Part 2
The Perseid Bloodline is the Tree of Apples
Thisplacerocks states: “I looked at the family tree of Perseus and found that Alcmene is the daughter of two Perseids, Anaxo and Electryon, and she seems like the last female descendant of the Perseids. As usual, Zeus disguised himself as her husband Amphitryon and she gave birth to Heracles, who also has a twin brother Iphicles by the real Amphitryon. Her name means "strength of wrath" or "strength of moon" and she and her son Heracles/Hercules faced the wrath of Hera many times. This fits with the idea of trampled leaves of wrath. I guess the Perseid bloodline is the Tree of Apples. Heracles/Hercules ironically means "glory of Hera" despite Hera's wrath against Hercules. Hera is linked with wrath (in the opening of Virgil’s Aeneid, he calls her Iunonis iram meaning wrathful Juno), and Kore is the leaves of wrath - does that mean they are part of the same family of wrath, someone who brings divine justice to the world or bears the burdens of humankind's woes? Interestingly, Hera is known as the "Queen of Heaven", same as Innana who is similar to Persephone. Innana and Tammuz take turns, spending half a year in the Underworld. I'm still trying to figure out why Hera is wrathful against Alcmene when both of them are linked to Kore”.
I think Thisplacerocks makes several good points above. It could be that Hera should be linked with Nefertiti here, who seems to have turned her wrath on her daughter Meritaten/Hagar and her grandson Ishmael, at least according to the biblical narrative, to the point where Abraham is forced to abandon them in the desert. There must be far more to the biblical story though than the idea that Sarah grew angry at Ishmael for mocking her infant son Isaac. It may perhaps have more to do with her assumption that Ishmael would rob Isaac of his inheritance as the legitimate son of Abraham. However, if I am right, there could be a more profound bloodline issue involved here, since I believe Ishmael has Perseid blood in his veins, inherited through his mother and grandfather, Akhenaten, whereas Isaac, the son of Abraham and Nefertiti/Sarah, does not. Ishmael would therefore have a legitimate claim to the throne of Egypt on this basis, whereas Isaac has none. This point may even have relevance to what transpired in Egypt after the deaths of Akhenaten and his son Tutankhamun, which soon brought the Pharaonic 18th Dynasty to an abrupt end (see more below).
There is an extant text in the Hittite court records of the 14th Century BC which records an offer of peace from a Queen of Egypt called Dahamunzu asking the King of the Hittites, Suppiluliuma, to send a son to become her husband. The message astonished the Hittites who were in a state of war with Egypt at the time. The offer of piece from the Queen mentions that her husband has died and she has no son. She therefore asks the Hittite king, who has many sons, to send one to her so he can become her husband. She adds: “To me he will be husband but in Egypt he will be king”. It was an offer too tempting for Suppiluliuma to ignore, so he despatched his son Zannanza to Egypt only for him to be assassinated en route, presumably by Egyptian forces hostile to the Queen’s plans. Who was Queen Dahamunzu though, as no Egyptian queen on record ever bore such a name. Although there has been much debate about this matter down the years, at least one prominent Egyptologist, John R. Harris, thinks Queen Dahamunzu was in fact Nefertiti. If this is correct, it casts a very interesting light on events post Akhenaten’s death in the Nile. Could it explain why Nefertiti/Sarah was keen to promote her infant son Isaac’s status over Hagar’s son Ishmael, assuming Isaac had been born at the time the message was sent to the Hittite King Suppiluliuma?
Thisplacerocks also states: “Looking at Abraham, Paris and Jacob, only Jacob has a daughter Dinah by Leah. Dinah was raped by Prince Shechem, a hivitte and son of Hamor, somewhat similar to Helle who married Poseidon because of her accidental fall.” This is an interesting observation. However, if we follow the C’s version of biblical events, then the story of Jacob and his two wives, Rachel and Leah, must be viewed as fictional, since if Jacob was really Abraham, then the only wives we know he had were Sarah and Hagar, neither of whom seemed to have given him a daughter. On this basis, we can’t read too much into the rape of Dinah unless Dinah is Hagar and the prince who raped her was Abraham himself in the guise of Prince Shechem, which would be stretching things a bit far I think. I wasn’t aware Helle married Poseidon because of her accidental fall. Is this a different version of the story since I just assumed she drowned in the standard version of the Greek myth?
