by the bearer of the amalgams. To put a half-gram in context, consider these facts: Half a gram of mercury dropped into a ten-acre lake warrants the promulgation of a fish advisory for the lake in Minnesota; the tennis shoes with mercury in them that were banned by the Minnesota legislature in 1994 contained half a gram of mercury per shoe. -reference-
(0.5 gram in a 180 lb. body produces a concentration of 6.168 PPM. Compare this level, to the elements in the " Water of Life". —TRC—)
There are about 1,501,430,636,558,496,585,414 atoms in 0.5 grams of mercury. Each and every atom of mercury is able to disable an enzyme or other critical protein in your body. Over ten years, if the body fails to remove this mercury, a lot of damage can be done. Unfortunately, mercury has ways of "hiding in the body" and can be quite hard to remove.
This 0.5 grams of mercury can produce a potential loss of 4,324,120,233,288,470,165,993,719,156,572 chemical reactions in your body. (Based on our lab example / over 10 years)
As you can see, it is quite difficult to grasp the scale on which all these chemical reactions are occurring, and we are only considering one source of mercury and this one toxic atom.
Mercury intoxication often produces a psychotic state resulting in hyper-excitability. The expression 'Mad as a Hatter' originates from the hat-makers of the 19th century who were chronically exposed to mercury compounds used in making felt and beaver hats. Mercury was also used to preserve leather and the furs for coats.
MAD AS A HATTER
Few people who use the phrase today realize that there's a story of human suffering behind it; the term actually derives from an early industrial occupational disease. Felt hats were once very popular in North America and Europe; an example is the top hat. The best sorts were made from beaver fur, but cheaper ones used furs such as rabbit instead.
Mercury is added to products to stop things from growing. Mercury was commonly added to exterior house paint until the late 1990's to keep mold from growing on the paint. Exterior paint is designed to "powder-off" instead of cracking and peeling, so the mercury enters the environment as a fine powder. (I highly recommend that you filter the air coming into your environment.)
Mercury is added at even higher levels to marine paint for ships. The object here is to keep barnacles off the hull. The solvents used in these paints continues to "out-gas" for many months, and are very good at carrying mercury into the body via the respiratory tract.
Mercury is also used in ammunition and many explosives, especially military types. Studies have shown that toxic levels of lead can be detected in blood samples, after only a couple of hours of indoor target practice, in a poorly ventilated room. This study failed to measure mercury levels, but there is a direct relationship between the amount of lead absorbed and the amount of mercury absorbed by human bodies.
Cellular Immunity
Antibodies* contain sulfur and are therefore attacked by mercury — thereby destroying the body's natural disease defense system. [ * an�ti�bod�y n. A protein substance produced in the blood or tissues in response to a specific antigen, such as a bacterium or a toxin. Antibodies destroy or weaken bacteria and neutralize organic poisons, thus forming the basis of immunity. ]
Major Immunoglobulin Classes
An antibody is about 1/700 the size of a red cell.
The immune system needs to be able to create an enormous number of antibodies, e.g., perhaps 10 billion B lymphocytes, each able to produce more than 100 million different antibody proteins. Since humans have only about 100,000 genes, it becomes impossible for our genes to specify each one of these proteins.
Newborn children receive specific environmental antibodies through nursing. (Mother's milk)
Our bodies are constantly creating new antibodies in response to the many different life forms attacking our bodies.
In cellular immunity, cells play the most important role in destroying foreign invaders. The cells involved are macrophages and the various subsets of T cells: helper CD4+ cells, suppressor CD8+ cells, cytotoxic T killer cells, and natural (NK) killer cells. Monokines and lymphokines secreted by macrophages and CD4+ helper cells, respectively, play an important role in directing and augmenting both cellular and humoral immune responses.