Golden Apples
Thisplacerocks states: “Perhaps the apple represents knowledge and he is returning them to the rightful owner Athena the goddess of wisdom, correcting the disharmony caused by Eris the goddess of discord and Paris/Abraham”.
As I have mentioned before, the theme of golden apples appears in several Greek myths, including the tales of Atalanta and Hippomenes, the Labours of Hercules (Heracles) and the Judgment of Paris.
1. Atalanta and Hippomenes
For example, three golden apples were featured in Greek mythology, in which a hunter named Atalanta raced against a suitor named Hippomenes who used the golden apples to distract her so that he could win the race. After Atalanta participated in the hunt and received the pelt, her father claimed her as his offspring and wanted her to get married. Although a very beautiful maiden, Atalanta did not particularly want to marry after an oracle told her that she will gain bad luck if she marries. In order to get her a husband, her father made a deal with Atalanta that she would marry anybody who could beat her in a foot race. Atalanta happily agreed, as she could run extremely fast. She outran many suitors. The one that finally became her husband accomplished this through brains, not speed. Hippomenes (also known as Melanion) knew that he could not win a fair race with Atalanta, so he prayed to Aphrodite for help. The goddess gave him three golden apples and told him to drop them one at a time to distract Atalanta. Sure enough, she quit running long enough to retrieve each golden apple. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes finally succeeded, winning the race and Atalanta's hand. Unfortunatley, Hippomenes forgot to thank the Goddess and she turned them into lions.
2. Hercules and the Garden of the Hesperides
The Garden of the Hesperides was Hera's orchard in the west, where either a single tree or a grove of immortality-giving golden apples grew. Hera placed in the garden a never-sleeping, hundred-headed, dragon, named Ladon, as an additional safeguard. The eleventh labour of Hercules was to steal the apples from the garden (see The Hesperides and Golden Apples below for more on this tale).
3. The Judgment of Paris
Zeus held a banquet in celebration of the marriage of Peleus and Thetis. Left off the guest list was Eris (goddess of discord), and upon turning up uninvited she threw or rolled a golden apple into the ceremony, with the inscription which said: καλλίστῃ or, "for the fairest one". Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Zeus decided that Paris of Troy would judge their cases. Each of the goddesses offered Paris a gift. Hera would give him power, Athena would make him wise, and Aphrodite offered him the love of the world's most beautiful woman, Helen. Paris chose Aphrodite, and Helen's leaving of her previous husband precipitated the Trojan War.
Here we see the Trojan War being sparked by a golden apple, which leads Paris (Abraham) to elope with Helen (Sarah/Nefertiti). I agree that the golden apple is linked with knowledge but I think that as an esoteric device or archetype it goes much further than this.
Golden Apples in Norse mythology
The theme of golden apples also can be found in Norse mythology too. This is not really surprising if the stories of the Norse gods were in reality the Nordic version of the Odyssey.
In Norse mythology
, golden apples grant immortal life to the gods. They are cultivated by the Goddess
Iðunn.
One day, the gods Loki, Odin and Thor went on a camping trip. An eagle (a giant in disguise) takes Loki and makes him promise to hand over Idun so that he might wed her and also have eternal youth. Loki agrees and takes Idun to him. The gods don't miss the apples at first but then start to demand where Idun and her apples went. Loki confesses and agrees to get her back under pain of death. He succeeds after a risky flight, and the gods rejoice that they have the apples back.
In another Icelandic story, Odin hears the Prayers of King Rerir and his wife for a daughter. The goddess Freya gives an apple to a casket bearing maiden. The maid 'took the apple, and did put on the gear of a crow, and went flying till she came where the king sat on a mound, and there she let the apple fall into the lap of the king'. 'The Volksung Saga'... [translation. from Icelandic by Eirikur Magnusson and William Morris.]
The symbolism here of a casket bearing maiden and a king sitting on a mound tie in with Irish and Welsh mythic tales as we have seen in previous posts and make me think of the mound of Tara and Brigid of the Tuatha de Danann and the Holy Grail. Again the reference to putting on the gear of a crow to go flying makes me think of Daedalus and Icarus and suggests a possible reference to the use of advanced flying technology.
Golden apples are also an important element in Richard Wagner's opera Das Rheingold [think here of the C’s comments about finding gold in the Rhineland], which is a prelude to the trilogy of Der Ring des Nibelungen (the Ring Cycle). As I said in a previous article, Wagner had a great interest in the Holy Grail and visited Rennes-le-Château.
In Das Rheingold, after building the Walhall for the gods, the giants Fafner and Fasolt asked Wotan to give them Freia, the goddess who cultivates golden apples, as Wotan promised them. When the giants took Freia away, the gods suddenly became old and weak.
It convinced Wotan to go to Nibelheim with Loge in order to steal the ring from Alberich, thus getting a substitute for Freia that would please the giants. Golden apples are therefore associated with a leitmotif. It is first sung by Fafner, when he explains to his brother Fasolt why they must take Freia away from the gods.
Quoting Robert Graves again in ‘The White Goddess’, he writes: ‘The connection of the apple tree with immortality is both ancient and widespread.’ Principia Discordia adds that ‘There is historic disagreement concerning whether this apple was of metallic gold or acapulco.’
Lewis Spence in The Minor Traditions of British Mythology, tells us that the common apple tree reached Greece from the North. It was adopted by the Greek sun-god as especially sacred to him, and from the Celtic word 'Abal' an apple, the god derived his name Apollo. The names Avalon, Avallach and Avalloch are all Celtic variations of the same word meaning isle of apples. [ref. Rhys: Arthurian Legend].
The Hesperides and Golden Apples
In Greek mythology, the Hesperides were nymphs who guarded the legendary Golden Apple tree. There are several different accounts of their ancestry in myth. The ancient poet Hesiod claims that these nymphs were the daughters of Nyx, the goddess of Night: "After them dark Night, having lain with no one, gave birth...to the Hesperides, who live beyond Okeanos and keep the golden apples and the fruit-bearing trees. (Hesiod, Theogony, 213-216).
However, other ancient sources state that the Hesperides were the offspring of quite different parents. Atlas and Hesperis, Atlas and Pleione, or even Ceto and Phorcys were all offered as possible parents to the Hesperides.
Despite the differing opinions about the ancestry of these nymphs, ancient authors agree that the Hesperides were important in Greek myth as the guardians of the tree from which the Golden Apples grew. And these were not just any apples, either - they were the fruit that the goddess Hera received as wedding a gift from Gaia (the Earth).
The Hesperides lived together in a garden, along with the dragon Ladon. There are names associated with the individual nymphs, and they are often called Aigle, Arethusa, Erytheia, Hespera, and Hesperethusa. Together, the nymphs sang enchanting and beautiful songs.
Sibyl also told Aeneas that the only means of entering and returning safely from the underworld was to carry the fruit of the golden bough. In accordance with the cult of the goddess Diana at Nemi most authorities agree it is likely that the golden bough was an apple - branch.
Even the adventures of Jason and the Argonauts (see above) and their search for the Golden Fleece would appear to be yet another legend concerning a heroic quest for a golden apple. The Greek word for sheep - 'melon'- can also mean apple. 'The Golden Fleece' could therefore also mean 'The Golden Apple.' Scholars have noted that the adventures of Jason in Colchis are seen to be almost identical with those of Hercules in the Hesperides and also with that of Siegfried. All three heroes fight a serpent dragon. The prize is a golden treasure.
The Garden of the Hesperides
The name means
originating from Hesperos (evening).
Hesperos, or
Vesper in Latin, is the origin of the name
Hesperus,
the evening star (i.e. the planet Venus) as well as having a shared root with the English word "west"
.
The Garden of the Hesperides is the goddess Hera’s orchard in the west, where either a single apple tree or a grove grows, which produces
golden apples. According to the legend, when the marriage of Zeus and Hera took place, the different deities came with nuptial presents for the latter, and among them the goddess of Gaia, with branches having golden apples growing on them as a wedding gift. Hera, greatly admiring these, begged of Gaia to plant them in her gardens, which extended as far as Mount Atlas.
In later years it was thought that the "
golden apples" might have actually been oranges, a fruit unknown to Europe and the Mediterranean before the Middle Ages. Under this assumption, the Greek botanical name chosen for all citrus species was
Hesperidoeidē (Ἑσπεριδοειδῆ, "hesperidoids") and even today the Greek word for the orange fruit is πορτοκάλι (Portokáli)--after the country of Portugal.
The Eleventh Labour of Heracles (Hercules)
After Heracles completed his first ten Labours,
Eurystheus gave him two more claiming that neither the Hydra counted (because
Iolaus helped Heracles) nor the Augean stables (either because he received payment for the job or because the rivers did the work). The first of these two additional Labours was to steal
the apples from the
garden of the Hesperides. Heracles first caught the
Old Man of the Sea, the shape-shifting sea god, to learn where the Garden of the Hesperides was located. In some versions of the tale, Heracles went to the Caucasus, where
Prometheus was confined*. The Titan directed him concerning his course through the land of the peoples in the
farthest north and the perils to be encountered on his homeward march after slaying Geryon in the farthest west.
* Zeus had been enraged because the giving of fire began an era of enlightenment for man and he therefore had Prometheus carried to Mount Caucasus, where an eagle (often mistaken as a vulture) by the name of Ethon (offspring of the monsters Typhon and Echidna) would pick at his liver; it would grow back each day and the eagle would eat it again.
The Titan told him - “
Follow this straight road; and, first of all, thou shalt come to the Boreades, where do thou beware the roaring hurricane, lest unawares it twist thee up and snatch thee away in wintry whirlwind”. [MJF: it is curious that the location of the garden is connected to the Boreades and land of the peoples in the farthest north, which provides us, I think, with a link to the Hyperboreans – Sons of the North Wind.]
As payment, Heracles freed Prometheus from his daily torture. This tale is more usually found in the position of the
Erymanthian Boar, since it is associated with
Chiron choosing to forgo immortality and taking Prometheus' place.
Another story recounts how Heracles, either at the start or at the end of his task, meets
Antaeus, who was immortal as long as he touched his mother,
Gaia, the earth. Heracles killed Antaeus by holding him aloft and crushing him in a bearhug.
Herodotus claims that Heracles stopped in Egypt, where
King Busiris decided to make him the yearly sacrifice, but Heracles burst out of his chains.
Finally making his way to the Garden of the Hesperides, Heracles tricked Atlas into retrieving some of the golden apples for him, by offering to hold up the heavens for a little while (Atlas was able to take them as, in this version, he was the father or otherwise related to the Hesperides). This would have made this task – like the Hydra and Augean stables – void because he had received help. Upon his return, Atlas decided that he did not want to take the heavens back, and instead offered to deliver the apples himself, but Heracles tricked him again by agreeing to take his place on condition that Atlas relieve him temporarily so that Heracles could make his cloak more comfortable. Atlas agreed, but Heracles reneged and walked away, carrying the apples. According to an alternative version, Heracles slew
Ladon instead and stole the apples.
There is another variation to the story where Heracles was the only person to steal the apples, other than Perseus, although Athena later returned the apples to their rightful place in the garden. They are considered by some to be the same "apples of joy" that tempted Atalanta, as opposed to the "apple of discord" used by the goddess Eris to start a beauty contest on Olympus, which caused ‘Siege of Troy’ – see above).
After the hero
Heracles killed Ladon and
stole the golden apples, the Argonauts during their journey, came to the Hesperian plain the next day. The band of heroes asked for the mercy of the Hesperides to guide them to a source of water in order to replenish their thirst. The goddesses pitying the young men, directed them to a spring created by Heracles who likewise longing for a draught while wandering the land, smote a rock near
Lake Triton after which the water gushed out. The following passage recounts this meeting of the Argonauts and the nymphs:
Then, like raging hounds, they rushed to search for a spring; for besides their suffering and anguish, a parching thirst lay upon them (MJF: for knowledge?]
, and not in vain did they wander; but they came to the sacred plain where Ladon, the serpent of the land, till yesterday kept watch over the golden apples in the garden of Atlas; and all around the nymphs, the Hesperides, were busied, chanting their lovely song. But at that time, stricken by Heracles, he lay fallen by the trunk of the apple-tree; only the tip of his tail was still writhing; but from his head down his dark spine he lay lifeless; and where the arrows had left in his blood the bitter gall of the Lernaean hydra, flies withered and died over the festering wounds [MJF: consider the after affects of a cometary bombardment and the plagues of Egypt]. And close at hand the Hesperides, their white arms flung over their golden heads, lamented shrilly; and the heroes drew near suddenly; but the maidens, at their quick approach, at once became dust and earth where they stood. Orpheus marked the divine portent, and for his comrades addressed them in prayer: "O divine ones, fair and kind, be gracious, O queens, whether ye be numbered among the heavenly goddesses, or those beneath the earth, or be called the Solitary nymphs; come, O nymphs, sacred race of Oceanus, appear manifest to our longing eyes and show us some spring of water from the rock or some sacred flow gushing from the earth, goddesses, wherewith we may quench the thirst that burns us unceasingly. And if ever again we return in our voyaging to the Achaean land, then to you among the first of goddesses with willing hearts will we bring countless gifts, libations and banquets.
So he spake, beseeching them with plaintive voice; and they from their station near pitied their pain; and lo! First of all they caused grass to spring from the earth; and above the grass rose up tall shoots, and then flourishing saplings grew standing upright far above the earth. Hespere became a poplar and Eretheis an elm, and Aegle a willow's sacred trunk. And forth from these trees their forms looked out, as clear as they were before, a marvel exceeding great, and Aegle spake with gentle words answering their longing looks: "Surely there has come hither a mighty succour to your toils, that most accursed man, who robbed our guardian serpent of life and plucked the golden apples of the goddesses and is gone; and has left bitter grief for us. For yesterday came a man most fell in wanton violence, most grim in form; and his eyes flashed beneath his scowling brow; a ruthless wretch; and he was clad in the skin of a monstrous lion of raw hide, untanned; and he bare a sturdy bow of olive, and a bow, wherewith he shot and killed this monster here. So he too came, as one traversing the land on foot, parched with thirst; and he rushed wildly through this spot, searching for water, but nowhere was he like to see it. Now here stood a rock near the Tritonian lake; and of his own device, or by the prompting of some god, he smote it below with his foot; and the water gushed out in full flow [MJF: compare this incident with Moses striking the rock at Mount Horeb with his staff causing water to gush forth].
And he, leaning both his hands and chest upon the ground, drank a huge draught from the rifted rock, until, stooping like a beast of the field, he had satisfied his mighty maw.
Thus she spake; and they gladly with joyful steps ran to the spot where Aegle had pointed out to them the spring, until they reached it. And as when earth-burrowing ants gather in swarms round a narrow cleft, or when flies lighting upon a tiny drop of sweet honey cluster round with insatiate eagerness; so at that time, huddled together, the Minyae thronged about the spring from the rock. And thus with wet lips one cried to another in his delight: "Strange! In very truth Heracles, though far away, has saved his comrades, fordone with thirst. Would that we might find him on his way as we pass through the mainland!
Variation of the myth
According to Diodorus' account, the
Hesperides did not have the golden apples. Instead they possessed flocks of sheep which excelled in beauty and were therefore called for their beauty, as the poets might do, "golden apples", just as Aphroditê is called "golden" because of her loveliness. Others also say that it was because the sheep had a peculiar colour like gold that they got this designation. This version further states that Dracon ("dragon") was the name of the shepherd of the sheep, a man who excelled in strength of body and courage, who guarded the sheep and slew any who might dare to carry them off.
It is curious that from an astrological viewpoint that the constellation Bootes is the Shepherd and Arcturus, son of Zeus, is its brightest star. It is next door to the constellation Hercules/Heracles, Draco to the North East and Ursa Major the Great Bear to the North West with Virgo to the South. This makes me think again of the possible symbolism contained in Nicolas Poussin’s painting of the Shepherds of Arcadia.
The Hesperides in the Renaissance
With the revival of classical allusions in the Renaissance, the Hesperides returned to their prominent position and the garden itself took on the name of its nymphs:
Robert Greene wrote of "The fearful Dragon... that watched the garden called Hesperides". Shakespeare inserted the comically insistent rhyme "is not Love a Hercules, Still climbing trees in the Hesperides" in
Love's Labours Lost (iv.iii) and
John Milton mentioned the "ladies of the Hesperides" in
Paradise Regained (ii.357).
Hesperides (published 1647) was the title of a collection of pastoral and religious verse by the Royalist poet
Robert Herrick.
I have previously posted an article by P. D. Newman on the 'Name and Nature of Baphomet'. I am now going to quote from it again in the context of the Medusa, the Golden Fleece and golden apples so you can consider the links he makes between these three themes.
“According to myth, Perseus was the first of the Greek heroes and was the legendary founder of the city of Mycenae. In order to win his bride, Andromeda, who was being forcefully wed to the king of the island of Seriphos, Perseus was charged with the impossible task of recovering the head of the Gorgon Medusa who, like Baphomet, was described as being part human and part beast, in this case half serpent. Perseus' quest for the Gorgon head has been rightly associated by scholars with Herakles' search for the golden apples of the Hesperides and more importantly, Jason's quest for the Golden Fleece. The reader is kindly asked to note that the Greek word for fleece, mela, is also translatable as apple. The golden apples of Herakles and the golden fleece of Jason therefore, in all probability, refer to the same object. In each of these cases, the prize was finally discovered in a serpent-guarded tree amidst a sacred garden or grove. Significantly, this too can be said of the hero Perseus.
The version of the Perseus ordeal with which most are familiar describes his confrontation with Medusa as having taken place in the Gorgon's cave located far beyond the lair of the Granae sisterhood. However, other accounts place the Gorgon Medusa in the very Garden of the Hesperides, the same locale where Herakles discovered the golden apples. An example of this stream of transmission was preserved and can be seen depicted on a Greek vase housed at the Staatliche Museum in Berlin, Germany, which has been dated back to the 3rd quarter of the 4th century B.C. This amazing artefact features the hero Perseus standing directly beneath the golden apple tree in the Garden of the Hesperides. Before him is seated a decapitated Gorgon Medusa, while the victorious Perseus bears her severed head. In the painting, however, the eyes of Perseus are not directed toward the Gorgon but instead are aimed solely at the golden fruit dangling from the tree, thereby subtly identifying the Gorgon head with the golden apples. It may therefore be safely assumed that the head of Medusa, the golden apples (mela), and the golden fleece (mela) are all three synonymous.
The similarities do not stop there. According to both versions of the story, Perseus was aided in his task by Athena, the goddess of wisdom, who told him how to defeat Medusa. Following Perseus' victory, the Gorgon head was thus entrusted to Athena as a gift. From thenceforth she employed the skyphos or "skull-cup" as a decorative broach used to fasten her goatskin aegis, which is considered by many to be the wise goddess' defining characteristic. In modern parlance, the word aegis has come to suggest the covering of protection offered to a worshipper by a given deity. The word itself, however, simply means goatskin and is frequently depicted as being draped over the shoulders of the goddess Athena. The association between the Gorgon skull-cup and the hide of a goat points of course directly back to Baphomet which, if the reader will recall, was depicted by Levi as being related to the goat. Furthermore, it takes no great leap of speculation to see that the golden fleece for which Jason was searching, which is consubstantial with the Gorgon head, is refering to this same goatskin covering. It is therefore demonstrable that the Holy Grail and the golden fleece are indeed implicative of the same mystery. Additionally, and perhaps more than simply a meaningful coincidence, the mother of Athena was none other than the goddess Metis. It very nearly goes without saying that this would appear to be the source of the latter half of the name of Baphomet, i.e., Baphe Metis.
Conclusion
I have sought to demonstrate that Hagar must be the female that the C’s referred to as Kore in the transcripts but if anyone believes she is someone else, please feel free to set out your proof, as I would be happy to look at it.
I have also set out a lot of material on the motif and device of golden apples in ancient European myths. Please note that some of this material was originally sourced and posted by other Forum members, so I am happy to give them attribution. What I hope I have demonstrated though is that the theme of golden apples in mythology may equally be applied to the Golden Fleece and the Grail itself, since they are in reality one and the same golden treasure sought by the mythic heroes. I also believe that the golden apples are indeed intimately linked to the Perseid bloodline, which as Thisplacerocks noted is therefore the Tree of Apples – the C’s “core” meaning relating both to apples and DNA. In future posts, I hope to follow this bloodline further back in time. We also need to determine who the ‘Dragon Slayers’ were and where they came from. If the Argonauts came from Argos, then this would suggest that we are looking at Northern France on the basis of Iman Wilken’s findings in 'Where Troy Once Stood'.
However, in my next post, I hope to try and pin down who Moses may have been in Egyptian history and where he may have obtained the Ark of the Covenant and Holy Grail from.
